Henry Vane the Younger (original) (raw)
Sir Henry Vane, noto anche con lo pseudonimo di Il Giovane per essere distinto da Sir Henry Vane il Vecchio (Debden, 1613 – Tower Hill, 14 giugno 1662), è stato un politico e teologo inglese, fu per breve tempo Governatore della Colonia della Massachusetts Bay ed in questa veste promotore della creazione della Colonia di Rhode Island e delle Piantagioni di Providence e dell'Università di Harvard. Durante la guerra civile inglese fu un sostenitore del Parlamento e fu membro del Consiglio di Stato Inglese dopo l'esecuzione di Carlo I d'Inghilterra. Fervido fautore della tolleranza religiosa, fu membro dell'Assemblea di Westminster per la riorganizzazione della Chiesa anglicana.
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| dbo:abstract | Sir Henry Vane (* getauft 26. Mai 1613 in ; † 14. Juni 1662 in London) war ein englischer Politiker und Staatsmann. Henry Vane absolvierte seine Ausbildung in Westminster und Oxford, anschließend studierte er in Genf und Leiden. Nebenbei vertiefte er sein Wissen in Wien durch das Studium der europäischen Beziehungen. Er machte große Reisen auf dem Festland und hielt sich dann einige Jahre in Amerika auf, wo er von 1636 bis 1637 Gouverneur von Massachusetts war. Vane trat 1640 in das Lange Parlament ein, gehörte hier zur äußersten Opposition und hatte an allen wichtigen Maßregeln desselben großen Anteil; namentlich wirkte er gegen jeden Ausgleich mit dem König. Am 23. Juni 1640 wurde Vane als Knight Bachelor geadelt. Von 1649 bis 1653 war er Mitglied des Staatsrats, schloss sich aber nach der Sprengung des Rumpfparlaments den Gegnern Oliver Cromwells an und wurde von diesem 1656 für vier Monate gefangen gesetzt. 1659 wurde er in das Parlament Richard Cromwells gewählt und hatte an dessen Entsetzung namhaften Anteil. Nach der Restauration Karls II. wurde er wegen Teilnahme an der Ermordung Königs Karl I. angeklagt und am 14. Juni 1662 hingerichtet. Von ihm stammen die jetzigen Herzöge von Cleveland ab. (de) Sir Henry Vane (baptised 26 March 1613 – 14 June 1662), often referred to as Harry Vane and Henry Vane the Younger to distinguish him from his father, Henry Vane the Elder, was an English politician, statesman, and colonial governor. He was briefly present in North America, serving one term as the governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and supported the creation of Roger Williams' Rhode Island Colony and Harvard College. A proponent of religious tolerance, as governor, he defended Anne Hutchinson and her right to teach religious topics in her home which put him in direct conflict with the Puritan leaders in the Massachusetts Colony. He returned to England after losing re-election and eventually, Mrs. Hutchinson was banned from the colony. He was a leading Parliamentarian during the English Civil War and worked closely with Oliver Cromwell. He played no part in the execution of King Charles I, and refused to take oaths that expressed approval of the act. Vane served on the Council of State that functioned as the government executive during the Interregnum, but split with Cromwell over issues of governance and removed himself from power when Cromwell dissolved Parliament in 1653. He returned to power during the short-lived Commonwealth period in 1659–1660. His fight for government reform, a constitution along with civil and religious liberties made him a man "Too Dangerous to Let Live" in King Charles' II view. Therefore, he was arrested under orders from King Charles II following his restoration to the throne. After long debate, Vane was exempted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act, and was thus denied amnesty granted to most people for their roles in the Civil War and Interregnum. Although he was formally granted clemency by Charles II, he was indicted on high treason by a Middlesex grand jury after charges were presented by the king's attorney general Sir Geoffrey Palmer in 1662. In a court proceeding in which he was denied counsel and the opportunity to properly prepare a defence, he was convicted by a Royalist jury. Charles withdrew his earlier clemency, and Vane was beheaded on Tower Hill on 14 June 1662. Vane was recognised by his political peers as a competent administrator and a wily and persuasive negotiator and politician. His politics was driven by a desire for religious tolerance in an era when governments were used to establish official churches and suppress dissenting views. Although his views were in a small minority, he was able to successfully build coalitions to advance his agenda. His actions contributed to both the rise and downfall of the English Commonwealth. His books and pamphlets written on political and religious subjects are still analysed today. His writing A Healing Question advocated for a constitutional convention pre-dating the American Constitutional Convention by over a century. Vane is remembered in Massachusetts and Rhode Island as an early champion of freedom. The New England Historical and Genealogical Society wrote of him in 1848: Those who have been accustomed to view Roger Williams in his true character, – a great and wonderful man, a pioneer in establishing religious and consequently political liberty, – must accord the same virtues to Sir Henry Vane. It is true, the latter did not lay down his life here in our land, nor was be compelled to fly to the wilderness to enjoy his opinions; but he did die for them, when and where the greatest good would accrue to the world. If Roger Williams deserves all the praise and admiration from posterity which he now has, and which are sure to increase in all future time, Sir Henry Vane certainly deserves no less. (en) Sir Henry Vane, noto anche con lo pseudonimo di Il Giovane per essere distinto da Sir Henry Vane il Vecchio (Debden, 1613 – Tower Hill, 14 giugno 1662), è stato un politico e teologo inglese, fu per breve tempo Governatore della Colonia della Massachusetts Bay ed in questa veste promotore della creazione della Colonia di Rhode Island e delle Piantagioni di Providence e dell'Università di Harvard. Durante la guerra civile inglese fu un sostenitore del Parlamento e fu membro del Consiglio di Stato Inglese dopo l'esecuzione di Carlo I d'Inghilterra. Fervido fautore della tolleranza religiosa, fu membro dell'Assemblea di Westminster per la riorganizzazione della Chiesa anglicana. (it) Henry Vane dit le jeune (baptisé le 26 mai 1613 – 14 juin 1662), est un homme d'État anglais. (fr) ヘンリー・ベイン・ザ・ヤンガー（英: Henry Vane the Younger, 1613年3月26日（洗礼日） - 1662年6月14日）は、イングランド王国およびイングランド共和国の政治家であり、イングランド領植民地の総督を務めた。姓はヴェイン、ヴェーンとも表記される。 北アメリカには短期間居ただけであり、マサチューセッツ植民地総督を1期のみ務めたが（1636年 - 1637年）、ロジャー・ウィリアムズがロードアイランド植民地を創設するのを支持し、ハーバード・カレッジの創設も支持した。宗教的寛容さの提唱者であり、アン・ハッチンソンをマサチューセッツから追放することになった無律法主義論争の後の1637年にイングランドに戻った。 清教徒革命（イングランド内戦）の時に議会派を率いオリバー・クロムウェルと密接に協力したが、国王チャールズ1世の処刑には関わっておらず、その行動の承認を表明する誓約を行うことを拒否した。の間に行政府として機能した国務会議（評議員会）の議員を務めたが、統治の問題でクロムウェルと意見を異にし、1653年にクロムウェルが議会を解散した時に権力の座から退いた。1659年から1660年に短期間共和国となった時に権力の座に戻り、チャールズ2世が王政復古で王座に戻った後で、彼の命令で逮捕された。その後の長い議論が行われた後、ベインは免責・大赦法の適用から除外されたので、内戦と空位時代の間に行ったことに対してほとんどの人に認められた恩赦を否定された。 ベインはチャールズ2世から正式に寛大な措置を認められたが、1662年に議会から大逆罪で告発された。その後の裁判では弁護士を付けられず、弁護を適切に準備する機会も奪われたので、党派的な陪審によって有罪とされた。そしてチャールズ2世から以前に出していた措置を取り消されたため、1662年6月14日にタワー・ヒルで首をはねられた。 ベインは政治仲間達から有能な管理者であると認められており、狡猾で説得力ある交渉者かつ政治家だと認められていた。その政治は、政府が国教を設立するために使われ、異端の見解を抑圧した時代に、宗教的寛容さという願望によって動かされていた。この見解は少数派だったが、その計画を進めるためにうまく連携を取ることができた。その行動は究極的に対立を生むことが多く、イングランド共和国の興隆と衰亡の双方に貢献した。政治や宗教の主題で書かれたその著作や小冊子は今日でも分析の対象となっており、マサチューセッツやロードアイランドでは信教の自由の初期推進者として記憶されている。 (ja) Sir Henry Vane, född 1613, död (avrättad) den 14 juni 1662 i London, var en engelsk statsman. Han var son till Henry Vane den äldre. Vane användes som ung man i diplomatiska uppdrag i Wien och Genève, gjorde sig tidigt känd som ivrig puritan och emigrerade 1635 till Massachusetts för att där vinna fri religionsutövning. Vane utsågs i mars 1636 till denna kolonis guvernör, men invecklades i kyrkliga strider, besegrades vid guvernörsvalet 1637 av John Winthrop och återvände i augusti 1637 till hemlandet, där han 1639 fick ett inbringande ämbete (som joint treasurer of the navy), 1640 valdes till parlamentsledamot och samma år erhöll knightvärdighet. I politikens förgrund framträdde han, då han delgav oppositionsledaren Pym faderns anteckningar från ett rådsmöte i maj 1640 om Straffords uttalanden där. De ansågs bevisa, att Strafford tillrått irländska truppers användning mot England, och blev avgörande för dennes öde. Vane var även ivrigt verksam i rättegången mot ärkebiskop Laud, framträdde i parlamentet som ledare för , avskedades i december 1641 från sitt skattmästarämbete vid flottan, men återfick det av parlamentet i augusti 1642. Han tog 1643 ledande andel i förhandlingarna med skottarna och lyckades i förbundet få in en formulering, som motverkade det skotska strävandet att i England göra den presbyterianska kyrkoformen allenarådande. Efter Pyms död (december 1643) var Vane några år framåt underhusets ledande man och samverkade som sådan förtroligt med Cromwell, exempelvis vid den stora arméomorganisationen (New Model Army). Från 1646 avtog Vanes inflytande i parlamentet, där han misstroddes inte endast av presbyterianerna, utan även av de religiösa ytterlighetsmännen (Lilburne och hans levellers). Vane önskade monarkins bibehållande. Han strävade vid förhandlingarna med kungen i Newport 1648 efter en uppgörelse som å ena sidan innehöll biskopsämbetets bibehållande, å den andra en vittgående kyrklig tolerans. Därigenom bröt han med Cromwell; han höll sig efter underhusets "rensning" (Pride's Purge) i december 1648 ett par månader borta från dess sammanträden, deltog inte i rättegången mot Karl I och gillade inte kungens avrättning. Dock insattes han 14 februari 1649 i det nya statsrådet och var där synnerligen verksam, särskilt i koloniala och utrikesärenden, samt för flottans utrustning mot holländarna. Med Cromwell kom det 1653 till en ny brytning, då denne ogillade Vanes bill om en moderat parlamentsreform och under dennas behandling upplöste "långa parlamentet" med våld (20 april 1653). Vane, som alltid hållit på nationens suveränitet och parlamentets makt över armén, drog sig nu tillbaka till privatlivet på sitt gods Raby och sysslade där med politiskt författarskap. Han utgav 1655 A retired man's meditations och 1656 en mot arméväldet riktad skrift, A healing question, vari han föreslog en ny regeringsform med ett armén överordnat puritanskt parlament. Cromwell höll honom därpå september–december samma år fängslad på ön Wight. I Richard Cromwells parlament invaldes Vane (februari 1659) och arbetade där för inskränkning av protektorns maktbefogenhet, men underskattade faran för en rojalistisk restauration. Efter Richard Cromwells abdikation blev Vane den republikanska regeringens ledande man och (september) även formellt statsrådets ordförande. Förgäves sökte han medla mellan parlamentet och armén; efter "långa parlamentets" återinsättande uteslöts han från detta (januari 1660) och nödgades av general Monck lämna London. Efter restaurationen (februari) undantogs Vane från amnestin (juni) och insattes i Towern. Han satt oktober 1661–april 1662 fången på Scillyöarna och författade där sin försvarsskrift för den puritanska politiken: The people's case stated. Återförd till London, ställdes Vane 2 juni för rätta som högförrädare och dömdes till döden efter ett skickligt försvarstal, i vilket han åberopade parlamentets suveräna makt. Karl II ansåg honom, enligt ett yttrande till Clarendon, "för farlig att få leva" och lät avrättningen gå i fullbordan. Verner Söderberg skriver i Nordisk familjebok: "V. var en plikttroget flitig och skarpsynt statsman, förenande nästan mystisk entusiasm med praktisk klokhet. Religiös tolerans och parlamentets suveränitet voro hans ledande ideal." (sv) Сэр Генри Вейн (младший) (англ. Henry Vane; также известен как Гарри Вейн, чтобы отличить его от отца; крещен 26 марта 1613 — 14 июня 1662) — английский политик, государственный деятель и губернатор колонии Массачусетского залива. Поддержал создание Роджером Уильямсом колонии Род-Айленд и Гарвард-колледжа. Сторонник религиозной терпимости. Вернулся в Англию в 1637 году после религиозных споров, которые привели к изгнанию Энн Хатчинсон из Массачусетса. Был членом парламента во время Гражданской войны в Англии, один из лидеров индепендентов, тесно сотрудничал с Оливером Кромвелем. Не сыграл никакой роли в казни короля Карла I и отказался произнести клятву с выражением одобрения этого акта. Служил в Государственном совете, который выполнял функции государственного органа в период междуцарствия, разошелся с Кромвелем по вопросам управления и отошел от дел, когда Кромвель распустил парламент в 1653 году. Вернулся к власти на недолгий период в 1659-1660 годах, был арестован по приказу короля Карла II после его восстановления на троне. После долгих дебатов Вайн был лишен права амнистии, предоставленного большинству участников гражданской войны. Несмотря на формальное помилование Карлом II, был обвинен парламентом в государственной измене в 1662 году. В судебном разбирательстве ему было отказано в адвокате и возможности надлежащим образом подготовить защиту, в итоге он был осужден присяжными. Король отменил свое прежнее помилование, и 14 июня 1662 года Вейн был обезглавлен в Тауэр-Хилле. Вейн был признан своими политическими соратниками как компетентный администратор и хитрый и искушенный переговорщик и политик. Его политика была продиктована стремлением к религиозной терпимости в эпоху, когда правительства использовали церковь для подавления несогласных. (ru) |
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| dbp:alongside | dbr:Second_seat_was_vacant Sir John Lister followed by Peregine Pelham (en) |
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| dbp:birthPlace | Debden, Essex, England (en) |
| dbp:caption | Portrait by Sir Peter Lely (en) |
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| dbp:first | Philip Chesney (en) |
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| dbp:name | Henry Vane the Younger (en) |
| dbp:office | Lord President of the English Council of State (en) Member of the English Council of State (en) Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (en) Joint Treasurer of the Navy (en) Member of the English Committee of Safety (en) |
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| dbp:predecessor | dbr:John_Haynes_(governor) dbr:Henry_Rolle dbr:Sir_William_Russell,_1st_Baronet,_of_Chippenham (en) John Ramsden (en) No Parliaments convened 1629-1640 (en) Not represented in the Barebones' nor First and Second Protectorates Parliament (en) |
| dbp:quote | Both spiritual power and civil, what each means, (en) For the Rump turned him o'er the ladder. (en) He can scape the rope (en) His case than most men's is sadder (en) In all her equipage; besides, to know; (en) In peace, and reckons thee her eldest son. (en) Move by her two main nerves, iron and gold, (en) Sir Harry Vane (en) Than whom a better senator ne’er held (en) That knave in grain (en) The bounds of either sword to thee we owe: (en) The drift of hollow states hard to be spelled; (en) The fierce Epirot and the African bold, (en) The helm of Rome, when gowns, not arms, repelled (en) Then to advise how war may best, upheld, (en) There is little hope (en) Therefore on thy firm hand Religion leans (en) VANE, young in years, but in sage counsel old, (en) Whether to settle peace, or to unfold (en) What severs each, thou hast learned, which few have done. (en) |
| dbp:signature | Henry Vane the Younger Signature.svg (en) |
| dbp:source | John Milton (en) Anonymous pamphleteer (en) |
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| dbp:wstitle | Vane, Sir Henry (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | Sir Henry Vane, noto anche con lo pseudonimo di Il Giovane per essere distinto da Sir Henry Vane il Vecchio (Debden, 1613 – Tower Hill, 14 giugno 1662), è stato un politico e teologo inglese, fu per breve tempo Governatore della Colonia della Massachusetts Bay ed in questa veste promotore della creazione della Colonia di Rhode Island e delle Piantagioni di Providence e dell'Università di Harvard. Durante la guerra civile inglese fu un sostenitore del Parlamento e fu membro del Consiglio di Stato Inglese dopo l'esecuzione di Carlo I d'Inghilterra. Fervido fautore della tolleranza religiosa, fu membro dell'Assemblea di Westminster per la riorganizzazione della Chiesa anglicana. (it) Henry Vane dit le jeune (baptisé le 26 mai 1613 – 14 juin 1662), est un homme d'État anglais. (fr) Sir Henry Vane (* getauft 26. Mai 1613 in ; † 14. Juni 1662 in London) war ein englischer Politiker und Staatsmann. Henry Vane absolvierte seine Ausbildung in Westminster und Oxford, anschließend studierte er in Genf und Leiden. Nebenbei vertiefte er sein Wissen in Wien durch das Studium der europäischen Beziehungen. Er machte große Reisen auf dem Festland und hielt sich dann einige Jahre in Amerika auf, wo er von 1636 bis 1637 Gouverneur von Massachusetts war. Vane trat 1640 in das Lange Parlament ein, gehörte hier zur äußersten Opposition und hatte an allen wichtigen Maßregeln desselben großen Anteil; namentlich wirkte er gegen jeden Ausgleich mit dem König. Am 23. Juni 1640 wurde Vane als Knight Bachelor geadelt. (de) Sir Henry Vane (baptised 26 March 1613 – 14 June 1662), often referred to as Harry Vane and Henry Vane the Younger to distinguish him from his father, Henry Vane the Elder, was an English politician, statesman, and colonial governor. He was briefly present in North America, serving one term as the governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and supported the creation of Roger Williams' Rhode Island Colony and Harvard College. A proponent of religious tolerance, as governor, he defended Anne Hutchinson and her right to teach religious topics in her home which put him in direct conflict with the Puritan leaders in the Massachusetts Colony. He returned to England after losing re-election and eventually, Mrs. Hutchinson was banned from the colony. (en) ヘンリー・ベイン・ザ・ヤンガー（英: Henry Vane the Younger, 1613年3月26日（洗礼日） - 1662年6月14日）は、イングランド王国およびイングランド共和国の政治家であり、イングランド領植民地の総督を務めた。姓はヴェイン、ヴェーンとも表記される。 北アメリカには短期間居ただけであり、マサチューセッツ植民地総督を1期のみ務めたが（1636年 - 1637年）、ロジャー・ウィリアムズがロードアイランド植民地を創設するのを支持し、ハーバード・カレッジの創設も支持した。宗教的寛容さの提唱者であり、アン・ハッチンソンをマサチューセッツから追放することになった無律法主義論争の後の1637年にイングランドに戻った。 ベインはチャールズ2世から正式に寛大な措置を認められたが、1662年に議会から大逆罪で告発された。その後の裁判では弁護士を付けられず、弁護を適切に準備する機会も奪われたので、党派的な陪審によって有罪とされた。そしてチャールズ2世から以前に出していた措置を取り消されたため、1662年6月14日にタワー・ヒルで首をはねられた。 (ja) Sir Henry Vane, född 1613, död (avrättad) den 14 juni 1662 i London, var en engelsk statsman. Han var son till Henry Vane den äldre. Vane användes som ung man i diplomatiska uppdrag i Wien och Genève, gjorde sig tidigt känd som ivrig puritan och emigrerade 1635 till Massachusetts för att där vinna fri religionsutövning. Vane utsågs i mars 1636 till denna kolonis guvernör, men invecklades i kyrkliga strider, besegrades vid guvernörsvalet 1637 av John Winthrop och återvände i augusti 1637 till hemlandet, där han 1639 fick ett inbringande ämbete (som joint treasurer of the navy), 1640 valdes till parlamentsledamot och samma år erhöll knightvärdighet. (sv) Сэр Генри Вейн (младший) (англ. Henry Vane; также известен как Гарри Вейн, чтобы отличить его от отца; крещен 26 марта 1613 — 14 июня 1662) — английский политик, государственный деятель и губернатор колонии Массачусетского залива. Поддержал создание Роджером Уильямсом колонии Род-Айленд и Гарвард-колледжа. Сторонник религиозной терпимости. Вернулся в Англию в 1637 году после религиозных споров, которые привели к изгнанию Энн Хатчинсон из Массачусетса. (ru) |
| rdfs:label | Henry Vane (de) Henry Vane the Younger (en) Henry Vane (le jeune) (fr) Henry Vane il Giovane (it) ヘンリー・ベイン (ja) Вейн, Генри (младший) (ru) Henry Vane den yngre (sv) |
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