Ioan Caragea (original) (raw)

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Ο Ιωάννης Καρατζάς (1754 - 1844) ήταν ηγεμόνας της Βλαχίας (1812-18) από τους αξιολογότερους Φαναριώτες που ηγεμόνευσαν στις Παραδουνάβιες Ηγεμονίες. Προηγουμένως χρημάτισε μεγάλος διερμηνέας (1806-8) και 1812. Στην περίοδο της ηγεμονίας του ενδιαφέρθηκε ιδιαίτερα για την εξάπλωση της ελληνικής παιδείας αναδιοργανώνοντας τα παλαιά σχολεία και ιδρύοντας πολλά νέα. (el)
Fürst Ioannis Georgios Karatzas (griechisch Ἰωάννης Γεώργιος Καρατζάς; rumänisch: Ioan Gheorghe Caragea; französisch: Jean Georges Caradja; * 1754; † 1844) war in der Zeit von 1812 bis 1818 Herrscher über die Walachei. Der Fürst entstammte der phanariotischen Adelsfamilie Caradja. Als Mitglied der Filiki Eteria unterstützte er den griechischen Unabhängigkeitskampf gegen das Osmanische Reich. Ioannis Georges Caradja ging nach seiner Absetzung im Jahre 1818 mit seinem Neffen, Prinz Alexandros Mavrokordatos, ins Exil nach Italien. (de)
Ioan Gheorghe Caragea (sometimes Anglified as John Caradja; pre-modern Romanian: Ioan Gheorghie Caragea, Cyrillic: Їωан Геωргïє Караџѣ; Greek: Ἰωάννης Γεώργιος Καρατζάς, Ioannis Georgios Karatzas; French: Jean Georges Caradja, Caradgea, or Caradgia; Italian: Giovanni Caradza, Caragia, or Caraggia; 1754 – 27 December 1844) was a Phanariote Greek Prince of Wallachia, who reigned between August 1812 and September 1818. He was the second, and last, member of the Karatzas family to ascend to the Wallachian throne, but one of several to have also held office as Great Dragoman of the Ottoman Empire. Caragea, whose life is relatively obscure up to that point, held two terms as Dragoman (1807–1808, 7–27 August 1812). Before 1800, he also embarked on a literary career, participating in spread Enlightenment literature through the Ottoman realm, and becoming noted for his translations from Carlo Goldoni. His progeny included Rallou Karatza-Argyropoulos, who was famous in her own right as a pioneer of neo-Greek theater. Caragea's reign came at the apex of Phanariote influence in the Danubian Principalities, a time marked by political corruption, outside interference, and, increasingly, the affirmation of Romanian nationalism as an alternative to Greek hegemony. His candidacy in Wallachia was supported by Halet Efendi and the Austrian Empire, and made possible by large sums of money that Caragea intended to recover from taxes. He arrived in Bucharest just as Wallachia was recovering from a Russian occupation, and was involved in punishing those whom he regarded as Russophiles—his clampdown resulted in the death of and the expulsion of Manuc Bei; the latter spent his remaining years attempting to have Caragea deposed. Caragea was then involved in securing jobs for his Greek retinue or in trafficking high offices in exchange for bribes; in order to meet Ottoman fiscal demands, but also his own financial goals, he created an infamous system of spoliation which perplexed foreign observers and angered the Wallachian public. Having to deal with an outbreak of brigandage, Caragea became known for enforcing capital punishment, as well as torture and amputation. Shortly into his rule, Wallachia was struck by a wave of the Eastern plague pandemic, locally known as "Caragea's plague". Failing to impose a total quarantine, the Prince successfully isolated himself and his court, while the general population was left to deal with the effects. During the period of recovery, Caragea adopted more lenient positions consonant with enlightened absolutism, and his respect for civil liberties was written down in the 1818 code, Legiuirea lui Caragea ("Caragea's Law"). He afforded Wallachian natives a victory by allowing Gheorghe Lazăr to teach a Romanian course at his refurbished princely academy, and also made some efforts to reintegrate disgruntled nationalists into his administration. Though he continued his lavish spending, Caragea became aware that an accounting audit would result in his deposition and death; during his final months in power, he cut down taxes and announced reforms. He also sought to appease the Sublime Porte by intervening to curb the Second Serbian Uprising, and was credited, possibly mistakenly, with murdering the Serb rebel Karađorđe. Made aware that he had fallen into disgrace at the Porte, and betrayed by his son-in-law Michael Soutzos, Caragea took his family and fortune out of Wallachia in September 1818. He lived in the Swiss Confederacy and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, supporting the Greek War of Independence. In his late sixties, he tried but failed to impose himself as a figure of influence in the Hellenic State; he eventually returned to live as a regular citizen in the newly formed Kingdom of Greece, publishing editions of his translations from Goldoni, and dedicating himself to advancing theatrical life in general. Following his death, his family split into Ottoman–Romanian and Greek halves, respectively led by his sons Konstantinos and Georgios. (en)
Jean Georges Caradja ou en roumain Ioan Gheorghe Caragea (né à Constantinople en 1754 mort à Athènes le 27 décembre 1844. Prince grec phanariote au service du gouvernement ottoman, il est hospodar de Valachie de 1812 à 1818. (fr)
Jan Caradja (rum. Ioan Caragea, gr. Ἰωάννης Γεώργιος Καρατζάς ur. 1754, zm. 1844) – hospodar Wołoszczyzny w latach 1812-1818. Pochodził z greckiej rodziny fanariockiej, był spokrewniony z rodziną Mavrocordatów. Objął tron wołoski po zakończeniu wojny rosyjsko-tureckiej, w której Imperium Osmańskie poniosło kolejną porażkę nieco osłabiającą jego wpływy w księstwach naddunajskich – powrócono m.in. do postanowień z 1802, zgodnie z którymi Turcja miała mianować hospodarów w uzgodnieniu z Rosją. Mimo to, Jan Caradja obawiał się reakcji dworu sułtańskiego na swoje bliskie kontakty z Rosją, w związku z czym w 1818 zbiegł przez Siedmiogród do Włoch. Okres jego rządów charakteryzował się skrajnym uciskiem podatkowym, co wzbudziło bardzo aktywną opozycję bojarską. Jego córką była Rallou Karatza. (pl)

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Italian-school portrait of Caragea, ca. 1819 (en)

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1807 (xsd:integer)
1812 (xsd:integer)

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Ο Ιωάννης Καρατζάς (1754 - 1844) ήταν ηγεμόνας της Βλαχίας (1812-18) από τους αξιολογότερους Φαναριώτες που ηγεμόνευσαν στις Παραδουνάβιες Ηγεμονίες. Προηγουμένως χρημάτισε μεγάλος διερμηνέας (1806-8) και 1812. Στην περίοδο της ηγεμονίας του ενδιαφέρθηκε ιδιαίτερα για την εξάπλωση της ελληνικής παιδείας αναδιοργανώνοντας τα παλαιά σχολεία και ιδρύοντας πολλά νέα. (el)
Fürst Ioannis Georgios Karatzas (griechisch Ἰωάννης Γεώργιος Καρατζάς; rumänisch: Ioan Gheorghe Caragea; französisch: Jean Georges Caradja; * 1754; † 1844) war in der Zeit von 1812 bis 1818 Herrscher über die Walachei. Der Fürst entstammte der phanariotischen Adelsfamilie Caradja. Als Mitglied der Filiki Eteria unterstützte er den griechischen Unabhängigkeitskampf gegen das Osmanische Reich. Ioannis Georges Caradja ging nach seiner Absetzung im Jahre 1818 mit seinem Neffen, Prinz Alexandros Mavrokordatos, ins Exil nach Italien. (de)
Jean Georges Caradja ou en roumain Ioan Gheorghe Caragea (né à Constantinople en 1754 mort à Athènes le 27 décembre 1844. Prince grec phanariote au service du gouvernement ottoman, il est hospodar de Valachie de 1812 à 1818. (fr)
Ioan Gheorghe Caragea (sometimes Anglified as John Caradja; pre-modern Romanian: Ioan Gheorghie Caragea, Cyrillic: Їωан Геωргïє Караџѣ; Greek: Ἰωάννης Γεώργιος Καρατζάς, Ioannis Georgios Karatzas; French: Jean Georges Caradja, Caradgea, or Caradgia; Italian: Giovanni Caradza, Caragia, or Caraggia; 1754 – 27 December 1844) was a Phanariote Greek Prince of Wallachia, who reigned between August 1812 and September 1818. He was the second, and last, member of the Karatzas family to ascend to the Wallachian throne, but one of several to have also held office as Great Dragoman of the Ottoman Empire. Caragea, whose life is relatively obscure up to that point, held two terms as Dragoman (1807–1808, 7–27 August 1812). Before 1800, he also embarked on a literary career, participating in spread Enligh (en)
Jan Caradja (rum. Ioan Caragea, gr. Ἰωάννης Γεώργιος Καρατζάς ur. 1754, zm. 1844) – hospodar Wołoszczyzny w latach 1812-1818. Pochodził z greckiej rodziny fanariockiej, był spokrewniony z rodziną Mavrocordatów. Objął tron wołoski po zakończeniu wojny rosyjsko-tureckiej, w której Imperium Osmańskie poniosło kolejną porażkę nieco osłabiającą jego wpływy w księstwach naddunajskich – powrócono m.in. do postanowień z 1802, zgodnie z którymi Turcja miała mianować hospodarów w uzgodnieniu z Rosją. Mimo to, Jan Caradja obawiał się reakcji dworu sułtańskiego na swoje bliskie kontakty z Rosją, w związku z czym w 1818 zbiegł przez Siedmiogród do Włoch. Okres jego rządów charakteryzował się skrajnym uciskiem podatkowym, co wzbudziło bardzo aktywną opozycję bojarską. (pl)

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Ioannis Georgios Karatzas (de)
Ιωάννης Καρατζάς (ηγεμόνας) (el)
Jean Georges Caradja (fr)
Ioan Caragea (en)
Jan Caradja (pl)

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