Lithuanian partisans (original) (raw)
Partyzantka litewska działająca w latach 1944–1953 – ruch niepodległościowy łączący zbrojny i cywilny charakter, stawiający sobie za cel sprzeciwienie się przyłączeniu Litwy do ZSRR i budowę niepodległej Litwy.
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| dbo:abstract | The Lithuanian partisans (Lithuanian: Lietuvos partizanai) were partisans who waged a guerrilla warfare in Lithuania against the Soviet Union in 1944–1953. Similar anti-Soviet resistance groups, also known as Forest Brothers and cursed soldiers, fought against Soviet rule in Estonia, Latvia and Poland. It is estimated that a total of 30,000 Lithuanian partisans and their supporters were killed. The Lithuanian partisan war lasted almost for a decade, thus being one of the longest partisan wars in Europe. At the end of World War II, the Red Army pushed the Eastern Front towards Lithuania. The Soviets invaded and occupied Lithuania by the end of 1944. As forced conscription into Red Army and Stalinist repressions intensified, thousands of Lithuanians used forests in the countryside as a natural refuge. These spontaneous groups became more organized and centralized culminating in the establishment of the Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters in February 1948. In their documents, the partisans emphasized that their ultimate goal is recreation of independent Lithuania. As the partisan war continued, it became clear that the West would not interfere in Eastern Europe (see Western betrayal) and that the partisans had no chance of success against the far stronger opponent. Eventually, the partisans made an explicit and conscious decision not to accept any new members. The leadership of the partisans was destroyed in 1953 thus effectively ending the partisan war, though individual fighters held out until the 1960s. (en) Les partisans lituaniens (lituanien : Lietuvos partizanai) sont des partisans ayant mené une guérilla en Lituanie contre l'Union soviétique de 1944 à 1953. Des groupes de résistance anti-soviétique similaires, également connus sous le nom de Frères de la forêt et soldats maudits, se sont battus contre le régime soviétique en Estonie, en Lettonie, en Pologne, en Roumanie et en Galicie. On estime qu'un total de 30 000 partisans lituaniens et leurs sympathisants ont été tués. La guérilla anticommuniste lituanienne dura près d'une décennie, étant ainsi l'une des guerres de partisans les plus longues d'Europe. À la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l'Armée rouge repousse le front oriental vers la Lituanie. Les Soviétiques envahissent et occupent la Lituanie à la fin de 1944. Alors que la conscription forcée dans l'Armée rouge et les répressions staliniennes s'intensifient, des milliers de Lituaniens utilisent les forêts de la campagne comme refuge naturel. Ces groupes spontanés deviennent plus organisés et centralisés, aboutissant à la création de l'Union des combattants de la liberté lituaniens en février 1948. Dans leurs documents, les partisans soulignent que leur objectif ultime est la recréation de la Lituanie indépendante. La guerre des partisans se poursuivant, il devint clair que l'Occident n'interviendrait pas en Europe de l'Est (voir trahison de l'Ouest) et que les partisans n'avaient aucune chance de succès contre l'adversaire bien plus fort. Finalement, les partisans prirent la décision explicite et consciente de ne plus accepter de nouveaux membres. Leur direction fut dissoute en 1953, mettant ainsi fin à la guérilla partisane, bien que les combattants individuels résistèrent jusqu'aux années 1960. (fr) I partigiani lituani (in lituano: Lietuvos partizanai) furono nuclei di guerriglieri della Lituania che intrapresero azioni di sabotaggio e assalto ai danni dell'Unione Sovietica nel 1944-1953. Gruppi di combattenti simili, noti anche come Fratelli della foresta e , si opposero al dominio sovietico in Estonia, Lettonia, Polonia, Romania e Galizia. Si stima che sia stato ucciso un totale di 30 000 lituani tra rivoltosi attivi e simpatizzanti. Alla fine della seconda guerra mondiale, l'Armata Rossa spostò il fronte orientale verso la Lituania, occupata entro la fine del 1944. Mentre la coscrizione forzata nell'Armata Rossa e le repressioni staliniste si intensificavano, migliaia di lituani decisero di sfruttare le foreste come scudo naturale: simili gruppi spontaneamente formatisi divennero col tempo più organizzati e centralizzati, portando nel febbraio del 1948 all'istituzione del Movimento dei Combattenti per la Libertà Lituana (Lietuvos Laisvės Kovų Sąjūdis o LLKS). Nei propri documenti, i partigiani sottolineavano che lo scopo finale era ripristinare l'indipendenza nazionale. Mentre la guerra partigiana proseguiva, divenne più chiaro che l'Occidente non avrebbe interferito nell'Europa orientale (si parla a tal proposito nella storiografia baltica di ) e le possibilità di successo dei partigiani divennero ancor più risicate, considerata la forza dell'avversario. Alla fine, i partigiani presero la consapevole ed espressa decisione di non accettare nuovi membri: lo "stato maggiore" dei partigiani si sciolse nel 1953, ponendo così fine alla guerra tra i filo-indipendentisti e il governo centrale, sebbene si riportarono episodi di attacchi operati da singoli fino agli anni 1960. (it) Partyzantka litewska działająca w latach 1944–1953 – ruch niepodległościowy łączący zbrojny i cywilny charakter, stawiający sobie za cel sprzeciwienie się przyłączeniu Litwy do ZSRR i budowę niepodległej Litwy. (pl) Повстанческое движение в Литве (лит. Lietuvos partizanai) — борьба литовских националистов за воссоздание независимого Литовского государства. Движение т. н. «лесных братьев» в Литве было самым значительным среди прибалтийских стран как по количеству участников, так и по активности борьбы. Противостояние началось в 1941 году, вскоре после оккупации Литвы Третьим Рейхом и продолжалось после освобождения Литвы советскими войсками от немецкой оккупации до середины 1950-х годов. (ru) 立陶宛游擊隊（立陶宛語：Lietuvos partizanai）為1944年至1953年立陶宛抵抗蘇聯佔領的游擊隊，與愛沙尼亞、拉脫維亞、波蘭、羅馬尼亞與加利西亞等地的反蘇游擊隊合稱森林兄弟或被诅咒的士兵，據統計約有3萬名游擊隊員與其支持者喪生，蘇軍則約有13000人喪生。 第二次世界大戰後期蘇軍反攻，於1944年底，因蘇軍在立陶宛強行征兵與史達林極權政府的迫害加劇，上千名立陶宛人潛入鄉間，以森林作為掩護，逐漸形成有組織、具中央領導的游擊隊，1949年2月數名游擊隊領導人在集會，發表，宣布成立，以恢復立陶宛獨立自主為終極目標，其武器包括捷克斯柯達生產的槍枝、馬克沁1910型重機槍、多種迫擊砲與德制或蘇制的輕機槍與衝鋒槍，除與蘇軍和內務人民委員部人員正面交戰外，游擊隊還從事暗殺、爆破、發行地下報紙等活動。被捕的游擊隊員常被刑求與草率處決，親屬則會被流放至西伯利亞，內務人民委員會轄下的使用殘酷手段鎮壓反抗運動，如將被處決的游擊隊員曝屍於村落中央的廣場。 隨著鬥爭持續進行，游擊隊意識到西方國家不會干涉東歐事務，因此游擊隊面對強大許多的蘇聯毫無勝算，1950年代初期蘇聯已消滅多數游擊隊，奪回鄉村地區的控制權，並派出間諜滲透剩餘的抵抗組織。最終游擊隊決定停止招募人員，1953年5月游擊隊被擊潰而解散，但直至1960年代仍有個別武裝戰士（如、）繼續游擊鬥爭。 立陶宛游擊隊領袖尤奧扎斯·盧克沙曾穿越鐵幕，在法國出版了回憶錄《》，為游擊隊的珍貴第一手史料，回到立陶宛後被蘇聯政府逮捕殺害。 (zh) Партизанська війна в Литві (лит. Lietuvos partizanai) — загальна назва антикомуністичного руху опору, що мав місце на території Литви після завершення Другої світової війни упродовж 1944—1953 років. Партизани ставили за мету звільнення від радянської окупації та відновлення втраченої незалежності та литовської державності. Подібні угруповання антирадянського спротиву, відомі під назвами «лісових братів» та «проклятих солдатів», існували й в інших державах центрально-східної Європи: Естонії, Латвії, Польщі, Румунії та України. За роки десятилітньої боротьби литовські партизани втратили вбитими або пізніше страченими загонами НКВС до 30000 осіб. (uk) |
| dbo:causalties | 12,921 killed |
| dbo:combatant | * ** LithuanianForest Brothers |
| dbo:commander | dbr:Joseph_Stalin dbr:Pavel_Sudoplatov dbr:Viktor_Abakumov dbr:Jonas_Misiūnas dbr:Juozas_Lukša-Daumantas dbr:Lavrentiy_Beria dbr:Jonas_Žemaitis-Vytautas dbr:Adolfas_Ramanauskas-Vanagas dbr:Antanas_Kraujelis-Siaubūnas dbr:Juozas_Vitkus-Kazimieraitis dbr:Justinas_Lelešius-Grafas dbr:Lionginas_Baliukevičius-Dzūkas |
| dbo:date | 1944-07-01 (xsd:date) |
| dbo:isPartOfMilitaryConflict | dbr:Cold_War dbr:Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states |
| dbo:notes | 2,619 civilians killed, circa 100,000 deported (including partisan supporters) |
| dbo:place | dbr:Lithuania |
| dbo:result | Partisan movement suppressed; Partisan movement became symbol of national revolt of Lithuania |
| dbo:strength | 1,500 NKGB personnel 2000–5000"stribai" 50,000 NKVD personnel 50,000 partisans 50,000 support staff |
| dbo:thumbnail | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Members_of_the_Lithua..._Defense_Force)_in_1946.jpg?width=300 |
| dbo:wikiPageExternalLink | http://www.genocid.lt/ http://www.spauda.lt/voruta/kronika/chronicl.htm http://www.muziejai.lt/Marijampole/Partizanu_muziejus.en.htm http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/kritika/v004/4.1rieber.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20050512093629/http:/www.mrdarius.com/fb/ http://www.lituanus.org/1969/69_1_02.htm https://www.historynet.com/lithuania-vs-u-s-s-r-a-secret-hot-fight-in-the-cold-war.htm http://www.lituanus.org/1986/86_4_04.htm http://www.partizanai.org/k-girnius-partizanu-kovos-lietuvoje http://www.partizanai.org/pokario-lietuvos-laisves-kovotojai-leonardas-kerulis http://kam.lt/download/65258/lmd_nr.5_geguze_internetui.pdf http://www.partizanai.org/failai/html/fighters-for-freedom.htm |
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| dbp:caption | Members of the Lithuanian partisans in the summer of 1946. (en) |
| dbp:casualties | 12921 (xsd:integer) 20000 (xsd:integer) 20103 (xsd:integer) |
| dbp:combatant | * ** (en) Lithuanian Forest Brothers (en) |
| dbp:commander | Joseph Stalin (en) Lavrentiy Beria (en) Adolfas Ramanauskas-Vanagas (en) Jonas Žemaitis-Vytautas (en) Juozas Lukša-Daumantas (en) Pavel Sudoplatov (en) Viktor Abakumov (en) Antanas Kraujelis-Siaubūnas (en) Jonas Misiūnas-Žalias Velnias (en) Juozas Vitkus-Kazimieraitis (en) Justinas Lelešius-Grafas (en) Lionginas Baliukevičius-Dzūkas (en) |
| dbp:conflict | Anti-communist guerrilla war in Lithuania (en) |
| dbp:date | 0001-07-01 (xsd:gMonthDay) |
| dbp:imageSize | 300 (xsd:integer) |
| dbp:notes | 2619 (xsd:integer) |
| dbp:partof | the guerrilla war in the Baltic states and the Cold War (en) |
| dbp:place | dbr:Lithuania |
| dbp:result | Partisan movement suppressed; Partisan movement became symbol of national revolt of Lithuania (en) |
| dbp:strength | 1500 (xsd:integer) 2000 (xsd:integer) 50000 (xsd:integer) |
| dbp:units | *LLKS (en) *NKVD *NKGB *MGB *Destruction battalions (en) |
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| dct:subject | dbc:Eastern_European_World_War_II_resistance_movements dbc:Cold_War_military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union dbc:Cold_War_rebellions dbc:Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic dbc:Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union dbc:Guerrilla_organizations dbc:Lithuanian_partisans |
| gold:hypernym | dbr:Partisans |
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| rdfs:comment | Partyzantka litewska działająca w latach 1944–1953 – ruch niepodległościowy łączący zbrojny i cywilny charakter, stawiający sobie za cel sprzeciwienie się przyłączeniu Litwy do ZSRR i budowę niepodległej Litwy. (pl) Повстанческое движение в Литве (лит. Lietuvos partizanai) — борьба литовских националистов за воссоздание независимого Литовского государства. Движение т. н. «лесных братьев» в Литве было самым значительным среди прибалтийских стран как по количеству участников, так и по активности борьбы. Противостояние началось в 1941 году, вскоре после оккупации Литвы Третьим Рейхом и продолжалось после освобождения Литвы советскими войсками от немецкой оккупации до середины 1950-х годов. (ru) The Lithuanian partisans (Lithuanian: Lietuvos partizanai) were partisans who waged a guerrilla warfare in Lithuania against the Soviet Union in 1944–1953. Similar anti-Soviet resistance groups, also known as Forest Brothers and cursed soldiers, fought against Soviet rule in Estonia, Latvia and Poland. It is estimated that a total of 30,000 Lithuanian partisans and their supporters were killed. The Lithuanian partisan war lasted almost for a decade, thus being one of the longest partisan wars in Europe. (en) Les partisans lituaniens (lituanien : Lietuvos partizanai) sont des partisans ayant mené une guérilla en Lituanie contre l'Union soviétique de 1944 à 1953. Des groupes de résistance anti-soviétique similaires, également connus sous le nom de Frères de la forêt et soldats maudits, se sont battus contre le régime soviétique en Estonie, en Lettonie, en Pologne, en Roumanie et en Galicie. On estime qu'un total de 30 000 partisans lituaniens et leurs sympathisants ont été tués. La guérilla anticommuniste lituanienne dura près d'une décennie, étant ainsi l'une des guerres de partisans les plus longues d'Europe. (fr) I partigiani lituani (in lituano: Lietuvos partizanai) furono nuclei di guerriglieri della Lituania che intrapresero azioni di sabotaggio e assalto ai danni dell'Unione Sovietica nel 1944-1953. Gruppi di combattenti simili, noti anche come Fratelli della foresta e , si opposero al dominio sovietico in Estonia, Lettonia, Polonia, Romania e Galizia. Si stima che sia stato ucciso un totale di 30 000 lituani tra rivoltosi attivi e simpatizzanti. (it) Партизанська війна в Литві (лит. Lietuvos partizanai) — загальна назва антикомуністичного руху опору, що мав місце на території Литви після завершення Другої світової війни упродовж 1944—1953 років. Партизани ставили за мету звільнення від радянської окупації та відновлення втраченої незалежності та литовської державності. (uk) 立陶宛游擊隊（立陶宛語：Lietuvos partizanai）為1944年至1953年立陶宛抵抗蘇聯佔領的游擊隊，與愛沙尼亞、拉脫維亞、波蘭、羅馬尼亞與加利西亞等地的反蘇游擊隊合稱森林兄弟或被诅咒的士兵，據統計約有3萬名游擊隊員與其支持者喪生，蘇軍則約有13000人喪生。 第二次世界大戰後期蘇軍反攻，於1944年底，因蘇軍在立陶宛強行征兵與史達林極權政府的迫害加劇，上千名立陶宛人潛入鄉間，以森林作為掩護，逐漸形成有組織、具中央領導的游擊隊，1949年2月數名游擊隊領導人在集會，發表，宣布成立，以恢復立陶宛獨立自主為終極目標，其武器包括捷克斯柯達生產的槍枝、馬克沁1910型重機槍、多種迫擊砲與德制或蘇制的輕機槍與衝鋒槍，除與蘇軍和內務人民委員部人員正面交戰外，游擊隊還從事暗殺、爆破、發行地下報紙等活動。被捕的游擊隊員常被刑求與草率處決，親屬則會被流放至西伯利亞，內務人民委員會轄下的使用殘酷手段鎮壓反抗運動，如將被處決的游擊隊員曝屍於村落中央的廣場。 隨著鬥爭持續進行，游擊隊意識到西方國家不會干涉東歐事務，因此游擊隊面對強大許多的蘇聯毫無勝算，1950年代初期蘇聯已消滅多數游擊隊，奪回鄉村地區的控制權，並派出間諜滲透剩餘的抵抗組織。最終游擊隊決定停止招募人員，1953年5月游擊隊被擊潰而解散，但直至1960年代仍有個別武裝戰士（如、）繼續游擊鬥爭。 (zh) |
| rdfs:label | Lithuanian partisans (en) Partisans lituaniens (fr) Partigiani lituani (it) Partyzantka litewska (1944–1953) (pl) Повстанческое движение в Литве (ru) Партизанська війна в Литві (uk) 立陶宛游击队 (zh) |
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| foaf:name | Anti-communist guerrilla war in Lithuania (en) |
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| is dbp:combatant of | dbr:Battle_of_Kiauneliškis |
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