Islamization in Pakistan (original) (raw)

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Une politique d'islamisation est menée au Pakistan entre 1979 et 1988 par le président Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Elle est considérée comme la politique centrale du dirigeant militaire, qui a pris le pouvoir par un coup d’État en 1977 et a revendiqué sa légitimé dans l'islam. La politique se centre surtout sur des mesures pénales inspirées de la charia, et comporte aussi des mesures fiscales et financières, ainsi que l'islamisation du secteur éducatif. Bien que les peines les plus sévères ne seront que peu appliquées, la politique transforme durablement le système pakistanais.

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dbo:abstract للشريعة أو الأسلمة تاريخ طويل في باكستان يعود لخمسينيات القرن العشرين، لكنها أصبحت السياسة الأساسية، أو «محور» حكومة الجنرال محمد ضياء الحق، حاكم باكستان منذ عام 1977 حتى وفاته في عام 1988. أُطلِق على ضياء الحق «الشخص الأكثر مسؤولية عن تحويل باكستان إلى مركز عالمي للإسلام السياسي». حصلت حركة باكستان على استقلال البلاد عن الإمبراطورية البريطانية كدولة ذات أغلبية مسلمة. عندما أعلن الدستور جمهورية باكستان الإسلامية، لم يكن لدومينيون باكستان دين رسمي للدولة قبل عام 1956، في وقت تأسيسها. على الرغم من ذلك، لم تُعتمد أي قوانين دينية للبروتوكولات الحكومية والقضائية والحكم المدني، حتى منتصف السبعينيات مع قدوم الجنرال محمد ضياء الحق في انقلاب عسكري عُرف أيضًا باسم عملية اللعب النظيف التي أطاحت برئيس الوزراء ذو الفقار علي بوتو. نذر ضياء الحق نفسه بفرض تفسيره لنظام المصطفى (حكم النبي محمد)، أي إقامة دولة إسلامية وتطبيق الشريعة الإسلامية. أنشأ ضياء محاكم قضائية ومجالس قضائية للحكم في القضايا القانونية باستخدام المذهب الإسلامي. أضيفت إلى القانون الباكستاني جرائم جنائية جديدة (الزنا، والفسق، وأنواع الكفر) وعقوبات جديدة (الجلد، والبتر، والرجم حتى الموت). استبدِلت مدفوعات الفائدة للحسابات المصرفية بمدفوعات «الأرباح والخسائر». أصبحت تبرعات الزكاة الخيرية ضريبة سنوية بنسبة 2.5%. أصلِحت الكتب المدرسية والمكتبات بإزالة المواد غير الإسلامية. كان مطلوبًا من المكاتب والمدارس والمصانع توفير مكان للصلاة. عزز ضياء نفوذ الشيوخ (رجال الدين الإسلاميين) والأحزاب الإسلامية، بينما أصبح العلماء المحافظون مثبتين على شاشات التلفزيون. عين 10,000 من نشطاء حزب الجماعة الإسلامية في مناصب حكومية لضمان استمرار أجندته بعد وفاته. أضيف العلماء المحافظون إلى مجلس الفكر الإسلامي. في عام 1984 جرى استفتاء أعطى ضياء وبرنامج الأسلمة موافقة 97.7% في النتائج الرسمية. ومع ذلك، كانت هناك احتجاجات ضد القوانين وإنفاذها خلال وبعد عهد زيا. عارضت الجماعات النسائية وجماعات حقوق الإنسان حبس ضحايا الاغتصاب بموجب عقوبات الحد، وقوانين جديدة تقدر شهادة المرأة (قانون الإثبات) وتعويض الدية بنصف ما يحصل عليه الرجل. عارضت الأقليات الدينية وجماعات حقوق الإنسان قانون التجديف «الغامض الصياغة» و«الإساءة الكيدية والتنفيذ التعسفي» له. تشمل الدوافع المحتملة لبرنامج الأسلمة التقوى الشخصية لضياء الحق (تتفق معظم الروايات على أنه جاء من عائلة متدينة)، والرغبة في كسب حلفاء سياسيين، و/أو «تحقيق مبرر لوجود باكستان» كدولة مسلمة، و/أو الحاجة السياسية إلى إضفاء الشرعية على ما اعتبره بعض الباكستانيين «نظام الأحكام العرفية القمعي وغير التمثيلي». مدى النجاح الذي حققه ضياء الحق في تعزيز التماسك الوطني الباكستاني مع الأسلمة التي ترعاها الدولة هو موضع خلاف. اندلعت أعمال شغب دينية شيعية -سنية بسبب الاختلافات في الفقه الإسلامي- على وجه الخصوص، حول كيفية توزيع تبرعات الزكاة. كان هناك أيضًا اختلافات بين المسلمين السنة. دعا مجلس العمل المتحد، وهو ائتلاف للأحزاب السياسية الإسلامية في باكستان، إلى زيادة أسلمة الحكومة والمجتمع، واتخاذ موقف مناهض للهندوس على وجه التحديد. ويقود المجلس المعارضة في الجمعية الوطنية، وشكل أغلبية في مجلس المقاطعة الحدودية الشمالية الغربية، والتي كانت جزءًا من الائتلاف الحاكم في بلوشستان. ومع ذلك، بذل بعض أعضاء المجلس جهودًا للقضاء على خطابهم ضد الهندوس. ازدادت الأسلمة من خلال التحويلات الدينية في باكستان. (ar) Sharization or Islamization (Urdu: اسلامی حکمرانی) has a long history in Pakistan since the 1950s, but it became the primary policy, or "centerpiece" of the government of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, the ruler of Pakistan from 1977 until his death in 1988. Zia has also been called "the person most responsible for turning Pakistan into a global center for political Islam." The Pakistan movement had gained the country independence from the British India as a Muslim-majority state. At the time of its founding, the Dominion of Pakistan had no official state religion prior to 1956, when the constitution had declared it the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Despite this, no religious laws had yet been adopted for government and judicial protocols and civil governance, until the mid 1970s with the coming of General Muhammed Zia Ul-Haq in a military coup also known as Operation Fair Play which deposed the Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Zia-ul-Haq committed himself to enforcing his interpretation of Nizam-e-Mustafa ("Rule of the prophet" Muhammad), i.e. to establish an Islamic state and enforce sharia law. Zia established separate Shariat judicial courts and court benches to judge legal cases using Islamic doctrine.New criminal offenses (of adultery, fornication, and types of blasphemy), and new punishments (of whipping, amputation, and stoning to death), were added to Pakistani law. Interest payments for bank accounts were replaced by "profit and loss" payments. Zakat charitable donations became a 2.5% annual tax. School textbooks and libraries were overhauled to remove un-Islamic material.Offices, schools, and factories were required to offer praying space.Zia bolstered the influence of the ulama (Islamic clergy) and the Islamic parties, whilst conservative scholars became fixtures on television. Tens of thousands of activists from the Jamaat-e-Islami party were appointed to government posts to ensure the continuation of his agenda after his passing. Conservative ulama were added to the Council of Islamic Ideology. In 1984 a referendum gave Zia and the Islamization program 97.7% approval in official results. However, there have been protests against the laws and their enforcement during and after Zia's reign. Women's and human rights groups opposed incarceration of rape victims under hadd punishments, new laws that valued women's testimony (Law of Evidence) and blood money compensation (diyat) at half that of a man. Religious minorities and human rights groups opposed the "vaguely worded" Blasphemy Law and the "malicious abuse and arbitrary enforcement" of it. Possible motivations for the Islamisation programme included Zia's personal piety (most accounts agree that he came from a religious family), desire to gain political allies, to "fulfill Pakistan's raison d'etre" as a Muslim state, and/or the political need to legitimise what was seen by some Pakistanis as his "repressive, un-representative martial law regime". How much success Zia had strengthening Pakistan's national cohesion with state-sponsored Islamisation is disputed. Shia-Sunni religious riots broke out over differences in Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) – in particular, over how Zakat donations would be distributed. There were also differences among Sunni Muslims. The Muttahida Majlis-i-Amal (MMA), a coalition of Islamist political parties in Pakistan, calls for the increased Islamization of the government and society, specifically taking an anti-Hindu stance. The MMA leads the opposition in the national assembly, held a majority in the NWFP Provincial Assembly, and was part of the ruling coalition in Balochistan. However, some members of the MMA made efforts to eliminate their rhetoric against Hindus. (en) Une politique d'islamisation est menée au Pakistan entre 1979 et 1988 par le président Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Elle est considérée comme la politique centrale du dirigeant militaire, qui a pris le pouvoir par un coup d’État en 1977 et a revendiqué sa légitimé dans l'islam. La politique se centre surtout sur des mesures pénales inspirées de la charia, et comporte aussi des mesures fiscales et financières, ainsi que l'islamisation du secteur éducatif. Bien que les peines les plus sévères ne seront que peu appliquées, la politique transforme durablement le système pakistanais. (fr) A sharização ou islamização (em urdu: اسلامی حکمرانی) tem uma longa história no Paquistão desde a década de 1950, mas se tornou uma política primária ou "elemento central" do governo do general Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, o governante do Paquistão de 1977 até sua morte em 1988. Zia também foi considerado "a pessoa mais responsável por transformar o Paquistão em um centro global para o ". O Movimento pelo Paquistão havia obtido a independência do país do Império Britânico como um Estado de maioria muçulmana. Na época de sua fundação, o Domínio do Paquistão não tinha religião oficial de Estado antes de 1956, quando a constituição o havia declarado República Islâmica do Paquistão. Apesar disso, nenhuma lei religiosa havia sido adotada para protocolos governamentais e judiciais e governança civil até meados de 1970 com o advento do general Muhammed Zia Ul-Haq em um golpe militar também conhecido como Operação Fair Play, que depôs o primeiro-ministro Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Zia-ul-Haq se comprometeu a fazer cumprir sua interpretação de Nizam-e-Mustafa ("regra do profeta" Maomé), ou seja, estabelecer um estado islâmico e aplicar a lei sharia. Zia estabeleceu tribunais judiciais shariat separados e bancadas judiciais para julgar casos legais usando a doutrina islâmica. Novas infrações criminais (de adultério, fornicação e tipos de blasfêmia) e novas punições (de açoitamento, amputação e apedrejamento até a morte) foram adicionadas à lei paquistanesa. Os pagamentos de juros de contas bancárias foram substituídos por pagamentos de "ganhos e perdas". As doações de caridade do Zakat tornaram-se um imposto anual de 2,5%. Livros escolares e bibliotecas foram revisados para remover material não islâmico. Escritórios, escolas e fábricas eram obrigados a oferecer espaço para orações. Zia reforçou a influência do ulama (clero islâmico) e dos partidos islâmicos, enquanto os acadêmicos conservadores se tornaram presença constante na televisão. 10.000 ativistas do partido foram nomeados para cargos no governo para garantir a continuação de sua agenda após seu falecimento. Os ulama conservadores foram adicionados ao . Em 1984, deu a Zia e ao programa de islamização, 97,7% de aprovação nos resultados oficiais. No entanto, houve protestos contra as leis e sua aplicação durante e após o regime de Zia. Mulheres e grupos de direitos humanos se opuseram ao encarceramento de vítimas de estupro sob punições hadd, novas leis que valorizavam o testemunho das mulheres (Lei da Evidência) e a compensação por dinheiro com sangue pela metade do valor de um homem. As minorias religiosas e os grupos de direitos humanos se opuseram à "redação vaga" da Lei da Blasfêmia e ao "abuso malicioso e aplicação arbitrária" dela. Possíveis motivações para o programa de islamização incluíam a devoção pessoal de Zia (a maioria dos relatos concorda que ele era proveniente de uma família religiosa), o desejo de ganhar aliados políticos, para "cumprir a razão de ser do Paquistão" como um Estado muçulmano, e / ou a necessidade política de legitimar o que foi considerado por alguns paquistaneses como seu "regime de lei marcial repressivo e não representativo". O sucesso de Zia no fortalecimento da coesão nacional do Paquistão com a islamização patrocinada pelo Estado é contestado. Tumultos religiosos entre xiitas e sunitas eclodiram por causa de diferenças na jurisprudência islâmica (fiqh) - em particular, sobre como as doações do Zakat seriam distribuídas. Houve também divergências entre os muçulmanos sunitas. O (MMA), uma coalizão de partidos políticos islâmicos no Paquistão, insta a uma maior islamização do governo e da sociedade, especificamente assumindo uma postura anti-hindu. O MMA lidera a oposição na assembleia nacional, detém a maioria na Assembleia Provincial da Província da Fronteira Noroeste e faz parte da coalizão governante no Baluchistão. No entanto, alguns membros do MMA fizeram esforços para eliminar sua retórica contra os hindus. (pt) Исламизация Пакистана — политика по исламизации государства, проводимая при президентстве генерала Мухаммеда Зия-уль-Хака. По результатам референдума 1984 года 98,5 % граждан Пакистана поддержало политику исламизации. (ru) 1978年12月2日，巴基斯坦总统穆罕默德·齐亚·哈克宣布在憲法基礎上實行沙里亞法。他指責政治家們利用伊斯蘭教的名稱，他說：許多統治者在以伊斯蘭的名義做他們喜歡的事情。次年二月成立宗教法庭作為世俗法院補充。1988年是伊斯蘭化高潮。 (zh)
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dbp:sign General Zia-ul-Haq (en)
dbp:text The basis of Pakistan was Islam. ... Muslims of the subcontinent are a separate culture. It was on the Two-Nation Theory that this part was carved out of the Subcontinent as Pakistan.... Mr. Bhutto's way of flourishing in this Society was by eroding its moral fiber. ... by pitching students against teachers, children against their parents, landlord against tenants, workers against mill owners. [Pakistan has economic difficulties] because Pakistanis have been made to believe that one can earn without working. ... We are going back to Islam not by choice but by the force of circumstances. It is not I or my government that is imposing Islam. It was what 99 percent of people wanted; the street violence against Bhutto reflected the people's desire ... (en)
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rdfs:comment Une politique d'islamisation est menée au Pakistan entre 1979 et 1988 par le président Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Elle est considérée comme la politique centrale du dirigeant militaire, qui a pris le pouvoir par un coup d’État en 1977 et a revendiqué sa légitimé dans l'islam. La politique se centre surtout sur des mesures pénales inspirées de la charia, et comporte aussi des mesures fiscales et financières, ainsi que l'islamisation du secteur éducatif. Bien que les peines les plus sévères ne seront que peu appliquées, la politique transforme durablement le système pakistanais. (fr) Исламизация Пакистана — политика по исламизации государства, проводимая при президентстве генерала Мухаммеда Зия-уль-Хака. По результатам референдума 1984 года 98,5 % граждан Пакистана поддержало политику исламизации. (ru) 1978年12月2日，巴基斯坦总统穆罕默德·齐亚·哈克宣布在憲法基礎上實行沙里亞法。他指責政治家們利用伊斯蘭教的名稱，他說：許多統治者在以伊斯蘭的名義做他們喜歡的事情。次年二月成立宗教法庭作為世俗法院補充。1988年是伊斯蘭化高潮。 (zh) للشريعة أو الأسلمة تاريخ طويل في باكستان يعود لخمسينيات القرن العشرين، لكنها أصبحت السياسة الأساسية، أو «محور» حكومة الجنرال محمد ضياء الحق، حاكم باكستان منذ عام 1977 حتى وفاته في عام 1988. أُطلِق على ضياء الحق «الشخص الأكثر مسؤولية عن تحويل باكستان إلى مركز عالمي للإسلام السياسي». تشمل الدوافع المحتملة لبرنامج الأسلمة التقوى الشخصية لضياء الحق (تتفق معظم الروايات على أنه جاء من عائلة متدينة)، والرغبة في كسب حلفاء سياسيين، و/أو «تحقيق مبرر لوجود باكستان» كدولة مسلمة، و/أو الحاجة السياسية إلى إضفاء الشرعية على ما اعتبره بعض الباكستانيين «نظام الأحكام العرفية القمعي وغير التمثيلي». (ar) Sharization or Islamization (Urdu: اسلامی حکمرانی) has a long history in Pakistan since the 1950s, but it became the primary policy, or "centerpiece" of the government of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, the ruler of Pakistan from 1977 until his death in 1988. Zia has also been called "the person most responsible for turning Pakistan into a global center for political Islam." Zia-ul-Haq committed himself to enforcing his interpretation of Nizam-e-Mustafa ("Rule of the prophet" Muhammad), i.e. to establish an Islamic state and enforce sharia law. (en) A sharização ou islamização (em urdu: اسلامی حکمرانی) tem uma longa história no Paquistão desde a década de 1950, mas se tornou uma política primária ou "elemento central" do governo do general Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, o governante do Paquistão de 1977 até sua morte em 1988. Zia também foi considerado "a pessoa mais responsável por transformar o Paquistão em um centro global para o ". Zia-ul-Haq se comprometeu a fazer cumprir sua interpretação de Nizam-e-Mustafa ("regra do profeta" Maomé), ou seja, estabelecer um estado islâmico e aplicar a lei sharia. (pt)
rdfs:label الأسلمة في باكستان (ar) Politique d'islamisation de Zia-ul-Haq (fr) Islamization in Pakistan (en) Política de islamização no Paquistão (pt) Исламизация Пакистана (ru) 齊亞·哈克的伊斯蘭化政策 (zh)
rdfs:seeAlso dbr:Pakistan dbr:Sectarian_violence
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