Professional sports (original) (raw)
- الرياضات الاحترافية، على عكس الرياضات التي يمارسها الهواة، هي الرياضات التي يحصل فيها الرياضيون على أموال مقابل أدائهم. بَرزت الرياضة الاحترافية إلى المقدمة بعد مجموعة من التطورات. جلبت وسائل الإعلام والرفاهية عددًا أكبر من الجماهير لها، بحيث أمكن للمنظمات والفرق الرياضية أن تحقق دخلًا كبيرًا. ونتيجة لذلك، تمكن عدد أكبر من الرياضيين من جعل الرياضة مهنتهم الأساسية، وتخصيص وقت للتدريب اللازم لزيادة المهارات والحالة البدنية والخبرة. ساعدت هذه الكفاءة أيضًا في زيادة شعبية الرياضة. في معظم الرياضات التي تُمارس بشكل احترافي، يكون هناك لاعبين هواة يَفوقون عدد المحترفين بكثير. (ar)
- Jako Profesionální bývají označovány takové sportovní soutěže, kterých se účastní placení profesionálové. Zdroji financování těchto závodníků jsou především vstupné, reklama a vysílací práva. (cs)
- Im Profisport, auch Berufssport genannt, erhält ein Sportler für die Ausübung seiner Sportart Einkünfte, von denen er seinen Lebensunterhalt bestreiten kann. Er übt die Sportart also berufsmäßig aus. Solche Sportler werden Berufssportler oder Profisportler genannt. Die Einkünfte können beispielsweise durch feste Gehälter, Prämien, Preisgelder, Werbeverträge, Mäzenatentum, Sponsoring oder anderweitige Zuwendungen, wie beispielsweise Sporthilfe, erzielt werden. Berufssport ist Teil der kulturellen Arbeitswelt und immer Leistungssport. Im Gegensatz zum Berufssportler bezieht der Amateursportler für seine sportliche Tätigkeit keine Einkünfte, oder die Einkünfte sind für einen Lebensunterhalt zu niedrig. Die Übergänge zwischen Amateursport und Profisport sind fließend. Harald Fischer hat daher zwischen Sport als Erwerbschance und Sport als Versorgungschance unterschieden, als er in Deutschland den Professionalisierungsprozess im Basketball analysierte. Wurden früher nur in sozialistischen Ländern, oder wenn Sportler als Staatsbedienstete für Sportaktivitäten freigestellt bzw. unterstützt werden wie Sportsoldaten oder Staatsamateure, so ist dies inzwischen weltweit der Fall, da sich der Staat durch den Spitzensport repräsentiert sieht. Für einige Sportarten wurde festgelegt, wann es sich um Profisport handelt, allerdings gibt es dabei de facto erhebliche Abweichungen. So wird beispielsweise der Profifußball in Deutschland offiziell in drei Spielklassen (Bundesliga, 2. Bundesliga sowie 3. Liga) gespielt. Dies schließt jedoch nicht aus, dass beispielsweise in den Fußball-Regional- und Oberligen durchaus Spielergehälter möglich sind, die ausschließlich zum Zweck des Lebensunterhaltes gezahlt werden oder auf der anderen Seite in den Profiklassen auch Amateure mitspielen. Mischformen aus Profi- und Amateursportler („Halbprofis“) sind beispielsweise Teilzeitbeschäftigung und Sportkarriere oder Spielertrainer. Amateur- und Profisport lassen sich in vielen Fällen nicht mehr sauber abgrenzen. In nahezu allen Bereichen des Leistungssports sind seit der Professionalisierung des Sports Profisportler aktiv. Während in Sportarten wie beispielsweise Fußball, Baseball, Boxen, Radfahren oder Tennis schon vor 1980 Berufssportler die Regel waren, gab es in den „klassischen“ olympischen Sportarten Profis erst ab den 1980er Jahren. Im Rahmen der immer weiter voranschreitenden Professionalisierung des Sports sind Berufssportler mittlerweile auch im Bereich der Randsportarten zu finden. Wenn sich ein Sportler für den Profisport entscheidet, so kann er wegen des in den meisten Fällen notwendigen täglichen Trainings nicht am normalen Erwerbsleben teilnehmen. Andererseits möchte er seinen Lebensunterhalt auch langfristig abgesichert haben. Erschwerend ist dabei, dass die Leistungsfähigkeit in den meisten Sportarten zeitlich gesehen erheblich kürzer als die Erwerbsfähigkeit im normalen Berufsleben ist. Der Spitzensportler ist auf Geldgeber angewiesen, die ihn finanziell unterstützen und fördern. (de)
- Se considera deporte profesional cuando, al contrario de lo que ocurre en el deporte aficionado, los atletas reciben un pago por su actividad. En la actualidad los medios de comunicación de masas y el aumento del ocio convocan audiencias grandes, de modo que las organizaciones de deportes y los equipos pueden percibir ingresos muy altos. Como resultado, más deportistas puede dedicarse completamente a su carrera y dedicar el tiempo a su formación, aumentar habilidades, mejorar la condición física, sumar experiencia y aumentar el nivel. (es)
- Le sport professionnel désigne de manière générale la pratique des sports dans laquelle les sportifs et les cadres — des structures accueillant les sportifs : clubs, etc. — reçoivent une rémunération pour leur activité dans le cadre de compétitions sportives récurrentes, comme des championnats de toute nature. Ces compétitions régulières permettent aux structures d’accueil d’encaisser des revenus par la billetterie, la publicité ou la vente de droits de diffusion télévisuels ou par d’autres moyens de communication. Un sportif est dit « professionnel » lorsqu'il reçoit un salaire de son club ou de son sponsor pour la pratique de sa discipline sportive. Lorsque ce salaire est insuffisant pour vivre uniquement de ce sport, on parle alors d'un sportif « semi-professionnel ». En outre, de nombreux événements sportifs sont organisés qui gratifient leurs meilleurs participants de diverses récompenses matérielles — qui peuvent être en espèces ou en nature — sans qu’on puisse toutefois qualifier ces sportifs de « professionnels » ou « semi-professionnels ». Ainsi, le sport professionnel se distingue du sport amateur, dans lequel les sportifs et les cadres ne reçoivent de rémunérations ni substantielles, ni régulières. (fr)
- In professional sports, as opposed to amateur sports, participants receive payment for their performance. Professionalism in sport has come to the fore through a combination of developments. Mass media and increased leisure have brought larger audiences, so that sports organizations or teams can command large incomes. As a result, more sportspeople can afford to make sport their primary career, devoting the training time necessary to increase skills, physical condition, and experience to modern levels of achievement. This proficiency has also helped boost the popularity of sports. In most sports played professionally there are many more amateur than professional players, though amateurs and professionals do not usually compete. (en)
- Lo sport o diporto professionistico è una categoria economica che riguarda chi riceve compensi in denaro per praticare un'attività sportiva, sia come occupazione principale che, più raramente, accessoria. È storicamente oggetto di analisi giuridica, economica e sociologica, per i risvolti che esso comporta sia nella cultura di massa che nella produzione di ricchezza di un Paese.Avendo infatti il professionismo favorito la ricerca delle migliori prestazioni, esso è alla base anche dell'incremento di popolarità dello sport, a sua volta alla base dell'incremento dell'afflusso di denaro in una data disciplina; tuttavia ciò ciclicamente è fonte di critiche in particolare da parte di chi si informa ai principi ispiratori di Pierre de Coubertin, sostenitore dello sport dilettantistico e dell'agonismo inteso solo come competizione e svago.Tale visione è contestata da chi sostiene che il dilettantismo favorisca solamente chi può praticare sport senza preoccuparsi del proprio mantenimento economico e, quindi, sia in definitiva un approccio classista all'accesso alla pratica agonistica. Emblematico è lo scisma del rugby che diede vita al rugby league avvenuto nel 1895 quando ad Huddersfield venne fondata la Northern Rugby Football Union. Dal 1892 sempre più frequenti erano le accuse di professionismo che venivano mosse ad alcuni club rei di aver pagato giocatori per le loro prestazioni. In numerose discipline sportive, comunque, il professionismo costituisce solamente il vertice della piramide dei praticanti, la cui base è largamente dilettante: è il caso, tra quelle più diffuse, del calcio, o della pallacanestro. (it)
- プロフェッショナルスポーツ(Professional sports)とは、スポーツをする能力が高く、それにより報酬を得ているプロフェッショナル選手やその指導者などで構成されたスポーツ・スポーツ組織のこと。プロスポーツと略されることが多い。 (ja)
- 프로페셔널 스포츠(professional sports)는 아마추어 스포츠와 달리, 해당 종목의 운동선수가 운동경기를 하여 돈을 벌고, 해당 스폰서나 스포츠 구단은 소속 운동선수의 운동경기로 얻어지는 수익으로 영리를 얻는 등 상업적인 목적으로 하는 스포츠이다. 약어로 프로 스포츠(pro sports)라고도 한다. 흥행률이 높아 경기장이나 체육관의 입장료 수익 및 방송으로의 수익이 높은 인기종목들이 대상이 된다. 개인 경기로는 권투, 프로레슬링 등 일부 격투 경기가 주종을 이루며 골프, 피겨 스케이팅도 있다. 단체 경기로는 축구, 야구, 농구 등 일부 구기가 주종을 이루며 아이스하키 등도 있다. 투우와 같이 스페인 등 일부 나라에서만 프로페셔널 스포츠인 종목도 있다. (ko)
- Een beroepssporter is iemand die sport beoefent om er een inkomen mee te verdienen. Dit in tegenstelling tot een amateur, die sport als liefhebberij beoefent. Vroeger waren sporters bijna allemaal amateur, maar met de opkomst van de commercie in de sport is er veel meer geld in te verdienen. Nu zijn topsporters in sommige sporten veelverdieners en kunnen ook de subtoppers er soms nog een goede boterham mee verdienen. (nl)
- Sport zawodowy – oznacza uprawianie sportu w taki sposób, w jaki świadczy się pracę lub usługi za wynagrodzeniem, bez względu na to, czy pomiędzy sportowcem zawodowym a odpowiednią organizacją sportową istnieje formalna umowa o pracę czy też nie, w przypadku gdy wynagrodzenie przekracza koszty uczestnictwa i stanowi znaczącą część dochodów dla sportowca. (pl)
- Um desporto está dito profissional quando os seus praticantes vivem da sua atividade desportiva. Um desportista está dito profissional quando recebe um salário pelo seu clube ou do seu patrocinador para praticar uma disciplina desportiva. Quando este salário é insuficiente para viver do desporto, falar-se-á então de um . De numerosos acontecimentos desportivos recompensam os melhores competidores por uma recompensa que pode ser pecuniária sem no entanto ser taxada de profissionais. (pt)
- Профессиона́льный спорт, или зре́лищно-комме́рческий спорт — спортивно-предпринимательская деятельность, которая за счёт высокой зрелищности состязаний даёт коммерческую выгоду спортивных организаций (лиг, и т. д.), для телевидения и для собственно спортсменов. Это позволяет спортсменам заниматься спортом и ничем другим, совершенствуя свои навыки и сохраняя спортивную форму. В широком смысле профессиональный спорт — любой спорт с полной занятостью. Например, согласно Федеральному закону от 04.12.2007 N 329-ФЗ (ред. от 25.12.2012) «О физической культуре и спорте в Российской Федерации», «…11) профессиональный спорт — часть спорта, направленная на организацию и проведение спортивных соревнований, за участие в которых и подготовку к которым в качестве своей основной деятельности спортсмены получают вознаграждение от организаторов таких соревнований и (или) заработную плату…» Профессиональный спорт сосуществует одновременно с (некоммерческим), спортсмены-профессионалы, как правило, не допускаются к участию в любительских соревнованиях. (ru)
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- الرياضات الاحترافية، على عكس الرياضات التي يمارسها الهواة، هي الرياضات التي يحصل فيها الرياضيون على أموال مقابل أدائهم. بَرزت الرياضة الاحترافية إلى المقدمة بعد مجموعة من التطورات. جلبت وسائل الإعلام والرفاهية عددًا أكبر من الجماهير لها، بحيث أمكن للمنظمات والفرق الرياضية أن تحقق دخلًا كبيرًا. ونتيجة لذلك، تمكن عدد أكبر من الرياضيين من جعل الرياضة مهنتهم الأساسية، وتخصيص وقت للتدريب اللازم لزيادة المهارات والحالة البدنية والخبرة. ساعدت هذه الكفاءة أيضًا في زيادة شعبية الرياضة. في معظم الرياضات التي تُمارس بشكل احترافي، يكون هناك لاعبين هواة يَفوقون عدد المحترفين بكثير. (ar)
- Jako Profesionální bývají označovány takové sportovní soutěže, kterých se účastní placení profesionálové. Zdroji financování těchto závodníků jsou především vstupné, reklama a vysílací práva. (cs)
- Se considera deporte profesional cuando, al contrario de lo que ocurre en el deporte aficionado, los atletas reciben un pago por su actividad. En la actualidad los medios de comunicación de masas y el aumento del ocio convocan audiencias grandes, de modo que las organizaciones de deportes y los equipos pueden percibir ingresos muy altos. Como resultado, más deportistas puede dedicarse completamente a su carrera y dedicar el tiempo a su formación, aumentar habilidades, mejorar la condición física, sumar experiencia y aumentar el nivel. (es)
- In professional sports, as opposed to amateur sports, participants receive payment for their performance. Professionalism in sport has come to the fore through a combination of developments. Mass media and increased leisure have brought larger audiences, so that sports organizations or teams can command large incomes. As a result, more sportspeople can afford to make sport their primary career, devoting the training time necessary to increase skills, physical condition, and experience to modern levels of achievement. This proficiency has also helped boost the popularity of sports. In most sports played professionally there are many more amateur than professional players, though amateurs and professionals do not usually compete. (en)
- プロフェッショナルスポーツ(Professional sports)とは、スポーツをする能力が高く、それにより報酬を得ているプロフェッショナル選手やその指導者などで構成されたスポーツ・スポーツ組織のこと。プロスポーツと略されることが多い。 (ja)
- 프로페셔널 스포츠(professional sports)는 아마추어 스포츠와 달리, 해당 종목의 운동선수가 운동경기를 하여 돈을 벌고, 해당 스폰서나 스포츠 구단은 소속 운동선수의 운동경기로 얻어지는 수익으로 영리를 얻는 등 상업적인 목적으로 하는 스포츠이다. 약어로 프로 스포츠(pro sports)라고도 한다. 흥행률이 높아 경기장이나 체육관의 입장료 수익 및 방송으로의 수익이 높은 인기종목들이 대상이 된다. 개인 경기로는 권투, 프로레슬링 등 일부 격투 경기가 주종을 이루며 골프, 피겨 스케이팅도 있다. 단체 경기로는 축구, 야구, 농구 등 일부 구기가 주종을 이루며 아이스하키 등도 있다. 투우와 같이 스페인 등 일부 나라에서만 프로페셔널 스포츠인 종목도 있다. (ko)
- Een beroepssporter is iemand die sport beoefent om er een inkomen mee te verdienen. Dit in tegenstelling tot een amateur, die sport als liefhebberij beoefent. Vroeger waren sporters bijna allemaal amateur, maar met de opkomst van de commercie in de sport is er veel meer geld in te verdienen. Nu zijn topsporters in sommige sporten veelverdieners en kunnen ook de subtoppers er soms nog een goede boterham mee verdienen. (nl)
- Sport zawodowy – oznacza uprawianie sportu w taki sposób, w jaki świadczy się pracę lub usługi za wynagrodzeniem, bez względu na to, czy pomiędzy sportowcem zawodowym a odpowiednią organizacją sportową istnieje formalna umowa o pracę czy też nie, w przypadku gdy wynagrodzenie przekracza koszty uczestnictwa i stanowi znaczącą część dochodów dla sportowca. (pl)
- Um desporto está dito profissional quando os seus praticantes vivem da sua atividade desportiva. Um desportista está dito profissional quando recebe um salário pelo seu clube ou do seu patrocinador para praticar uma disciplina desportiva. Quando este salário é insuficiente para viver do desporto, falar-se-á então de um . De numerosos acontecimentos desportivos recompensam os melhores competidores por uma recompensa que pode ser pecuniária sem no entanto ser taxada de profissionais. (pt)
- Im Profisport, auch Berufssport genannt, erhält ein Sportler für die Ausübung seiner Sportart Einkünfte, von denen er seinen Lebensunterhalt bestreiten kann. Er übt die Sportart also berufsmäßig aus. Solche Sportler werden Berufssportler oder Profisportler genannt. Die Einkünfte können beispielsweise durch feste Gehälter, Prämien, Preisgelder, Werbeverträge, Mäzenatentum, Sponsoring oder anderweitige Zuwendungen, wie beispielsweise Sporthilfe, erzielt werden. Berufssport ist Teil der kulturellen Arbeitswelt und immer Leistungssport. (de)
- Le sport professionnel désigne de manière générale la pratique des sports dans laquelle les sportifs et les cadres — des structures accueillant les sportifs : clubs, etc. — reçoivent une rémunération pour leur activité dans le cadre de compétitions sportives récurrentes, comme des championnats de toute nature. Ces compétitions régulières permettent aux structures d’accueil d’encaisser des revenus par la billetterie, la publicité ou la vente de droits de diffusion télévisuels ou par d’autres moyens de communication. (fr)
- Lo sport o diporto professionistico è una categoria economica che riguarda chi riceve compensi in denaro per praticare un'attività sportiva, sia come occupazione principale che, più raramente, accessoria. Emblematico è lo scisma del rugby che diede vita al rugby league avvenuto nel 1895 quando ad Huddersfield venne fondata la Northern Rugby Football Union. Dal 1892 sempre più frequenti erano le accuse di professionismo che venivano mosse ad alcuni club rei di aver pagato giocatori per le loro prestazioni. (it)
- Профессиона́льный спорт, или зре́лищно-комме́рческий спорт — спортивно-предпринимательская деятельность, которая за счёт высокой зрелищности состязаний даёт коммерческую выгоду спортивных организаций (лиг, и т. д.), для телевидения и для собственно спортсменов. Это позволяет спортсменам заниматься спортом и ничем другим, совершенствуя свои навыки и сохраняя спортивную форму. Профессиональный спорт сосуществует одновременно с (некоммерческим), спортсмены-профессионалы, как правило, не допускаются к участию в любительских соревнованиях. (ru)
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