| dbo:abstract |
The Rhodesian mission in Lisbon (Portuguese: Missão da Rodésia em Lisboa), the capital of Portugal, operated from September 1965 to May 1975. It was a diplomatic mission representing Rhodesia (or Southern Rhodesia), initially as a self-governing colony of Britain and, after the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in November 1965, as an unrecognised state.Rhodesia informed Britain of its intent to open a Lisbon mission headed by an accredited representative, independent from the British Embassy in the city, in June 1965. Whitehall refused to endorse the idea but Rhodesia continued nonetheless, and later that month appointed Harry Reedman to head the mission. The British government attempted unsuccessfully to block this unilateral act—Rhodesia's first—for some months afterwards. The affair came amid the larger dispute between Whitehall and Salisbury regarding the terms under which Rhodesia could be granted sovereign independence. Rhodesia's mostly white government insisted that statehood should come under the constitution introduced with Britain's approval in 1961, while Whitehall insisted that a set timetable for the introduction of black majority rule would have to be in place before the country could be fully independent. The Rhodesian government's stance on this matter caused it to become isolated within the Commonwealth, which from 1964 excluded it from most of its internal bodies, while the Rhodesian military became unofficially embargoed by its established British and American suppliers. Rhodesia had run itself as a self-governing colony since 1923, but ultimate responsibility for foreign affairs remained with Britain. Rhodesia's staunch opposition to immediate black rule and its disillusionment regarding Britain propelled it towards Portugal, which governed Angola and Mozambique, territories respectively to the west and east of Rhodesia. In their attempt to prove that an independent Lisbon mission was legal, the Rhodesians presented an argument based on British legislation conferring on the colonial government the right to appoint its own "diplomatic agents, or consular or trade representatives, in countries which are willing to receive them". The British countered that ultimate purview over Rhodesian foreign affairs still lay with Whitehall. They proposed that Reedman be integrated into the British Embassy in Lisbon as a Rhodesian consul, but Rhodesia refused to accept a lesser post for Reedman than those enjoyed by the independent Rhodesian representatives in South Africa and Mozambique. Following months of abortive Anglo-Rhodesian talks and unsuccessful attempts by Britain to deter Portugal diplomatically, Reedman travelled to Lisbon in September 1965 to take up his post at the head of an independent Rhodesian mission. The Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which insisted it was neutral regarding Rhodesia, outraged Whitehall by accepting Reedman's letter of accreditation—though Lisbon was careful to avoid provoking Britain, omitting the word "diplomatic" from the titles given to both Reedman and his mission. The Rhodesians still regarded themselves as victorious, saying they had set out to gain an independent diplomatic representative in Lisbon, and now had one. The historian J R T Wood later called this "Rhodesia's first independent and indeed unilateral act—the veritable straw in the wind." On 11 November 1965, less than two months after Reedman's investiture, Rhodesia unilaterally declared its independence from Britain. The mission in Lisbon operated until 1975, when it was closed following the Carnation Revolution in Portugal the previous year. (en) 羅德西亞駐葡萄牙代表處（英語：Rhodesian mission in Lisbon；葡萄牙語：Missão da Rodésia em Lisboa）是辛巴威前身實體——羅德西亞（或南羅德西亞）派駐葡萄牙首都里斯本的代表機構，存在於1965年9月至1975年5月之間。羅德西亞原為英國轄下的，1965年11月發表後成為未受承認的國家，此前的6月即把其欲開設駐葡代表處、領導館務，並讓該機關獨立於英國駐葡大使館之外的意向傳達給英國。儘管白廳的英國政府拒不支持該主意，但羅德西亞仍繼續行事，6月底就任命哈利·里德曼（Harry Reedman）為代表處長。此為羅德西亞首次單邊行動，英政府在此後數個月試圖攔阻，但未能成功。 代表處設置事件發生當時，適逢羅德西亞對英爭取主權獨立，但兩國對於獨立的條件爭執不下。白人佔絕大多數的羅德西亞政府堅持根據1961年英國批准的憲法取得國家地位，但英方堅稱，全面獨立實現之前須要先為黑人多數統治的引入制訂時間表。羅德西亞在此案上的立場使之於大英國協內更顯孤立，並自1964年起被逐出联邦內部大部分的機構，而羅德西亞軍方更遭主流的英國和美國供應商實施非正式禁運。 羅德西亞自1923年起即為自治殖民地，但對外事務的最終責任仍在英國手上。羅德西亞對立即落實黑人統治的堅決抗拒和對英理想幻滅，驅使其轉而傾向葡萄牙這個領有羅德西亞東西兩鄰——安哥拉和莫三比克的國家。羅德西亞為了證明獨立駐葡代表處的合法性，援引了授權殖民政府自行任命「外交代表、領事或貿易代表到願意接受之國家去」的英國法規，並藉此發起辯論。英方反對說法則指出，羅德西亞涉外事務的最終權限仍為白廳所有，建議將里德曼併為英國駐葡萄牙大使館下屬的羅德西亞領事，但羅德西亞回絕英方開給里德曼的職位，因為其比羅德西亞駐南非代表和駐莫三比克代表的位階還低。 為期數月的英羅對談宣告流產，以及英國經外交手段威嚇葡萄牙的意圖失敗之後，里德曼在1965年9月前往里斯本履新，以獨立於英國的姿態擔任羅德西亞代表處處長。儘管堅稱其在羅德西亞一事中保持中立，並謹慎避免激怒英方，還將「外交」字樣從其授予里德曼和代表處的銜稱中去除，但他們仍因接受了里德曼遞交的委任書而使英國大為惱怒。羅德西亞聲稱過去一直著手在里斯本增設獨立的外交代表處，因此視代表處的正式設立為一項勝利。里德曼上任代表處長兩個月後的1965年11月11日，羅德西亞便進一步單方宣布脫英獨立，辛巴威史暨羅德西亞史學家J·R·T·伍德博士（Dr J R T Wood）之後遂稱設館事件為「羅德西亞首次獨立和真正的單方行為——名副其實的風吹草動」。羅德西亞代表處一直運作至1975年，才因為此前一年在葡萄牙發生的康乃馨革命而閉館。 (zh) |
| rdfs:comment |
The Rhodesian mission in Lisbon (Portuguese: Missão da Rodésia em Lisboa), the capital of Portugal, operated from September 1965 to May 1975. It was a diplomatic mission representing Rhodesia (or Southern Rhodesia), initially as a self-governing colony of Britain and, after the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in November 1965, as an unrecognised state.Rhodesia informed Britain of its intent to open a Lisbon mission headed by an accredited representative, independent from the British Embassy in the city, in June 1965. Whitehall refused to endorse the idea but Rhodesia continued nonetheless, and later that month appointed Harry Reedman to head the mission. The British government attempted unsuccessfully to block this unilateral act—Rhodesia's first—for some months afterwards. (en) 羅德西亞駐葡萄牙代表處（英語：Rhodesian mission in Lisbon；葡萄牙語：Missão da Rodésia em Lisboa）是辛巴威前身實體——羅德西亞（或南羅德西亞）派駐葡萄牙首都里斯本的代表機構，存在於1965年9月至1975年5月之間。羅德西亞原為英國轄下的，1965年11月發表後成為未受承認的國家，此前的6月即把其欲開設駐葡代表處、領導館務，並讓該機關獨立於英國駐葡大使館之外的意向傳達給英國。儘管白廳的英國政府拒不支持該主意，但羅德西亞仍繼續行事，6月底就任命哈利·里德曼（Harry Reedman）為代表處長。此為羅德西亞首次單邊行動，英政府在此後數個月試圖攔阻，但未能成功。 代表處設置事件發生當時，適逢羅德西亞對英爭取主權獨立，但兩國對於獨立的條件爭執不下。白人佔絕大多數的羅德西亞政府堅持根據1961年英國批准的憲法取得國家地位，但英方堅稱，全面獨立實現之前須要先為黑人多數統治的引入制訂時間表。羅德西亞在此案上的立場使之於大英國協內更顯孤立，並自1964年起被逐出联邦內部大部分的機構，而羅德西亞軍方更遭主流的英國和美國供應商實施非正式禁運。 (zh) |
