George Grey (original) (raw)
- السير جورج غري (بالإنجليزية: George Grey)، الحاصل على وسام الحمام التكريمي (14 أبريل 1812 - 19 سبتمبر 1898)، كان جنديًا بريطانيًا، ومستكشفًا، ومديرًا استعماريًا، وكاتبًا. خدم في المناصب الحاكمة المتتالية: حاكم جنوب أستراليا، وحاكم نيوزيلندا مرتين، وحاكم مستعمرة كيب، ورئيس وزراء نيوزيلندا الحادي عشر. وُلد غري في لشبونة، البرتغال، بعد أيام قليلة من مقتل والده المقدم جورج غري في معركة باداخوز في إسبانيا. تلقى تعليمه في إنجلترا. بعد خدمته العسكرية (1829-1837) واثنين من استكشافاته في أستراليا الغربية (1837-1839)، أصبح غري حاكم جنوب أستراليا في عام 1841. أشرف على المستعمرة خلال فترة تأسيسية صعبة. على الرغم من أنه كان يعتبر أقل نشاطًا من سلفه جورج غاولر، فقد أكدت إجراءاته المالية بقاءَ المستعمرة في حالة جيدة عند مغادرته إلى نيوزيلندا في عام 1845. يمكن القول إنه كان الشخصية الأكثر نفوذًا في أثناء التسوية الأوروبية لنيوزيلندا خلال فترة كبيرة من القرن التاسع عشر. في بداية منصبه حاكمًا لنيوزيلندا من عام 1845 إلى عام 1853، رسخ السلام، وأصبح باحثًا رائدًا في ثقافة شعب الماوري، وكتب دراسة عن أساطيرهم وتاريخهم الشفهي. حصل على لقب الفروسية في عام 1848. في عام 1854، عُيّن غري حاكمًا لمستعمرة كيب في جنوب أفريقيا، إذ تعرض قراره بحل الخلافات بين السكان الأصليين والمستوطنين الأوروبيين للمدح من قبل الطرفين. عُيّن غري حاكمًا لنيوزيلندا من جديد في عام 1861، بعد منحه درجة من الحكم الذاتي لنيوزيلندا، وخدم حتى عام 1868. عُيّن رئيسًا للوزراء في عام 1877، إذ شغل المنصب حتى عام 1879. وفقًا للفلسفة السياسية، الليبرالية الغلادستونية والجورجية، تجنب غري النظام الطبقي للحياة المبتذلة لحكم أوكلاند الجديد الذي ساعد في تأسيسه. (ar)
- Sir George Edward Grey KCB, bei den Māori auch He Mea Kohikohi Mai genannt, (* 14. April 1812 in Lissabon; † 19. September 1898 in London) war Soldat, Entdecker, Schriftsteller und Gouverneur von South Australia, Neuseeland und der Kapkolonie (Südafrika). Von 1877 bis 1879 war er Premierminister Neuseelands. (de)
- Sir George Grey, KCB (14 April 1812 – 19 September 1898) was a British soldier, explorer, colonial administrator and writer. He served in a succession of governing positions: Governor of South Australia, twice Governor of New Zealand, Governor of Cape Colony, and the 11th premier of New Zealand. He played a key role in the colonisation of New Zealand, and both the purchase and annexation of Māori land. Grey was born in Lisbon, Portugal, just a few days after his father, Lieutenant-Colonel George Grey was killed at the Battle of Badajoz in Spain. He was educated in England. After military service (1829–37) and two explorations in Western Australia (1837–39), Grey became Governor of South Australia in 1841. He oversaw the colony during a difficult formative period. Despite being less hands-on than his predecessor George Gawler, his fiscally responsible measures ensured the colony was in good shape by the time he departed for New Zealand in 1845. Grey was the most influential figure during the European settlement of New Zealand. Governor of New Zealand initially from 1845 to 1853, he was Governor during the initial stages of the New Zealand Wars. Learning Māori to fluency, he became a scholar of Māori culture, and wrote a study of Māori mythology and oral history. He developed a cordial relationship with the powerful rangatira Potatau Te Wherowhero of Tainui, in order to deter Ngāpuhi from invading Auckland. He was knighted in 1848. In 1854, Grey was appointed Governor of Cape Colony in South Africa, where his resolution of hostilities between indigenous South Africans and European settlers was praised by both sides. After separating from his wife and developing a severe opium addiction, Grey was again appointed Governor of New Zealand in 1861, three years after Te Wherowhero, who had established himself the first Māori King in Grey’ absence, had died. The Kiingitanga posed a significant challenge to the British push for sovereignty, and with his Ngāpuhi absent from the movement, Grey found himself challenged on two sides. He struggled to reuse his skills in negotiation to maintain peace with Māori, and his relationship with Te Wherowhero’s successor Tāwhiao deeply soured. Turning on his former allies, Grey began an aggressive crackdown on Tainui and launched the Invasion of the Waikato in 1863, with 14,000 Imperial and colonial troops attacking 4,000 Māori and their families. Appointed in 1877, he served as Premier of New Zealand until 1879, where he remained a symbol of colonialism. By political philosophy a Gladstonian liberal and Georgist, Grey eschewed the class system to be part of Auckland's new governance he helped to establish. Cyril Hamshere argues that Grey was a "great British proconsul", although he was also temperamental, demanding of associates, and lacking in some managerial abilities. For the wars of territorial expansion against Māori which he started, he remains a controversial and divisive figure in New Zealand. (en)
- George Grey, né le 14 avril 1812 à Lisbonne et mort le 19 septembre 1898 à Londres, est un explorateur, administrateur colonial et homme d'État britannique. (fr)
- Sir George Grey, KCB (14 de abril de 1812 – 19 de septiembre de 1898) fue un militar, explorador, administrador colonial y escritor inglés. Sirvió en una sucesión de cargos de gobierno: , dos veces gobernador de Nueva Zelanda, gobernador de la colonia del Cabo (Sudáfrica) y undécimo primer ministro de Nueva Zelanda. Gray nació en Lisboa, Portugal, pocos días después de que su padre, el teniente coronel George Gray, fuera muerto en la batalla de Badajoz en España. Fue educado en Inglaterra. Después del servicio militar (1829-1837) y de dos viajes de exploraciones en Australia Occidental (1837-1839), Gray se convirtió en gobernador de Australia Meridional en 1841. Supervisó la colonia durante un difícil período de formación. A pesar de ser visto como menos práctico que su predecesor , sus medidas fiscalmente responsables aseguraron que la colonia estuviera en buena posición cuando partió hacia Nueva Zelanda en 1845. Podría decirse que fue la figura más influyente durante el asentamiento europeo de Nueva Zelanda durante gran parte del siglo XIX. Gobernador de Nueva Zelanda inicialmente desde 1845 hasta 1853, estableció la paz y se convirtió en un erudito pionero de la cultura maorí, escribiendo un estudio de su mitología e historia oral titulado Polynesian Mythology and Ancient Traditional History of the New Zealand Race (1855). Fue nombrado caballero en 1848. En 1854, Gray fue nombrado gobernador de la Colonia del Cabo en Sudáfrica, donde su resolución de las hostilidades entre los nativos y los colonos europeos fue elogiada por ambas partes. Gray fue nuevamente nombrado gobernador de Nueva Zelanda en 1861, tras la concesión de un grado de a Nueva Zelanda, sirviendo hasta 1868. Fue nombrado primer ministro en 1877, en cuyo cargo sirvió hasta 1879. Por filosofía política, Grey era un y georgista, y evitó el sistema de clases para la prosaica vida del nuevo gobierno de Auckland que ayudó a establecer. (es)
- Sir George Grey, KCB (14 April 1812 – 19 September 1898) adalah seorang tentara, penjelajah, , dua kali menjadi , (Afrika Selatan), Perdana Menteri Selandia Baru dan penulis. (in)
- George Edward Grey (Lisbona, 14 aprile 1812 – Londra, 19 settembre 1898) è stato un politico ed esploratore britannico. (it)
- George Grey (Lissabon, 14 april 1812 – Londen, 19 september 1898) was een Britse militair, ontdekkingsreiziger en bestuurder. Hij was de 11e premier van Nieuw-Zeeland, tweemaal , en . (nl)
- Sir George Grey, född 12 april 1812 i Lissabon, död 20 september 1898 i London, var en brittisk statsman och särskilt framstående kolonialpolitiker samt etnografisk forskare. (sv)
- George Edward Grey (ur. 14 kwietnia 1812 w Lizbonie, zm. 19 września 1898 w Londynie) – brytyjski administrator kolonialny, gubernator, premier Nowej Zelandii. (pl)
- Сэр Джордж Грей (англ. George Grey), рыцарь-командор ордена Бани (14 апреля 1812 — 19 сентября 1898) — военный и колониальный деятель Великобритании. Губернатор Южной Австралии, дважды губернатор Новой Зеландии, губернатор Капской колонии (Южная Африка), 11-й премьер-министр Новой Зеландии. Также известен как писатель и путешественник. (ru)
- http://www.nla.gov.au/pub/nlanews/2001/oct01/oct01news.html
- https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20120119224400/http:/pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/131760/20120120-0944/www.nla.gov.au/pub/nlanews/2001/oct01/oct01news.html
- http://www.press.auckland.ac.nz/en/browse-books/all-books/books-2017/this-realm-of-new-zealand--the-sovereign--the-governor-general--.html%7Cdate=2017
- http://www.nlsa.ac.za/index.php/what-we-do/we-collect%23grey
- https://archive.org/details/crowncolonygover0000mcli%7Curl-access=registration%7Clast=McLintock%7Cfirst=A.
- https://archive.org/details/sirgeorgegreykcb0000ruth%7Curl-access=registration%7Clast=Rutherford%7Cfirst=J.%7Cdate=1961
- https://guides.slsa.sa.gov.au/c.php%3Fg=410257&p=2794960
- http://www.kznhealth.gov.za/greyshospital.htm
- http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010439b.htm
- http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16928%7Cfirst=James%7Clast=Milne%7Cdate=1899%7Ctitle=The
- http://www.nla.gov.au/pub/nlanews/2001/oct01/sir_george_grey.html
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- Sir George Edward Grey KCB, bei den Māori auch He Mea Kohikohi Mai genannt, (* 14. April 1812 in Lissabon; † 19. September 1898 in London) war Soldat, Entdecker, Schriftsteller und Gouverneur von South Australia, Neuseeland und der Kapkolonie (Südafrika). Von 1877 bis 1879 war er Premierminister Neuseelands. (de)
- George Grey, né le 14 avril 1812 à Lisbonne et mort le 19 septembre 1898 à Londres, est un explorateur, administrateur colonial et homme d'État britannique. (fr)
- Sir George Grey, KCB (14 April 1812 – 19 September 1898) adalah seorang tentara, penjelajah, , dua kali menjadi , (Afrika Selatan), Perdana Menteri Selandia Baru dan penulis. (in)
- George Edward Grey (Lisbona, 14 aprile 1812 – Londra, 19 settembre 1898) è stato un politico ed esploratore britannico. (it)
- George Grey (Lissabon, 14 april 1812 – Londen, 19 september 1898) was een Britse militair, ontdekkingsreiziger en bestuurder. Hij was de 11e premier van Nieuw-Zeeland, tweemaal , en . (nl)
- Sir George Grey, född 12 april 1812 i Lissabon, död 20 september 1898 i London, var en brittisk statsman och särskilt framstående kolonialpolitiker samt etnografisk forskare. (sv)
- George Edward Grey (ur. 14 kwietnia 1812 w Lizbonie, zm. 19 września 1898 w Londynie) – brytyjski administrator kolonialny, gubernator, premier Nowej Zelandii. (pl)
- Сэр Джордж Грей (англ. George Grey), рыцарь-командор ордена Бани (14 апреля 1812 — 19 сентября 1898) — военный и колониальный деятель Великобритании. Губернатор Южной Австралии, дважды губернатор Новой Зеландии, губернатор Капской колонии (Южная Африка), 11-й премьер-министр Новой Зеландии. Также известен как писатель и путешественник. (ru)
- السير جورج غري (بالإنجليزية: George Grey)، الحاصل على وسام الحمام التكريمي (14 أبريل 1812 - 19 سبتمبر 1898)، كان جنديًا بريطانيًا، ومستكشفًا، ومديرًا استعماريًا، وكاتبًا. خدم في المناصب الحاكمة المتتالية: حاكم جنوب أستراليا، وحاكم نيوزيلندا مرتين، وحاكم مستعمرة كيب، ورئيس وزراء نيوزيلندا الحادي عشر. وفقًا للفلسفة السياسية، الليبرالية الغلادستونية والجورجية، تجنب غري النظام الطبقي للحياة المبتذلة لحكم أوكلاند الجديد الذي ساعد في تأسيسه. (ar)
- Sir George Grey, KCB (14 April 1812 – 19 September 1898) was a British soldier, explorer, colonial administrator and writer. He served in a succession of governing positions: Governor of South Australia, twice Governor of New Zealand, Governor of Cape Colony, and the 11th premier of New Zealand. He played a key role in the colonisation of New Zealand, and both the purchase and annexation of Māori land. (en)
- Sir George Grey, KCB (14 de abril de 1812 – 19 de septiembre de 1898) fue un militar, explorador, administrador colonial y escritor inglés. Sirvió en una sucesión de cargos de gobierno: , dos veces gobernador de Nueva Zelanda, gobernador de la colonia del Cabo (Sudáfrica) y undécimo primer ministro de Nueva Zelanda. Por filosofía política, Grey era un y georgista, y evitó el sistema de clases para la prosaica vida del nuevo gobierno de Auckland que ayudó a establecer. (es)
- George Grey (en)
- جورج غري (ar)
- George Edward Grey (de)
- George Grey (es)
- George Grey (fr)
- George Grey (in)
- George Grey (it)
- George Grey (nl)
- George Edward Grey (pl)
- Грей, Джордж (ru)
- George Grey (sv)
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