Latin phonology and orthography (original) (raw)
Die lateinische Aussprache des klassischen Lateins, wie es zu Ciceros und Caesars Zeiten von gebildeten Sprechern ausgesprochen wurde, haben Linguisten auf der Grundlage sprachgeschichtlichen Wissens, der rhythmischen Realisierung im Vers und anderer sprachinhärenter Hinweise rekonstruiert. Sie unterscheidet sich sowohl von der im heutigen bundesdeutschen und schweizerischen Unterricht vermittelten Schulaussprache des Lateinischen als auch von der traditionellen deutschen Aussprache des Lateinischen.
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| dbo:abstract | Die lateinische Aussprache des klassischen Lateins, wie es zu Ciceros und Caesars Zeiten von gebildeten Sprechern ausgesprochen wurde, haben Linguisten auf der Grundlage sprachgeschichtlichen Wissens, der rhythmischen Realisierung im Vers und anderer sprachinhärenter Hinweise rekonstruiert. Sie unterscheidet sich sowohl von der im heutigen bundesdeutschen und schweizerischen Unterricht vermittelten Schulaussprache des Lateinischen als auch von der traditionellen deutschen Aussprache des Lateinischen. (de) Latin phonology continually evolved over the centuries, making it difficult for speakers in one era to know how Latin was spoken before then. A given phoneme may be represented by different letters in different periods. This article deals primarily with modern scholarship's best reconstruction of Classical Latin's phonemes (phonology) and the pronunciation and spelling used by educated people in the late Roman Republic. This article then touches upon later changes and other variants. Knowledge of how Latin was pronounced comes from Roman grammar books, common misspellings by Romans, transcriptions into other ancient languages, and from how pronunciation has evolved in derived Romance languages. Latin orthography is the spelling of Latin words written in the scripts of all historical phases of Latin from Old Latin to the present. All scripts use the Latin alphabet, but conventional spellings may vary from phase to phase. The Latin alphabet was adapted from the Old Italic script to represent the phonemes of the Latin language. The Old Italic script had in turn been borrowed from the Greek alphabet, itself adapted from the Phoenician alphabet. The Latin alphabet most resembles the Greek alphabet around 540 BC, as it appears on the black-figure pottery of the time. (en) In de loop van zijn lange bestaan is de uitspraak van het Latijn verre van uniform geweest. Naast de fonetische ontwikkelingen die het gesproken Latijn doormaakte sinds de klassieke periode en die uiteindelijk resulteerden in de afzonderlijke Romaanse talen, hebben zich in de loop van de eeuwen ook verschillende nationale tradities ontwikkeld, die gebaseerd waren op de uitspraakregels van de afzonderlijke landstalen. Pas de laatste decennia wordt geprobeerd de vermoedelijke uitspraak van het klassiek Latijn als standaard aan te houden. Hoewel het klassieke Latijn een dode taal is, hebben wetenschappers door onderlinge vergelijking van geschreven bronnen de vermoedelijke uitspraak weten te reconstrueren. De uitspraak die tegenwoordig op de meeste scholen wordt geleerd, is niet meer dan een praktische benadering van deze klassieke uitspraak. De uitspraak van het kerkelijk Latijn dat in de rooms-katholieke ritus wordt gebruikt, volgt in grote lijnen de klankvorming van het Italiaans, maar kent tal van "nationale" afwijkingen. De onderstaande tabel geeft een overzicht van de meest gangbare uitspraakregels van zowel het klassiek Latijn als het Kerklatijn. (nl) Un alfabeto per il latino fu adottato fin dall'VIII secolo a.C., cioè fin dagli albori della storia di Roma. Come generalmente accade quando un popolo inventa un alfabeto o ne adatta uno "straniero" alle esigenze della propria lingua, c'è un'alta corrispondenza tra grafemi e fonemi, cioè ad ogni lettera corrisponde (esclusi eventuali allofoni) un solo suono. Questo con tutta probabilità avvenne anche con il latino. L'evoluzione di una lingua, tuttavia, porta il parlato a divergere dallo scritto (si pensi per esempio all'inglese, al gaelico o al francese). Il latino non fu esente dall'evolversi e lo testimoniano alcuni fenomeni fonetici avvenuti nel corso del tempo, in particolare il rotacismo. In generale, queste modifiche nel parlato furono introdotte anche nello scritto (talvolta, come nel caso del rotacismo, con delle apposite leggi), almeno fino all'epoca classica. (it) В данной статье рассматривается классическое латинское произношение образованных людей Рима времён поздней республики (147—30/27 гг. до н. э.), а также современные варианты латинского произношения, которые различаются в разных традициях изучения языков. (ru) 拉丁语是一种日常口语已经消亡的西方古典语言，今天一般只作为文献语言供研究，或由其他语言借入部分词汇使用，因而现在的所谓拉丁语发音实际是指拉丁文读音，即今人根据拉丁文书面材料诵读时的发音。 按照个别音位实际发音的不同，可以将拉丁语发音大体分为通用式、教会式和古典式三种风格。教会式是梵蒂冈的天主教教廷实际使用的发音（拉丁语仍然是梵蒂冈的官方语言）；古典式是现代语言学家根据古文献和现代通俗拉丁语推测的罗马共和国末期的拉丁语读音，其中20世纪初的德国学者用力最勤，对这种风格的见解也最多；通用式是各国各学界在实用中使用的风格，大体上参照教会式并受各自母语影响，其中欧洲大陆的植物学界内部较为统一（基本上是教会式），并影响到其他国家的植物学界（包括英国、美国和东亚的中国和日本），而英美的法律界和微生物界多用拉丁借词和习语，鲜有长篇大论，故更偏好按英语的读音规则拼读，比如将Caesar（凯撒）读成 [ˈsi:zə]，这种风格藉助英语而影响颇大，但一般认为不是真正的拉丁语。无论采用哪种方式，基本都可以按照“一字母一音”来拼读，因而大部分拉丁语词典不会标注国际音标。 拉丁语的元音有长短之分。在前后其他发音相同的条件下，同一位置上相同音素的长元音和短元音能够区别意义。大部分元音都是短元音。长元音的出现及其位置，有时有一定规律，但大多数仍需在学习时个别记忆。现代的拉丁语词典采用两种附加符号予以标记，即长音符号和短音符号——后者只在有必要特别标明的元音上使用。标记长短音之外，还可以用撇号（'）表明前一音节重读，以及分音符（¨）标明此元音独立发音，不与之前的元音构成双元音，如：aloë（芦荟）。古代文献和现代普通读物一般不使用变音符号。 拉丁语的词重音不区别意义，但位置是固定的。单音节词内部无所谓轻重音。多音节词的重音位置通常不外乎倒数第二或第三个音节上，而且与音节的长短有关。音节的长短则既与元音的长短有关——含有长元音的音节一定是长音节，又与音节的构成有关——短元音后接两个辅音时（不含塞+流音组合(P/T/C/K/B/D/G+L/R)，而QU和送气音PH TH CH为单辅音）亦是长音节。在一个包含三个或三个音节以上的词中，倒数第二个音节如果是长元音就读重音，如果是短元音，重音就移动到倒数第三个音节上。 拉丁语还存在大量（或稱語流音變、連讀音變）现象，但在今天能看到的文献中，大部分音变已经反映在了文字拼写上，只有少数例外。这种正字法虽然方便了诵读，但也为掌握拉丁语语法制造了不小的困难。 (zh) |
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| rdfs:comment | Die lateinische Aussprache des klassischen Lateins, wie es zu Ciceros und Caesars Zeiten von gebildeten Sprechern ausgesprochen wurde, haben Linguisten auf der Grundlage sprachgeschichtlichen Wissens, der rhythmischen Realisierung im Vers und anderer sprachinhärenter Hinweise rekonstruiert. Sie unterscheidet sich sowohl von der im heutigen bundesdeutschen und schweizerischen Unterricht vermittelten Schulaussprache des Lateinischen als auch von der traditionellen deutschen Aussprache des Lateinischen. (de) В данной статье рассматривается классическое латинское произношение образованных людей Рима времён поздней республики (147—30/27 гг. до н. э.), а также современные варианты латинского произношения, которые различаются в разных традициях изучения языков. (ru) Latin phonology continually evolved over the centuries, making it difficult for speakers in one era to know how Latin was spoken before then. A given phoneme may be represented by different letters in different periods. This article deals primarily with modern scholarship's best reconstruction of Classical Latin's phonemes (phonology) and the pronunciation and spelling used by educated people in the late Roman Republic. This article then touches upon later changes and other variants. Knowledge of how Latin was pronounced comes from Roman grammar books, common misspellings by Romans, transcriptions into other ancient languages, and from how pronunciation has evolved in derived Romance languages. (en) Un alfabeto per il latino fu adottato fin dall'VIII secolo a.C., cioè fin dagli albori della storia di Roma. Come generalmente accade quando un popolo inventa un alfabeto o ne adatta uno "straniero" alle esigenze della propria lingua, c'è un'alta corrispondenza tra grafemi e fonemi, cioè ad ogni lettera corrisponde (esclusi eventuali allofoni) un solo suono. (it) In de loop van zijn lange bestaan is de uitspraak van het Latijn verre van uniform geweest. Naast de fonetische ontwikkelingen die het gesproken Latijn doormaakte sinds de klassieke periode en die uiteindelijk resulteerden in de afzonderlijke Romaanse talen, hebben zich in de loop van de eeuwen ook verschillende nationale tradities ontwikkeld, die gebaseerd waren op de uitspraakregels van de afzonderlijke landstalen. Pas de laatste decennia wordt geprobeerd de vermoedelijke uitspraak van het klassiek Latijn als standaard aan te houden. Hoewel het klassieke Latijn een dode taal is, hebben wetenschappers door onderlinge vergelijking van geschreven bronnen de vermoedelijke uitspraak weten te reconstrueren. De uitspraak die tegenwoordig op de meeste scholen wordt geleerd, is niet meer dan een (nl) 拉丁语是一种日常口语已经消亡的西方古典语言，今天一般只作为文献语言供研究，或由其他语言借入部分词汇使用，因而现在的所谓拉丁语发音实际是指拉丁文读音，即今人根据拉丁文书面材料诵读时的发音。 按照个别音位实际发音的不同，可以将拉丁语发音大体分为通用式、教会式和古典式三种风格。教会式是梵蒂冈的天主教教廷实际使用的发音（拉丁语仍然是梵蒂冈的官方语言）；古典式是现代语言学家根据古文献和现代通俗拉丁语推测的罗马共和国末期的拉丁语读音，其中20世纪初的德国学者用力最勤，对这种风格的见解也最多；通用式是各国各学界在实用中使用的风格，大体上参照教会式并受各自母语影响，其中欧洲大陆的植物学界内部较为统一（基本上是教会式），并影响到其他国家的植物学界（包括英国、美国和东亚的中国和日本），而英美的法律界和微生物界多用拉丁借词和习语，鲜有长篇大论，故更偏好按英语的读音规则拼读，比如将Caesar（凯撒）读成 [ˈsi:zə]，这种风格藉助英语而影响颇大，但一般认为不是真正的拉丁语。无论采用哪种方式，基本都可以按照“一字母一音”来拼读，因而大部分拉丁语词典不会标注国际音标。 拉丁语还存在大量（或稱語流音變、連讀音變）现象，但在今天能看到的文献中，大部分音变已经反映在了文字拼写上，只有少数例外。这种正字法虽然方便了诵读，但也为掌握拉丁语语法制造了不小的困难。 (zh) |
| rdfs:label | تلفظ رومي (ar) Lateinische Aussprache (de) Latin phonology and orthography (en) Scrittura e pronuncia del latino (it) Uitspraak van het Latijn (nl) Латинское произношение и орфография (ru) 拉丁语发音 (zh) |
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