Sauria (original) (raw)
After Borsuk-Bialynicka & Evans, 2009, Evans, 2009, and Evans & Borsuk-Bialynicka, 2009, Ezcurra, Scheyer & Butler, 2014, Nesbitt, Flynn, Pritchard, Parrish, Ranivoharimanana & Wyss, 2015, and Sengupta, Ezcurra & Bandyopadhyay, 2017
<==o Sauria Gauthier, 1984 sensu Carroll, 1988
|?- †Thalattosauriformes sensu Nicholls, 1999
|--o Lepidosauromorpha Gauthier, 1984 sensu Gauthier, Estes & deQueiroz, 1988
| |?- †Sauropterygia (sauropterygians, plesiosaur-like diapsids; joutsenliskomaiset matelijat)
| --+--+-- †_Fraxinisaura rozynekae_ Schoch & Sues, 2018 | | --o †Marmoretta Evans, 1991
| | |?- †M. sp. [Portugal] [Rieppel, 1994]
| | -- †_M. oxoniensis_ Evans, 1991 | --+-- †Sophineta cracoviensis Evans & Borsuk-Bialynicka, 2009
| -- [Lepidosauriformes](lepidosauromorpha/lepidosauriformes.html) Gauthier, Estes & deQueiroz, 1988 (lepidosaurs, lizard-like diapsids; liskomaiset matelijat) --o Archosauromorpha von Huene, 1946 sensu Benton, 1985 [alternative phylogeny of **Archosauromorpha after Sues, 2003]
|?-o †Sharovipterygidae Tatarinov, 1989 [Podopterygidae Sharov, 1971 (nomen nudum)]
| |-- †Sharovipteryx mirabilis (Sharov, 1971) [Podopteryx mirabilis Sharov, 1971]
| -- †_Ozimek volans_ Dzik & Sulej, 2016 |--o †[Protorosauria](archosauromorpha/prolacertiformes%5F1.html) Huxley, 1871 _sensu_ Ezcurra, Scheyer & Butler, 2014 | |--o †Protorosauridae Lydekker, 1888 | | |-- †_Aenigmastropheus parringtoni_ Ezcurra, Scheyer & Butler, 2014 | | |-- †_Czatkowiella harae_ Borsuk-Bialynicka & Evans, 2009 | | -- †Protorosaurus speneri Meyer, 1830
| --+-- †_Jesairosaurus lehmani_ Jalil, 1997 | --o †Tanystropheidae Gervais, 1858
| |-- †Macrocnemus basanii (Nopcsa, 1930) [Macrochemus; Macrocnemus bassanni Nopcsa, 1930]
| --o †_Tanystropheus_ Meyer, 1855 [_Tribelesodon_ Bassani, 1886; _Procerosaurus_ von Huene, 1902] | |-- †_T. conspicuus_ Meyer, 1855 | |-- †_T. longobardicus_ (Bassani, 1886) [_Tribelesodon longobardicus_ Bassani, 1886] | -- †T. meridensis Wild, 1980
--o Crocopoda Ezcurra, 2016 |--o †Allokotosauria Nesbitt, Flynn, Pritchard, Parrish, Ranivoharimanana & Wyss, 2015 [Trilophosauria Gregory, 1945 _sensu_ Romer, 1956] | |--o †Azendohsauridae Nesbitt, Flynn, Pritchard, Parrish, Ranivoharimanana & Wyss, 2015 | | |-- †_Pamelaria dolichotrachela_ K. Sen, 2003 | | |-- †_Shringasaurus indicus_ Sengupta, Ezcurra & Bandyopadhyay, 2017; M.Trias. Ind. | | --o †Azendohsaurus Dutuit, 1972; L.Trias. WNAf. Mad.
| | |-- †A. laaroussi Dutuit, 1972
| | -- †_A. madagaskarensis_ Flynn et al., 2010 [Sauropodomorpha _genera_ et _species_ indet. (Flynn et al., 1999)] | --o †Trilophosauria Gregory, 1945 sensu Romer, 1956 [Trilophosauridae sensu Nesbitt et al., 2015]
| |-- †Teraterpeton hrynewichorum Sues, 2003 [†Teraterpetonidae Sues, 2003]
| --o †Trilophosauridae Gregory, 1945 | |?- †_Anisodontosaurus greeri_ Welles, 1947; L. Trias. NAm. | |?- †_Doniceps lipovensis_ Ochev & Rykov, 1968; L.Trias. EEu. | |-- †_Tricuspisaurus thomasi_ Robinson, 1957; U. Trias. WEu. | |-- †_Variodens inopinatus_ Robinson, 1957; U. Trias. WEu. | ==**o †Trilophosaurus Case, 1928 [Chinleogomphius Sues & Olsen, 1993] U. Trias. NAm.
| |?- †Trilophosaurus dornorum Müller & Parker, 2006
| |-- †Trilophosaurus buettneri Case, 1928
| --+-- †_Trilophosaurus jacobsi_ Murry, 1987 [_Chinleogomphius jacobsi_ (Murry) Sues & Olsen, 1993] | -- †Spinosuchus caseanus von Huene, 1932; L.Trias. SWNAm.
--+--o †Rhynchosauria Osborn, 1903 _sensu_ Pritchard, Gauthier, Hanson, Bever & Bhullar, 2018 | |?- †_Colobops noviportensis_ Pritchard, Gauthier, Hanson, Bever & Bhullar, 2018 | -- †Rhynchosauria Osborn, 1903
--+--o †Prolacertidae Parrington, 1935 [Prolacertiformes] | |?- †_Kadimakara australiensis_ Bartholomai, 1979 | -- †Prolacerta broomi Parrington, 1935
`-- Archosauriformes Gauthier, 1986 (arkosaurimaiset matelijat; archosaur-like diapsids)
Alternative phylogenies of Sauria:
| After Sengupta, Ezcurra & Bandyopadhyay, 2017 **<==**o Sauria |-- †Choristodera | -- Lepidosauromorpha `--o Archosauromorpha | -- †Aenigmastropheus `--+-- †Protorosaurus_ `--+--+-- †_Jesairosaurus | `-- †Tanystropheidae `--o Crocopoda | --o †Allokotosauria | --+-- †Pamelaria | `--o †Azendohsauridae | -- †Shringasaurus | `-- †Azendohsaurus | `--o †Trilophosauria | -- †Teraterpeton | `--o †Trilophosauridae | -- †Spinosuchus | `-- †Trilophosaurus_ `--+-- †_Boreopricea `--+--o †Prolacertidae | -- †Kadimakara | `-- †Prolacerta_ `--+-- †_Tasmaniosaurus `-- Archosauriformes References: Sengupta, S., Ezcurra, M. D. & Bandyopadhyay, S., 2017: A new horned and long-necked herbivorous stem-archosaur from the Middle Triassic of India.–Scientific Reports: Vol. 7, #1, Art.nr. 8366, pp. 1-9 [**doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08658-8**] | After Ezcurra, 2016 (fig. 48 **<==**o Sauria |-- †Choristodera | -- Lepidosauromorpha `--o Archosauromorpha | -- †Aenigmastropheus `--+-- †Protorosaurus_ `--+--+-- †_Jesairosaurus | `-- †Tanystropheidae `--o Crocopoda | --o †Allokotosauria | -- †Pamelaria | `--+-- †Azendohsaurus | `-- †Trilophosauridae `--+-- †Boreopricea `--+--o †Prolacertidae | -- †Kadimakara | `-- †Prolacerta_ `--+-- †_Tasmaniosaurus `-- Archosauriformes References: Ezcurra, M. D., 2016: The phylogenetic relationships of basal archosauromorphs, with an emphasis on the systematics of proterosuchian archosauriforms.–PeerJ: Vol. 4, pp. e1778 (1-385) [**doi: 10.7717/peerj.1778**] | After Nesbitt, Flynn, Pritchard, Parrish, Ranivoharimanana & Wyss, 2015 **<==**o Sauria |-- Lepidosauromorpha `--o Archosauromorpha | -- †Protorosaurus `--+--+-- †Macrocnemus | `--+--+-- †Langobardisaurus | `-- †Tanytrachelos | `--+-- †Amotosaurus | `-- †_Tanystropheus_ `--+-- †Rhynchosauria `--+--o †Allokotosauria | -- †Pamelaria | `--+--o †Azendohsauridae | `-- †Azendohsaurus | `--o †Trilophosauridae | -- †Teraterpeton | `--+-- †Trilophosaurus buettneri | `--+-- †Trilophosaurus jacobsi | `-- †Spinosuchus caseanus_ `--+-- †_Prolacerta `-- Archosauriformes References: Nesbitt, S. J., Flynn, J. J., Pritchard, A. C., Parrish, J. M., Ranivoharimanana, L. & Wyss, A. R., 2015: Postcranial Osteology of Azendohsaurus madagaskarensis (?Middle to Upper Triassic, Isalo Group, Madagascar) and its Systematic Position Among Stem Archosaur Reptiles.–Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History: Vol. pp. 1-126 [**doi: 10.1206/amnb-899-00-1-126.1**] | ||||||||||||||||
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| After Schoch & Sues, 2015 **<==**o Sauria |--+-- †Choristodera | `--+-- †Prolacerta | `--+-- Archosauriformes | `--+-- †Trilophosaurus | `-- †Rhynchosauria `--+--+-- †Kuehneosauridae | `--+-- Rhynchocephalia | `-- Squamata `--+--+-- †Eusauropterygia | `--+-- †Sinosaurosphargis | `--+-- †Cyamodus | `-- †_Placodus_ `--o Pan-Testudinata | -- †Eunotosaurus `--+-- †Pappochelys_ `--+-- †_Odontochelys `-- Testudines References: Schoch, R. R. & Sues, H.-D., 2015: A Middle Triassic stem-turtle and the evolution of the turtle body plan.–Nature: in press [**doi: 10.1038/nature14472**] | After Motani, Jiang, Chen, Tintori, Rieppel, Ji & Huang, 2014 **<==**o Sauria |--+--+-- †Helveticosaurus | `-- †Choristodera | `--o Lepidosauriformes | -- †Coelurosauravus | `--+-- †Sophineta | `--+--+-- †Pamelina | `-- †Kuehneosauridae | `--+-- Rhynchocephalia | `-- Squamata `--+--+--+-- †Tanystropheus | `-- †Macrocnemus | `--+-- †Prolacerta | `--+-- †Trilophosaurus | `--+-- †Rhynchosauria | `-- Archosauriformes `--+-- †Thalattosauriformes `--+-- †Wumengosaurus | -- †Ichthyosauromorpha `--o †Sauropterygia | --+-- †Largocephalosaurus | `-- †Sinosaurosphargis_ `--+-- †_Placodus | -- †Pachypleurosauroidea `--o †Eusauropterygia | -- †Nothosauroidea `-- †Pistosauroidea Reference(s): Motani, R., Jiang, D.-Y., Chen, G.-B., Tintori, A., Rieppel, O., Ji, C. & Huang, J.-D., 2014: A basal ichthyosauriform with a short snout from the Lower Triassic of China.–Nature: in press [**doi: 10.1038/nature13866**] | After Chen, Motani, Cheng, Jiang & Rieppel, 2014b **<==**o Sauria |--o Archosauromorpha | -- †Choristodera | `--+--+-- †Prolacerta | `--+-- †Tanystropheus | `-- †Macrocnemus | `--+-- †Trilophosaurus | `--+-- †Rhynchosauria | `-- Archosauriformes `--o Lepidosauromorpha | --o Lepidosauriformes | -- †Helveticosaurus | `--+--+-- †Pamelina | `-- †Kuehneosauridae | `--+-- Rhynchocephalia | `-- Squamata `--o †Sauropterygia | --+-- †Largocephalosaurus | `-- †Sinosaurosphargis_ `--+-- †_Placodus `--+-- †Pachypleurosauroidea `--o †Eusauropterygia | -- †Nothosauroidea `-- †Pistosauroidea Reference(s): Chen, X.-h., Motani, R., Cheng, L., Jiang, D.-y. & Rieppel, O., 2014b: The Enigmatic Marine Reptile Nanchangosaurus from the Lower Triassic of Hubei, China and the Phylogenetic Affinities of Hupehsuchia.–Plos One: Vol. 9, #7, pp. e102361 (1-13) [**doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102361**] | |||||||||
| After Ezcurra, Scheyer & Butler, 2014 **<==**o Sauria |--o Lepidosauromorpha | -- †Paliguana | -- Rhynchocephalia | `-- Squamata `--o Archosauromorpha | --o †Protorosauria s.s. | --o †Protorosauridae | -- †Aenigmastropheus | `-- †Protorosaurus | `--o †Tanystropheidae | -- †Tanystropheus | `-- †_Macrocnemus_ `--+--o †Trilophosauria | `-- †_Trilophosaurus_ `--+--o †Rhynchosauria | -- †Noteosuchus | -- †Mesosuchus | `-- †Howesia_ `--+-- †_Prolacerta `-- Archosauriformes Reference(s): Ezcurra, M. D., Scheyer, T. M. & Butler, R. J., 2014: The Origin and Early Evolution of Sauria: Reassessing the Permian Saurian Fossil Record and the Timing of the Crocodile-Lizard Divergence.–Plos One: Vol. 9, #2, pp. e89165 [**doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089165**] | After Borsuk-Bialynicka & Evans, 2009, Evans, 2009, and Evans & Borsuk-Bialynicka, 2009 **<==**o Sauria |--o Lepidosauromorpha | --+-- †Drepanosauridae | `--o †Kuehneosauridae | -- †Pamelina | `--+-- †Kuehneosaurus | `-- †Icarosaurus | `--o Lepidosauriformes | -- †Marmoretta | `--+-- †Sophineta | `--o Lepidosauria | -- Rhynchocephalia | `-- Squamata `--+--+-- †Czatkowiella | `-- †Protorosaurus_ `--+-- †_Coelurosauravus `--+-- Archosauromorpha | -- †Choristodera `--+-- †Thalattosauriformes `--+-- †Ichthyosauromorpha `--+-- †Sauropterygia `-- Testudinata Reference(s): Borsuk-Bialynicka, M. & Evans, S. E., 2009: A long-necked archosauromorph from the Early Triassic of Poland. in Borsuk-Bialynicka, M. & Evans, S. E., (eds.) 2009: Early Triassic vertebrate assemblage from karst deposits at Czatkowice, Poland. –Palaeontologia Polonica: Vol. 65, pp. 203-234 Evans, S. E., 2009: An early kuehneosaurid reptile (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Early Triassic of Poland. in Borsuk-Bialynicka, M. & Evans, S. E., (eds.) 2009: Early Triassic vertebrate assemblage from karst deposits at Czatkowice, Poland. –Palaeontologia Polonica: Vol. 65, pp. 145-178 Evans, S.E. & Borsuk-Bialynicka, M. 2009: A small lepidosauromorph reptile from the Early Triassic of Poland. in Borsuk-Bialynicka, M. & Evans, S. E., (eds.) 2009: Early Triassic vertebrate assemblage from karst deposits at Czatkowice, Poland. –Palaeontologia Polonica: Vol. 65, pp. 179�202 | After Gottmann-Quesada & Sander, 2009 **<==**o Sauria |--o Lepidosauromorpha | -- Rhynchocephalia | `-- Squamata `--+-- †Choristodera `--o Archosauromorpha | --+-- †Protorosaurus | `-- †_Megalancosaurus_ `--+--o †Tanystropheidae | -- †Macrocnemus | `-- †Tanystropheus_ `--+--+-- †_Trilophosaurus | `-- †Rhynchosauria `--+-- †Pamelaria `--+-- †_Prolacerta_ `-- Archosauriformes Reference(s): Gottmann-Quesada, A. & Sander, P. M., 2009: A redescription of the early archosauromorph Protorosaurus speneri Meyer,1832, and its phylogenetic relationships.–Palaeontographica Abteilung A: Vol. 287, #4-6, pp. 123-220 | |||||||||||||||||||
| After Jalil, 1997 **<==**o Diapsida |-- Petrolacosaurus `--+-- _Youngina_ `--o Sauria | --o Lepidosauromorpha | -- Sphenodontida | `-- Squamata `--o Archosauromorpha | -- †Choristodera `--+-- †Rhynchosauria `--+-- †Trilophosaurus `--+-- †Prolacertiformes `-- Archosauriformes | After Rieppel & deBraga, 1996, deBraga & Rieppel, 1997, Gao & Fox, 1998, Rieppel, 2000, and Zardoya & Meyer, 2001 **<==**o Sauria |?- †Thalattosauriformes | --o Lepidosauromorpha | -- †Acerosodontosaurus | -- Lepidosauriformes | `--+?- Testudinata | `-- †Sauropterygia `--o Archosauromorpha | ?- Testudinata | --+-- Archosauriformes | `--+-- †Protorosauria | `?- †Choristodera `--+-- †Rhynchosauria `--+?- †_Teraterpeton_ `-- †Trilophosauria Note: Some recent phylogenetic analysis based on both morphology and genetics have given a result, in which turtles are derived diapsids, either a sistergroup of Archosauria (Zardoya & Meyer 2001) or Sauropterygia (Rieppel & deBraga, 1996, deBraga & Rieppel, 1997). | After Carroll, 1988 **<==**o Sauria |?- †Thalattosauriformes | --o Lepidosauromorpha | ?- †Marmoretta | -- †Acerosodontosaurus | ?- †Sauropterygia | `-- Lepidosauriformes `--o Archosauromorpha | --+-- †Protorosauria | `-- Archosauriformes `--+-- †Rhynchosauria `-- †Trilophosauria |
Reference(s):
- Borsuk-Bialynicka, M. & Evans, S. E., 2009: A long-necked archosauromorph from the Early Triassic of Poland.
in Borsuk-Bialynicka, M. & Evans, S. E., (eds.) 2009: Early Triassic vertebrate assemblage from karst deposits at Czatkowice, Poland.
–Palaeontologia Polonica: Vol. 65, pp. 203-234 - deBraga, M. & Rieppel, O. C., 1997: Reptile phylogeny and interrelationships of turtles.
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 120, pp. 281-354 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L. 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Chatterjee, S., 1986: Malerisaurus langstoni, a new diapsid reptile from the Triassic of Texas.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 6, #4, pp. 297-312 - Dzik, J. & Sulej, T., 2016: An Early Late Triassic Long-Necked Reptile with a Bony Pectoral Shield and Gracile Appendages.
–Acta Palaeontologica Polonica: Vol. 61, #4, pp. 805-823 [**doi: 10.4202/app.00276.2016**] - Evans, S. E., 1991: A new lizard-like reptile (Diapsida: Lepidosauromorpha) from the Middle Jurassic of England.
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 103, #4, pp. 391-412 [**doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00910.x**] - Evans, S.E. & Borsuk-Bialynicka, M. 2009: A small lepidosauromorph reptile from the Early Triassic of Poland.
in Borsuk-Bialynicka, M. & Evans, S. E., (eds.) 2009: Early Triassic vertebrate assemblage from karst deposits at Czatkowice, Poland.
–Palaeontologia Polonica: Vol. 65, pp. 179�202 - Ezcurra, M. D., 2016: The phylogenetic relationships of basal archosauromorphs, with an emphasis on the systematics of proterosuchian archosauriforms.
–PeerJ: Vol. 4, pp. e1778 (1-385) [**doi: 10.7717/peerj.1778**] - Ezcurra, M. D., Scheyer, T. M. & Butler, R. J., 2014: The Origin and Early Evolution of Sauria: Reassessing the Permian Saurian Fossil Record and the Timing of the Crocodile-Lizard Divergence.
–Plos One: Vol. 9, #2, pp. e89165 [**doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089165**] - Flynn, J. J., Nesbitt, S. J., Parrish, J. M., Ranivoharimanana, L. & Wyss, A. R., 2010: A new species of Azendohsaurus (Diapsida: Archosauromorpha) from the Triassic Isalo Group of southwestern Madagascar: cranium and mandible.
–Palaeontology: Vol. 53, #3, pp. 669-688 [doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00954.x] - Flynn, J. J., Parrish, J. M., Rakotosamimanana, B., Simpson, W. F., Whatley, R. L., & Wyss, A. R., 1999: A Triassic fauna form Madagaskar, including early dinosaurs.
–Science: Vol. 286, 22 October, pp. 763-765 - Gao, K. & Fox, R. C., 1998: New choristoderes (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Upper Cretaceous and Palaeocene, Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada, and phylogenetic relationships of Choristodera.
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 124, #4, pp. 303-353 [**doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb00580.x**] - Gottmann-Quesada, A. & Sander, P. M., 2009: A redescription of the early archosauromorph Protorosaurus speneri Meyer,1832, and its phylogenetic relationships.
–Palaeontographica Abteilung A: Vol. 287, #4-6, pp. 123-220 - Modesto, S. P. & Reisz, R. R., 2002: An enigmatic new diapsid reptile from the Upper Permian of Eastern Europe.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 22, #4, pp. 851-855 - Nesbitt, S. J., Flynn, J. J., Pritchard, A. C., Parrish, J. M., Ranivoharimanana, L. & Wyss, A. R., 2015: Postcranial Osteology of Azendohsaurus madagaskarensis (?Middle to Upper Triassic, Isalo Group, Madagascar) and its Systematic Position Among Stem Archosaur Reptiles.
–Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History: Vol. pp. 1-126 [**doi: 10.1206/amnb-899-00-1-126.1**] - Nicholls, E. L., 1999: A reexamination of Thalattosaurus and Nectosaurus and the relationships of the Thalattosauria (Reptilia: Diapsida).
–PaleoBios: Vol. 19, #1, pp. 1-29 - Parrish, J. M. 1993: Phylogeny of the Crocodylotarsi, with Reference to Archosaurian and Crurotarsan Monophyly.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 13, #3, pp. 287-308 - Pritchard, A. C., Gauthier, J. A., Hanson, M., Bever, G. S. & Bhullar, B.-A. S., 2018: A tiny Triassic saurian from Connecticut and the early evolution of the diapsid feeding apparatus.
–Nature Communications: Vol. 9, #1, Art.nr. 1213, pp. 1-10 [**doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03508-1**] - Rieppel, O. 1994: The Lepidosauromorpha: an overview with special emphasis on the Squamata. 23-37.
in Fraser, N. C. & Sues, H-D. 1994: In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs.
–Cambridge University Press, New York. 1994 - Schoch, R. R. & Sues, H.-D., 2018: A new lepidosauromorph reptile from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) of Germany and its phylogenetic relationships.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Art.nr. e1444619, pp. 1-14 [**doi: 10.1080/02724634.2018.1444619**] - Schoch, R. R. & Sues, H.-D., 2015: A Middle Triassic stem-turtle and the evolution of the turtle body plan.
–Nature: in press [**doi: 10.1038/nature14472**] - Sengupta, S., Ezcurra, M. D. & Bandyopadhyay, S., 2017: A new horned and long-necked herbivorous stem-archosaur from the Middle Triassic of India.
–Scientific Reports: Vol. 7, #1, Art.nr. 8366, pp. 1-9 [**doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08658-8**] - Sereno, P. C. 1991: Basal Archosaurs: phylogenetic relationships and functional implications.
–Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 2.,
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: vol. 11, Supplement to #4, pp. ii-53 - Sues, H.-D., 2003: An unusual new archosauromorph reptile from the Upper Triassic wolfville Formation of Nova Scotia.
–Canadian Journal of Earth Sciencies: Vol. 40, pp. 635-649 - Zardoya, R. & Meyer, A., 2001: The evolutionary position of turtles revisited.
–Naturwissenschaften: Vol. 88, #5, pp. 193-200