Dendritic cells in central nervous system autoimmunity (original) (raw)

• Steinman RM, Steinman RM, Cohn ZA (1973) Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. I. Morphology, quantitation, tissue distribution. J Exp Med 137:1142–1162. doi:10.1084/jem.137.5.1142
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Schmidt H, Schmidt H, Schmidt H et al (2007) HLA-DR15 haplotype and multiple sclerosis: a HuGE review. Am J Epidemiol 165:1097–1109. doi:10.1093/aje/kwk118
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium, Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2, Sawcer S et al (2011) Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis. Nature 476:214–219. doi:10.1038/nature10251
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Moser M, Murphy KM (2000) Dendritic cell regulation of TH1-TH2 development. Nat Immunol 1:199–205. doi:10.1038/79734
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Siegal FP, Kadowaki N, Shodell M et al (1999) The nature of the principal type 1 interferon-producing cells in human blood. Science (New York, NY) 284:1835–1837
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Cella M, Jarrossay D, Facchetti F et al (1999) Plasmacytoid monocytes migrate to inflamed lymph nodes and produce large amounts of type I interferon. Nat Med 5:919–923. doi:10.1038/11360
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Merad M, Sathe P, Helft J et al (2013) The dendritic cell lineage: ontogeny and function of dendritic cells and their subsets in the steady state and the inflamed setting. Annu Rev Immunol 31:563–604. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-074950
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Guilliams M, Ginhoux F, Jakubzick C et al (2014) Dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages: a unified nomenclature based on ontogeny. Nat Rev Immunol 14:571–578. doi:10.1038/nri3712
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hettinger J, Richards DM, Hansson J et al (2013) Origin of monocytes and macrophages in a committed progenitor. Nat Immunol 14:821–830. doi:10.1038/ni.2638
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Coombes JL, Siddiqui KRR, Arancibia-Cárcamo CV et al (2007) A functionally specialized population of mucosal CD103+ DCs induces Foxp3+ regulatory T cells via a TGF-beta and retinoic acid-dependent mechanism. J Exp Med 204:1757–1764. doi:10.1084/jem.20070590
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Satpathy AT, Briseño CG, Lee JS et al (2013) Notch2-dependent classical dendritic cells orchestrate intestinal immunity to attaching-and-effacing bacterial pathogens. Nat Immunol 14:937–948. doi:10.1038/ni.2679
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Schlitzer A, Sivakamasundari V, Chen J et al (2015) Identification of cDC1- and cDC2-committed DC progenitors reveals early lineage priming at the common DC progenitor stage in the bone marrow. Nat Immunol 16:718–728. doi:10.1038/ni.3200
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Schlitzer A, McGovern N, Ginhoux F (2015) Dendritic cells and monocyte-derived cells: two complementary and integrated functional systems. Semin Cell Dev Biol 41:9–22. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.03.011
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Murphy TL, Grajales-Reyes GE, Wu X et al (2016) Transcriptional control of dendritic cell development. Annu Rev Immunol 34:93–119. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120204
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Tussiwand R, Everts B, Grajales-Reyes GE et al (2015) Klf4 expression in conventional dendritic cells is required for T helper 2 cell responses. Immunity 42:916–928. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.04.017
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Gomez Perdiguero E, Klapproth K, Schulz C et al (2015) Tissue-resident macrophages originate from yolk-sac-derived erythro-myeloid progenitors. Nature 518:547–551. doi:10.1038/nature13989
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sancho D, Joffre OP, Keller AM et al (2009) Identification of a dendritic cell receptor that couples sensing of necrosis to immunity. Nature 458:899–903. doi:10.1038/nature07750
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Zhang J-G, Czabotar PE, Policheni AN et al (2012) The dendritic cell receptor Clec9A binds damaged cells via exposed actin filaments. Immunity 36:646–657. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.03.009
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ahrens S, Zelenay S, Sancho D et al (2012) F-actin is an evolutionarily conserved damage-associated molecular pattern recognized by DNGR-1, a receptor for dead cells. Immunity 36:635–645. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.03.008
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Iborra S, Izquierdo HM, Martínez-López M et al (2012) The DC receptor DNGR-1 mediates cross-priming of CTLs during vaccinia virus infection in mice. J Clin Invest 122:1628–1643. doi:10.1172/JCI60660
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Schraml BU, van Blijswijk J, Zelenay S et al (2013) Genetic tracing via DNGR-1 expression history defines dendritic cells as a hematopoietic lineage. Cell 154:843–858. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.07.014
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Satpathy AT, Kc W, Albring JC et al (2012) Zbtb46 expression distinguishes classical dendritic cells and their committed progenitors from other immune lineages. J Exp Med 209:1135–1152. doi:10.1084/jem.20120030
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Meredith MM, Liu K, Darrasse-Jèze G et al (2012) Expression of the zinc finger transcription factor zDC (Zbtb46, Btbd4) defines the classical dendritic cell lineage. J Exp Med 209:1153–1165. doi:10.1084/jem.20112675
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Meredith MM, Liu K, Kamphorst AO et al (2012) Zinc finger transcription factor zDC is a negative regulator required to prevent activation of classical dendritic cells in the steady state. J Exp Med 209:1583–1593. doi:10.1084/jem.20121003
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium, Lill CM, Schjeide B-MM et al (2013) MANBA, CXCR5, SOX8, RPS6KB1 and ZBTB46 are genetic risk loci for multiple sclerosis. Brain 136:1778–1782. doi:10.1093/brain/awt101
  Article PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Croxford AL, Lanzinger M, Hartmann FJ et al (2015) The cytokine GM-CSF drives the inflammatory signature of CCR2(+) monocytes and licenses autoimmunity. Immunity 43:502–514. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.08.010
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Briseño CG, Haldar M, Kretzer NM et al (2016) Distinct transcriptional programs control cross-priming in classical and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Cell Rep 15:2462–2474. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.025
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Ji Q, Castelli L, Goverman JM (2013) MHC class I-restricted myelin epitopes are cross-presented by tip-DCs that promote determinant spreading to CD8+ T cells. Nat Immunol 14:254–261. doi:10.1038/ni.2513
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Tamoutounour S, Tamoutounour S, Tamoutounour S et al (2012) CD64 distinguishes macrophages from dendritic cells in the gut and reveals the Th1-inducing role of mesenteric lymph node macrophages during colitis. Eur J Immunol 42:3150–3166. doi:10.1002/eji.201242847
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Greter M, Lelios I, Croxford AL (2015) Microglia versus myeloid cell nomenclature during brain inflammation. Front Immun 6:249. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00249
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Becher B, Schlitzer A, Chen J et al (2014) High-dimensional analysis of the murine myeloid cell system. Nat Immunol 15:1181–1189. doi:10.1038/ni.3006
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Liu K, Victora GD, Schwickert TA et al (2009) In vivo analysis of dendritic cell development and homeostasis. Science (New York, NY) 324:392–397. doi:10.1126/science.1170540
  Article CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Weir CR, Nicolson K, Bäckström BT (2002) Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induction in naive mice by dendritic cells presenting a self-peptide. Immunol Cell Biol 80:14–20. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1711.2002.01056.x
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• King IL, Kroenke MA, Segal BM (2010) GM-CSF-dependent, CD103+ dermal dendritic cells play a critical role in Th effector cell differentiation after subcutaneous immunization. J Exp Med 207:953–961. doi:10.1084/jem.20091844
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Edelson BT, Bradstreet TR, Wumesh KC et al (2011) Batf3-dependent CD11b(low/−) peripheral dendritic cells are GM-CSF-independent and are not required for Th cell priming after subcutaneous immunization. PLoS One 6:e25660. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025660.s001
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Ko H-J, Brady JL, Ryg-Cornejo V et al (2014) GM-CSF-responsive monocyte-derived dendritic cells are pivotal in Th17 pathogenesis. J Immunol 192:2202–2209. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1302040
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Croxford AL, Spath S, Becher B (2015) GM-CSF in neuroinflammation: licensing myeloid cells for tissue damage. Trends Immunol 36:651–662. doi:10.1016/j.it.2015.08.004
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kirk RC, Ecker EE (1949) Time of appearance of antibodies to brain in the human receiving anti-rabies vaccine. Exp Biol Med 70:734–737. doi:10.3181/00379727-70-17051
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Karman J, Ling C, Sandor M, Fabry Z (2004) Initiation of immune responses in brain is promoted by local dendritic cells. J Immunol 173:2353–2361. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.173.4.2353
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Berer K, Mues M, Koutrolos M et al (2011) Commensal microbiota and myelin autoantigen cooperate to trigger autoimmune demyelination. Nature 479:538–541. doi:10.1038/nature10554
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Van Zwam M, Huizinga R, Heijmans N et al (2009) Surgical excision of CNS-draining lymph nodes reduces relapse severity in chronic-relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Pathol 217:543–551. doi:10.1002/path.2476
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Furtado GC, Marcondes MCG, Latkowski J-A et al (2008) Swift entry of myelin-specific T lymphocytes into the central nervous system in spontaneous autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 181:4648–4655
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Yogev N, Frommer F, Lukas D et al (2012) Dendritic cells ameliorate autoimmunity in the CNS by controlling the homeostasis of PD-1 receptor(+) regulatory T cells. Immunity 37:264–275. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.05.025
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Van Zwam M, Huizinga R, Melief M-J et al (2009) Brain antigens in functionally distinct antigen-presenting cell populations in cervical lymph nodes in MS and EAE. J Mol Med 87:273–286. doi:10.1007/s00109-008-0421-4
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Jung S, Unutmaz D, Wong P et al (2002) In vivo depletion of CD11c + dendritic cells abrogates priming of CD8+ T cells by exogenous cell-associated antigens. Immunity 17:211–220
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Isaksson M, Lundgren BA, Ahlgren KM et al (2012) Conditional DC depletion does not affect priming of encephalitogenic Th cells in EAE. Eur J Immunol 42:2555–2563. doi:10.1002/eji.201142239
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Paterka M, Voss JO, Werr J et al (2016) Dendritic cells tip the balance towards induction of regulatory T cells upon priming in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Autoimmun. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2016.09.008
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Wu L, Shortman K (2005) Heterogeneity of thymic dendritic cells. Semin Immunol 17:304–312. doi:10.1016/j.smim.2005.05.001
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Klein L, Hinterberger M, Wirnsberger G, Kyewski B (2009) Antigen presentation in the thymus for positive selection and central tolerance induction. Nat Rev Immunol 9:833–844. doi:10.1038/nri2669
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Isaksson M, Ardesjö B, Rönnblom L et al (2009) Plasmacytoid DC promote priming of autoimmune Th17 cells and EAE. Eur J Immunol 39:2925–2935. doi:10.1002/eji.200839179
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Irla M, Küpfer N, Suter T et al (2010) MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation by plasmacytoid dendritic cells inhibits T cell-mediated autoimmunity. J Exp Med 207:1891–1905. doi:10.1084/jem.20092627
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Loschko J, Schlitzer A, Dudziak D et al (2011) Antigen delivery to plasmacytoid dendritic cells via BST2 induces protective T cell-mediated immunity. J Immunol 186:6718–6725. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1004029
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hawiger D, Masilamani RF, Bettelli E et al (2004) Immunological unresponsiveness characterized by increased expression of CD5 on peripheral T cells induced by dendritic cells in vivo. Immunity 20:695–705. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2004.05.002
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lutz MB, Schuler G (2002) Immature, semi-mature and fully mature dendritic cells: which signals induce tolerance or immunity? Trends Immunol 23:445–449
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mascanfroni ID, Yeste A, Vieira SM et al (2013) IL-27 acts on DCs to suppress the T cell response and autoimmunity by inducing expression of the immunoregulatory molecule CD39. Nat Immunol 14:1054–1063. doi:10.1038/ni.2695
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Yeste A, Takenaka MC, Mascanfroni ID et al (2016) Tolerogenic nanoparticles inhibit T cell-mediated autoimmunity through SOCS2. Sci Signal 9:ra61. doi:10.1126/scisignal.aad0612
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Takenaka MC, Quintana FJ (2016) Tolerogenic dendritic cells. Semin Immunopathol. doi:10.1007/s00281-016-0587-8
  Google Scholar
• Galea I, Bechmann I, Perry VH (2007) What is immune privilege (not)? Trends Immunol 28:12–18. doi:10.1016/j.it.2006.11.004
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kipnis J (2016) Multifaceted interactions between adaptive immunity and the central nervous system. Science (New York, NY) 353:766–771. doi:10.1126/science.aag2638
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Engelhardt B, Carare RO, Bechmann I et al (2016) Vascular, glial, and lymphatic immune gateways of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol 132:317–338. doi:10.1007/s00401-016-1606-5
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Xie L, Kang H, Xu Q et al (2013) Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science (New York, NY) 342:373–377. doi:10.1126/science.1241224
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Iliff JJ, Wang M, Liao Y et al (2012) A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid β. Sci Transl Med 4:147ra111. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003748
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Pollay M (2010) The function and structure of the cerebrospinal fluid outflow system. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res 7:9. doi:10.1186/1743-8454-7-9
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Yamashima T (1988) Functional ultrastructure of cerebrospinal fluid drainage channels in human arachnoid villi. Neurosurgery 22:633–641
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kido DK, Gomez DG, Pavese AM, Potts DG (1976) Human spinal arachnoid villi and granulations. Neuroradiology 11:221–228
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Upton ML, Weller RO (1985) The morphology of cerebrospinal fluid drainage pathways in human arachnoid granulations. J Neurosurg 63:867–875. doi:10.3171/jns.1985.63.6.0867
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kida S, Kida S, Pentazis A et al (1993) CSF drains directly from the subarachnoid space into nasal lymphatics in the rat. Anatomy, histology and immunological significance. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 19:480–488. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.1993.tb00476.x
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Johnston M, Zakharov A, Papaiconomou C et al (2004) Evidence of connections between cerebrospinal fluid and nasal lymphatic vessels in humans, non-human primates and other mammalian species. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res 1:2. doi:10.1186/1743-8454-1-2
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Andres KH, Düring von M, Muszynski K, Schmidt RF (1987) Nerve fibres and their terminals of the dura mater encephali of the rat. Anat Embryol 175:289–301
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Louveau A, Smirnov I, Keyes TJ et al (2015) Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels. Nature 523:337–341. doi:10.1038/nature14432
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Aspelund A, Aspelund A, Antila S et al (2015) A dural lymphatic vascular system that drains brain interstitial fluid and macromolecules. J Exp Med 212:991–999. doi:10.1084/jem.20142290
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Furukawa M, Shimoda H, Kajiwara T et al (2008) Topographic study on nerve-associated lymphatic vessels in the murine craniofacial region by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Biomed Res 29:289–296
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Brinker T, Lüdemann W, Berens von Rautenfeld D, Samii M (1997) Dynamic properties of lymphatic pathways for the absorption of cerebrospinal fluid. Acta Neuropathol 94:493–498
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kaminski M, Bechmann I, Pohland M et al (2012) Migration of monocytes after intracerebral injection at entorhinal cortex lesion site. J Leukoc Biol 92:31–39. doi:10.1189/jlb.0511241
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mohammad MG, Tsai VWW, Ruitenberg MJ et al (2014) Immune cell trafficking from the brain maintains CNS immune tolerance. J Clin Invest 124:1228–1241. doi:10.1172/JCI71544
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Goldmann T, Wieghofer P, Jordão MJC et al (2016) Origin, fate and dynamics of macrophages at central nervous system interfaces. Nat Immunol 17:797–805. doi:10.1038/ni.3423
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Prodinger C, Bunse J, Krüger M et al (2011) CD11c-expressing cells reside in the juxtavascular parenchyma and extend processes into the glia limitans of the mouse nervous system. Acta Neuropathol 121:445–458. doi:10.1007/s00401-010-0774-y
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bulloch K, Miller MM, Gal-Toth J et al (2008) CD11c/EYFP transgene illuminates a discrete network of dendritic cells within the embryonic, neonatal, adult, and injured mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 508:687–710. doi:10.1002/cne.21668
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Anandasabapathy N, Victora GD, Meredith M et al (2011) Flt3L controls the development of radiosensitive dendritic cells in the meninges and choroid plexus of the steady-state mouse brain. J Exp Med 208:1695–1705. doi:10.1084/jem.20102657
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Shechter R, Miller O, Yovel G et al (2013) Recruitment of beneficial M2 macrophages to injured spinal cord is orchestrated by remote brain choroid plexus. Immunity 38:555–569. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.02.012
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• del Pilar MM, Cravens PD, Winger R et al (2008) Decrease in the numbers of dendritic cells and CD4+ T cells in cerebral perivascular spaces due to natalizumab. Arch Neurol 65:1596–1603. doi:10.1001/archneur.65.12.noc80051
  Article Google Scholar
• Floris S, Ruuls SR, Wierinckx A et al (2002) Interferon-beta directly influences monocyte infiltration into the central nervous system. J Neuroimmunol 127:69–79. doi:10.1016/S0165-5728(02)00098-X
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Jain P, Coisne C, Enzmann G et al (2010) Alpha4beta1 integrin mediates the recruitment of immature dendritic cells across the blood-brain barrier during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 184:7196–7206. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0901404
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Yednock TA, Cannon C, Fritz LC et al (1992) Prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by antibodies against alpha 4 beta 1 integrin. Nature 356:63–66. doi:10.1038/356063a0
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rothhammer V, Heink S, Petermann F et al (2011) Th17 lymphocytes traffic to the central nervous system independently of α4 integrin expression during EAE. J Exp Med 208:2465–2476. doi:10.1084/jem.20110434
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Glatigny S, Duhen R, Oukka M, Bettelli E (2011) Cutting edge: loss of α4 integrin expression differentially affects the homing of Th1 and Th17 cells. J Immunol 187:6176–6179. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1102515
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Polman CH, O'connor PW, Havrdova E et al (2006) A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 354:899–910. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa044397
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hickey WF, Kimura H (1988) Perivascular microglial cells of the CNS are bone marrow-derived and present antigen in vivo. Science (New York, NY) 239:290–292
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Greter M, Heppner FL, Lemos MP et al (2005) Dendritic cells permit immune invasion of the CNS in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Nat Med 11:328–334. doi:10.1038/nm1197
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hesske L, Vincenzetti C, Heikenwalder M et al (2010) Induction of inhibitory central nervous system-derived and stimulatory blood-derived dendritic cells suggests a dual role for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in central nervous system inflammation. Brain 133:1637–1654. doi:10.1093/brain/awq081
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Bartholomäus I, Kawakami N, Odoardi F et al (2009) Effector T cell interactions with meningeal vascular structures in nascent autoimmune CNS lesions. Nature 462:94–98. doi:10.1038/nature08478
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Schläger C, Körner H, Krueger M et al (2016) Effector T-cell trafficking between the leptomeninges and the cerebrospinal fluid. Nature 530:349–353. doi:10.1038/nature16939
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Mcmahon EJ, Bailey SL, Castenada CV et al (2005) Epitope spreading initiates in the CNS in two mouse models of multiple sclerosis. Nat Med 11:335–339. doi:10.1038/nm1202
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bailey SL, Schreiner B, Mcmahon EJ, Miller SD (2007) CNS myeloid DCs presenting endogenous myelin peptides “preferentially” polarize CD4+ T(H)-17 cells in relapsing EAE. Nat Immunol 8:172–180. doi:10.1038/ni1430
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ifergan I, Kebir H, Bernard M et al (2008) The blood-brain barrier induces differentiation of migrating monocytes into Th17-polarizing dendritic cells. Brain 131:785–799. doi:10.1093/brain/awm295
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• King IL, Dickendesher TL, Segal BM (2009) Circulating Ly-6C+ myeloid precursors migrate to the CNS and play a pathogenic role during autoimmune demyelinating disease. Blood 113:3190–3197. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-07-168575
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Mildner A, Mack M, Schmidt H et al (2009) CCR2 + Ly-6Chi monocytes are crucial for the effector phase of autoimmunity in the central nervous system. Brain 132:2487–2500. doi:10.1093/brain/awp144
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Saederup N, Cardona AE, Croft K et al (2010) Selective chemokine receptor usage by central nervous system myeloid cells in CCR2-red fluorescent protein knock-in mice. PLoS One 5:e13693. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013693
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Yamasaki R, Lu H, Butovsky O et al (2014) Differential roles of microglia and monocytes in the inflamed central nervous system. J Exp Med 211:1533–1549. doi:10.1084/jem.20132477
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Comabella M, Lunemann JD, Rio J et al (2009) A type I interferon signature in monocytes is associated with poor response to interferon-beta in multiple sclerosis. Brain 132:3353–3365. doi:10.1093/brain/awp228
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• McRae BL, Semnani RT, Hayes MP, Van Seventer GA (1998) Type I IFNs inhibit human dendritic cell IL-12 production and Th1 cell development. J Immunol 160:4298–4304
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Biron CA (2001) Interferons alpha and beta as immune regulators—a new look. Immunity 14:661–664
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Longman RS, Braun D, Pellegrini S et al (2007) Dendritic-cell maturation alters intracellular signaling networks, enabling differential effects of IFN-alpha/beta on antigen cross-presentation. Blood 109:1113–1122. doi:10.1182/blood-2006-05-023465
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Byrnes AA, Ma X, Cuomo P et al (2001) Type I interferons and IL-12: convergence and cross-regulation among mediators of cellular immunity. Eur J Immunol 31:2026–2034. doi:10.1002/1521-4141(200107)31:7<2026::AID-IMMU2026>3.0.CO;2-U
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Yen J-H, Kong W, Hooper KM et al (2015) Differential effects of IFN-β on IL-12, IL-23, and IL-10 expression in TLR-stimulated dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 98:689–702. doi:10.1189/jlb.3HI0914-453R
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• De Waal MR, Abrams J, Bennett B et al (1991) Interleukin 10(IL-10) inhibits cytokine synthesis by human monocytes: an autoregulatory role of IL-10 produced by monocytes. J Exp Med 174:1209–1220
  Article Google Scholar
• Hino A, Nariuchi H (1996) Negative feedback mechanism suppresses interleukin-12 production by antigen-presenting cells interacting with T helper 2 cells. Eur J Immunol 26:623–628. doi:10.1002/eji.1830260318
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Liu B-S, Janssen HLA, Boonstra A (2012) Type I and III interferons enhance IL-10R expression on human monocytes and macrophages, resulting in IL-10-mediated suppression of TLR-induced IL-12. Eur J Immunol 42:2431–2440. doi:10.1002/eji.201142360
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Yen J-H, Kong W, Ganea D (2010) IFN-beta inhibits dendritic cell migration through STAT-1-mediated transcriptional suppression of CCR7 and matrix metalloproteinase 9. J Immunol 184:3478–3486. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0902542
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Stasiolek M, Bayas A, Kruse N et al (2006) Impaired maturation and altered regulatory function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis. Brain 129:1293–1305. doi:10.1093/brain/awl043
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Lande R, Gafa V, Serafini B et al (2008) Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis: intracerebral recruitment and impaired maturation in response to interferon-beta. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 67:388–401. doi:10.1097/NEN.0b013e31816fc975
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Weber MS, Prodhomme T, Youssef S et al (2007) Type II monocytes modulate T cell-mediated central nervous system autoimmune disease. Nat Med 13:935–943. doi:10.1038/nm1620
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cortese I, Ohayon J, Fenton K et al (2016) Cutaneous adverse events in multiple sclerosis patients treated with daclizumab. Neurology 86:847–855. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002417
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wuest SC, Edwan JH, Martin JF et al (2011) A role for interleukin-2 trans-presentation in dendritic cell-mediated T cell activation in humans, as revealed by daclizumab therapy. Nat Med 17:604–609. doi:10.1038/nm.2365
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Stüve O, Gold R, Chan A et al (2008) alpha4-integrin antagonism with natalizumab: effects and adverse effects. J Neurol 255(Suppl 6):58–65. doi:10.1007/s00415-008-6011-0
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Schneider-Hohendorf T, Rossaint J, Mohan H et al (2014) VLA-4 blockade promotes differential routes into human CNS involving PSGL-1 rolling of T cells and MCAM-adhesion of TH17 cells. J Exp Med 211:1833–1846. doi:10.1084/jem.20140540
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Stüve O, Marra CM, Jerome KR et al (2006) Immune surveillance in multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab. Ann Neurol 59:743–747. doi:10.1002/ana.20858
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Caton ML, Smith-Raska MR, Reizis B (2007) Notch-RBP-J signaling controls the homeostasis of CD8-dendritic cells in the spleen. J Exp Med 204:1653–1664. doi:10.1084/jem.20062648
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Abram CL, Roberge GL, Hu Y, Lowell CA (2014) Comparative analysis of the efficiency and specificity of myeloid-cre deleting strains using ROSA-EYFP reporter mice. J Immunol Methods 408:89–100. doi:10.1016/j.jim.2014.05.009
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Baschant U, Frappart L, Rauchhaus U et al (2011) Glucocorticoid therapy of antigen-induced arthritis depends on the dimerized glucocorticoid receptor in T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:19317–19322. doi:10.1073/pnas.1105857108
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Stranges PB, Watson J, Cooper CJ et al (2007) Elimination of antigen-presenting cells and autoreactive T cells by Fas contributes to prevention of autoimmunity. Immunity 26:629–641. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.03.016
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Ohnmacht C, Pullner A, King SBS et al (2009) Constitutive ablation of dendritic cells breaks self-tolerance of CD4 T cells and results in spontaneous fatal autoimmunity. J Exp Med 206:549–559. doi:10.1084/jem.20082394
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Loschko J, Rieke GJ, Schreiber HA et al (2016) Inducible targeting of cDCs and their subsets in vivo. J Immunol Methods 434:32–38. doi:10.1016/j.jim.2016.04.004
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Loschko J, Schreiber HA, Rieke GJ et al (2016) Absence of MHC class II on cDCs results in microbialdependent intestinal in ammation. J Exp Med . doi:10.4049/jimmunol.176.4.2465jem.20160062
  PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Swiecki M, Gilfillan S, Vermi W et al (2010) Plasmacytoid dendritic cell ablation impacts early interferon responses and antiviral NK and CD8(+) T cell accrual. Immunity 33:955–966. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.11.020
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Swiecki M, Wang Y, Riboldi E et al (2014) Cell depletion in mice that express diphtheria toxin receptor under the control of SiglecH encompasses more than plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J Immunol 192:4409–4416. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1303135
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Clausen BE, Burkhardt C, Reith W et al (1999) Conditional gene targeting in macrophages and granulocytes using LysMcre mice. Transgenic Res 8:265–277
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ohta T, Sugiyama M, Hemmi H et al (2016) Crucial roles of XCR1-expressing dendritic cells and the XCR1-XCL1 chemokine axis in intestinal immune homeostasis. Sci Rep 6:23505. doi:10.1038/srep23505
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Poltorak MP, Schraml BU (2015) Fate mapping of dendritic cells. Front Immun. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00199
  Google Scholar
• van Blijswijk J, Schraml BU, Reis E, Sousa C (2013) Advantages and limitations of mouse models to deplete dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 43:22–26. doi:10.1002/eji.201243022
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Curtin JF, King GD, Barcia C et al (2006) Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand recruits plasmacytoid dendritic cells to the brain. J Immunol 176:3566–3577
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Bailey-Bucktrout SL, Caulkins SC, Goings G et al (2008) Cutting edge: central nervous system plasmacytoid dendritic cells regulate the severity of relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 180:6457–6461
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Galicia-Rosas G, Pikor N, Schwartz JA et al (2012) A sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1-directed agonist reduces central nervous system inflammation in a plasmacytoid dendritic cell-dependent manner. J Immunol 189:3700–3706. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1102261
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Duraes FV, Lippens C, Steinbach K et al (2015) pDC therapy induces recovery from EAE by recruiting endogenous pDC to sites of CNS inflammation. J Autoimmun 67:8–18. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2015.08.014
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Quintana E, Fernández A, Velasco P et al (2015) DNGR-1(+) dendritic cells are located in meningeal membrane and choroid plexus of the noninjured brain. Glia 63:2231–2248. doi:10.1002/glia.22889
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Dando SJ, Naranjo Golborne C, Chinnery HR et al (2016) A case of mistaken identity: CD11c-eYFP(+) cells in the normal mouse brain parenchyma and neural retina display the phenotype of microglia, not dendritic cells. Glia 64:1331–1349. doi:10.1002/glia.23005
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• D’Agostino PM, Kwak C, Vecchiarelli HA et al (2012) Viral-induced encephalitis initiates distinct and functional CD103+ CD11b+ brain dendritic cell populations within the olfactory bulb. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:6175–6180. doi:10.1073/pnas.1203941109
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Krautler NJ, Kana V, Kranich J et al (2012) Follicular dendritic cells emerge from ubiquitous perivascular precursors. Cell 150:194–206. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.05.032
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Magliozzi R, Howell O, Vora A et al (2007) Meningeal B-cell follicles in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis associate with early onset of disease and severe cortical pathology. Brain 130:1089–1104. doi:10.1093/brain/awm038
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Pikor NB, Astarita JL, Summers-Deluca L et al (2015) Integration of Th17- and Lymphotoxin-derived signals initiates meningeal-resident stromal cell remodeling to propagate neuroinflammation. Immunity 43:1160–1173. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.11.010
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar