Innate lymphoid cells — how did we miss them? (original) (raw)

• Spits, H. et al. Innate lymphoid cells — a proposal for uniform nomenclature. Nature Rev. Immunol. 7 Jan 2013 (doi:10.1038/nri3365).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kiessling, R. Klein, E., Pross, H. & Wigzell, H. “Natural” killer cells in the mouse. II. Cytotoxic cells with specificity for mouse Moloney leukemia cells. Characteristics of the killer cell. Eur. J. Immunol. 5, 117–121 (1975).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Herberman, R. B., Nunn, M. E., Holden, H. T. & Lavrin, D. H. Natural cytotoxic reactivity of mouse lymphoid cells against syngeneic and allogeneic tumors. II. Characterization of effector cells. Int. J. Cancer. 16, 230–239 (1975).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Vivier, E. et al. Innate or adaptive immunity? The example of natural killer cells. Science 331, 44–49 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Di Santo, J. P. & Vosshenrich, C. A. Bone marrow versus thymic pathways of natural killer cell development. Immunol. Rev. 214, 35–46 (2006).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Crellin, N. K., Trifari, S., Kaplan, C. D., Cupedo, T. & Spits, H. Human NKp44+IL-22+ cells and LTi-like cells constitute a stable RORC+ lineage distinct from conventional natural killer cells. J. Exp. Med. 207, 281–290 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hurst, S. D. et al. New IL-17 family members promote Th1 or Th2 responses in the lung: in vivo function of the novel cytokine IL-25. J. Immunol. 169, 443–453 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fort, M. M. et al. IL-25 induces IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and Th2-associated pathologies in vivo. Immunity 15, 985–995 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fallon, P. G. et al. Identification of an interleukin (IL)-25-dependent cell population that provides IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 at the onset of helminth expulsion. J. Exp. Med. 203, 1105–1116 (2006).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Moro, K. et al. Innate production of TH2 cytokines by adipose tissue-associated c-Kit+Sca-1+ lymphoid cells. Nature 463, 540–544 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Neill, D. R. et al. Nuocytes represent a new innate effector leukocyte that mediates type-2 immunity. Nature 464, 1367–1370 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Price, A. E. et al. Systemically dispersed innate IL-13-expressing cells in type 2 immunity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 11489–11494 (2010). References 10–12 comprehensively characterize the group 2 ILCs (referred to as nuocytes, NHCs and I H 2 cells) that were first identified in references 7–9.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Barlow, J. L. et al. Innate IL-13-producing nuocytes arise during allergic lung inflammation and contribute to airways hyperreactivity. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 129, 191–198 (2012).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bartemes, K. R. et al. IL-33-responsive lineage−CD25+CD44hi lymphoid cells mediate innate type 2 immunity and allergic inflammation in the lungs. J. Immunol. 188, 1505–1513 (2011).
  Google Scholar
• Chang, Y. J. et al. Innate lymphoid cells mediate influenza-induced airway hyper-reactivity independently of adaptive immunity. Nature Immunol. 12, 631–638 (2011).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Kim, H. Y. et al. Innate lymphoid cells responding to IL-33 mediate airway hyperreactivity independently of adaptive immunity. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 129, 216–227 (2012).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Monticelli, L. A. et al. Innate lymphoid cells promote lung-tissue homeostasis after infection with influenza virus. Nature Immunol. 12, 1045–1054 (2011).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Halim, T. Y. et al. Retinoic-acid-receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor α is required for natural helper cell development and allergic inflammation. Immunity 37, 463–474 (2012).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wong, S. H. et al. Transcription factor RORα is critical for nuocyte development. Nature Immunol. 13, 229–236 (2012). References 18 and 19 illustrate the crucial role for the transcription factor RORα in the development of ILC2s.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Hoyler, T. et al. The transcription factor GATA-3 controls cell fate and maintenance of type 2 innate lymphoid cells. Immunity 37, 634–648 (2012).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Mjosberg, J. et al. The transcription factor GATA3 is essential for the function of human type 2 innate lymphoid cells. Immunity 37, 649–659 (2012). References 20 and 21 characterize the role of the transcription factor GATA3 in ILC2 development in mice and humans.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Barlow, J. L. & McKenzie, A. N. Nuocytes: expanding the innate cell repertoire in type-2 immunity. J. Leukoc. Biol. 90, 867–874 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mjosberg, J. M. et al. Human IL-25- and IL-33-responsive type 2 innate lymphoid cells are defined by expression of CRTH2 and CD161. Nature Immunol. 12, 1055–1062 (2011). This paper is the first description of ILC2s in humans.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Luci, C. et al. Influence of the transcription factor RORγt on the development of NKp46+ cell populations in gut and skin. Nature Immunol. 10, 75–82 (2009).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Sanos, S. L. et al. RORγt and commensal microflora are required for the differentiation of mucosal interleukin 22-producing NKp46+ cells. Nature Immunol. 10, 83–91 (2009).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Satoh-Takayama, N. et al. Microbial flora drives interleukin 22 production in intestinal NKp46+ cells that provide innate mucosal immune defense. Immunity 29, 958–970 (2008). References 24–26 are the first reports of intestinal lymphoid cells that express NKp46 but are distinct from NK cells and require the transcription factor ROR? for their development.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Satoh-Takayama, N. et al. IL-7 and IL-15 independently program the differentiation of intestinal CD3−NKp46+ cell subsets from Id2-dependent precursors. J. Exp. Med. 207, 273–280 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Vonarbourg, C. et al. Regulated expression of nuclear receptor RORγt confers distinct functional fates to NK cell receptor-expressing RORγt+ innate lymphocytes. Immunity 33, 736–751 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Cella, M. et al. A human natural killer cell subset provides an innate source of IL-22 for mucosal immunity. Nature 457, 722–725 (2009).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cupedo, T. et al. Human fetal lymphoid tissue-inducer cells are interleukin 17-producing precursors to RORC+ CD127+ natural killer-like cells. Nature Immunol. 10, 66–74 (2009).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Hughes, T. et al. Stage 3 immature human natural killer cells found in secondary lymphoid tissue constitutively and selectively express the TH17 cytokine interleukin-22. Blood 113, 4008–4010 (2009).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Mebius, R. E., Rennert, P. & Weissman, I. L. Developing lymph nodes collect CD4+CD3− LTβ+ cells that can differentiate to APC, NK cells, and follicular cells but not T or B cells. Immunity 7, 493–504 (1997).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mebius, R. E., Streeter, P. R., Michie, S., Butcher, E. C. & Weissman, I. L. A developmental switch in lymphocyte homing receptor and endothelial vascular addressin expression regulates lymphocyte homing and permits CD4+ CD3− cells to colonize lymph nodes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 11019–11024 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Yoshida, H. et al. IL-7 receptor α+ CD3− cells in the embryonic intestine induces the organizing center of Peyer's patches. Int. Immunol. 11, 643–655 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Eberl, G. et al. An essential function for the nuclear receptor RORγt in the generation of fetal lymphoid tissue inducer cells. Nature Immunol. 5, 64–73 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Eberl, G. & Littman, D. R. Thymic origin of intestinal αβ T cells revealed by fate mapping of RORγt+ cells. Science 305, 248–251 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Scandella, E. et al. Restoration of lymphoid organ integrity through the interaction of lymphoid tissue-inducer cells with stroma of the T cell zone. Nature Immunol. 9, 667–675 (2008).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Withers, D. R. et al. Cutting edge: lymphoid tissue inducer cells maintain memory CD4 T cells within secondary lymphoid tissue. J. Immunol. 189, 2094–2098 (2012).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Takatori, H. et al. Lymphoid tissue inducer-like cells are an innate source of IL-17 and IL-22. J. Exp. Med. 206, 35–41 (2009).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Sonnenberg, G. F., Monticelli, L. A., Elloso, M. M., Fouser, L. A. & Artis, D. CD4+ lymphoid tissue-inducer cells promote innate immunity in the gut. Immunity 34, 122–134 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• O'Shea, J. J. & Paul, W. E. Mechanisms underlying lineage commitment and plasticity of helper CD4+ T cells. Science 327, 1098–1102 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Yoshida, H. et al. Expression of α4β7 integrin defines a distinct pathway of lymphoid progenitors committed to T cells, fetal intestinal lymphotoxin producer, NK, and dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 167, 2511–2521 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mebius, R. E. et al. The fetal liver counterpart of adult common lymphoid progenitors gives rise to all lymphoid lineages, CD45+CD4+CD3− cells, as well as macrophages. J. Immunol. 166, 6593–6601 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Yang, Q., Saenz, S. A., Zlotoff, D. A., Artis, D. & Bhandoola, A. Cutting edge: natural helper cells derive from lymphoid progenitors. J. Immunol. 187, 5505–5509 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sawa, S. et al. Lineage relationship analysis of RORγt+ innate lymphoid cells. Science 330, 665–669 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cherrier, M., Sawa, S. & Eberl, G. Notch, Id2, and RORγt sequentially orchestrate the fetal development of lymphoid tissue inducer cells. J. Exp. Med. 209, 729–740 (2012).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Possot, C. et al. Notch signaling is necessary for adult, but not fetal, development of RORγt+ innate lymphoid cells. Nature Immunol. 12, 949–958 (2011).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Yokota, Y. et al. Development of peripheral lymphoid organs and natural killer cells depends on the helix-loop-helix inhibitor Id2. Nature 397, 702–706 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Boos, M. D., Yokota, Y., Eberl, G. & Kee, B. L. Mature natural killer cell and lymphoid tissue-inducing cell development requires Id2-mediated suppression of E protein activity. J. Exp. Med. 204, 1119–1130 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Spits, H. & Di Santo, J. P. The expanding family of innate lymphoid cells: regulators and effectors of immunity and tissue remodeling. Nature Immunol. 12, 21–27 (2011).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Kiss, E. A. et al. Natural aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands control organogenesis of intestinal lymphoid follicles. Science 334, 1561–1565 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lee, J. S. et al. AHR drives the development of gut ILC22 cells and postnatal lymphoid tissues via pathways dependent on and independent of Notch. Nature Immunol. 13, 144–151 (2012).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Qiu, J. et al. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor regulates gut immunity through modulation of innate lymphoid cells. Immunity 36, 92–104 (2012).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cella, M., Otero, K. & Colonna, M. Expansion of human NK-22 cells with IL-7, IL-2, and IL-1β reveals intrinsic functional plasticity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 10961–10966 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hughes, T. et al. Interleukin-1β selectively expands and sustains interleukin-22+ immature human natural killer cells in secondary lymphoid tissue. Immunity 32, 803–814 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Buonocore, S. et al. Innate lymphoid cells drive interleukin-23-dependent innate intestinal pathology. Nature 464, 1371–1375 (2010). This paper is the first description of ILCs in inflammatory bowel disease models.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Vonarbourg, C. & Diefenbach, A. Multifaceted roles of interleukin-7 signaling for the development and function of innate lymphoid cells. Semin. Immunol. 24, 165–174 (2012).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Liang, H. E. et al. Divergent expression patterns of IL-4 and IL-13 define unique functions in allergic immunity. Nature Immunol. 13, 58–66 (2012).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Bajoghli, B. et al. Evolution of genetic networks underlying the emergence of thymopoiesis in vertebrates. Cell 138, 186–197 (2009).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Alder, M. N. et al. Diversity and function of adaptive immune receptors in a jawless vertebrate. Science 310, 1970–1973 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Pancer, Z. et al. Variable lymphocyte receptors in hagfish. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 9224–9229 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Bajoghli, B. et al. A thymus candidate in lampreys. Nature 470, 90–94 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Saito, H. et al. Generation of intestinal T cells from progenitors residing in gut cryptopatches. Science 280, 275–278 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wang, T., Martin, S. A. & Secombes, C. J. Two interleukin-17C-like genes exist in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss that are differentially expressed and modulated. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 34, 491–500 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Tsutsui, S., Nakamura, O. & Watanabe, T. Lamprey (Lethenteron japonicum) IL-17 upregulated by LPS-stimulation in the skin cells. Immunogenetics 59, 873–882 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ohtani, M., Hayashi, N., Hashimoto, K., Nakanishi, T. & Dijkstra, J. M. Comprehensive clarification of two paralogous interleukin 4/13 loci in teleost fish. Immunogenetics 60, 383–397 (2008).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lane, P. J., Gaspal, F. M., McConnell, F. M., Withers, D. R. & Anderson, G. Lymphoid tissue inducer cells: pivotal cells in the evolution of CD4 immunity and tolerance? Front. Immunol. 3, 24 (2012).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Flores, M. V., Hall, C., Jury, A., Crosier, K. & Crosier, P. The zebrafish retinoid-related orphan receptor (ror) gene family. Gene Expr. Patterns 7, 535–543 (2007).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Fallon, P. G. et al. IL-4 induces characteristic Th2 responses even in the combined absence of IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13. Immunity 17, 7–17 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Finkelman, F. D. et al. Interleukin-4- and interleukin-13-mediated host protection against intestinal nematode parasites. Immunol. Rev. 201, 139–155 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Barner, M., Mohrs, M., Brombacher, F. & Kopf, M. Differences between IL-4R α-deficient and IL-4-deficient mice reveal a role for IL-13 in the regulation of Th2 responses. Curr. Biol. 8, 669–672 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• McKenzie, G. J., Bancroft, A., Grencis, R. K. & McKenzie, A. N. A distinct role for interleukin-13 in Th2-cell-mediated immune responses. Curr. Biol. 8, 339–342 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Voehringer, D., Reese, T. A., Huang, X., Shinkai, K. & Locksley, R. M. Type 2 immunity is controlled by IL-4/IL-13 expression in hematopoietic non-eosinophil cells of the innate immune system. J. Exp. Med. 203, 1435–1446 (2006).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Kang, Z. et al. Epithelial cell-specific Act1 adaptor mediates interleukin-25-dependent helminth expulsion through expansion of Lin−c-Kit+ innate cell population. Immunity 36, 821–833 (2012).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Zheng, Y. et al. Interleukin-22 mediates early host defense against attaching and effacing bacterial pathogens. Nature Med. 14, 282–289 (2008).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zenewicz, L. A. & Flavell, R. A. Recent advances in IL-22 biology. Int. Immunol. 23, 159–163 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Vallance, B. A., Deng, W., Knodler, L. A. & Finlay, B. B. Mice lacking T and B lymphocytes develop transient colitis and crypt hyperplasia yet suffer impaired bacterial clearance during Citrobacter rodentium infection. Infect. Immun. 70, 2070–2081 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• De Luca, A. et al. IL-22 defines a novel immune pathway of antifungal resistance. Mucosal Immunol. 3, 361–373 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sonnenberg, G. F. et al. Innate lymphoid cells promote anatomical containment of lymphoid-resident commensal bacteria. Science 336, 1321–1325 (2012).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Wolterink, R. G. et al. Pulmonary innate lymphoid cells are major producers of IL-5 and IL-13 in murine models of allergic asthma. Eur. J. Immunol. 42, 1106–1116 (2012).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Halim, T. Y., Krauss, R. H., Sun, A. C. & Takei, F. Lung natural helper cells are a critical source of Th2 cell-type cytokines in protease allergen-induced airway inflammation. Immunity 36, 451–463 (2012).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ikutani, M. et al. Identification of innate IL-5-producing cells and their role in lung eosinophil regulation and antitumor immunity. J. Immunol. 188, 703–713 (2012).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Jackson, D. J., Sykes, A., Mallia, P. & Johnston, S. L. Asthma exacerbations: origin, effect, and prevention. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 128, 1165–1174 (2011).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Maloy, K. J. & Powrie, F. Intestinal homeostasis and its breakdown in inflammatory bowel disease. Nature 474, 298–306 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fuss, I. J. et al. Nonclassical CD1d-restricted NK T cells that produce IL-13 characterize an atypical Th2 response in ulcerative colitis. J. Clin. Invest. 113, 1490–1497 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Heller, F., Fuss, I. J., Nieuwenhuis, E. E., Blumberg, R. S. & Strober, W. Oxazolone colitis, a Th2 colitis model resembling ulcerative colitis, is mediated by IL-13-producing NK-T cells. Immunity 17, 629–638 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Powell, N. et al. The transcription factor T-bet regulates intestinal inflammation mediated by interleukin-7 receptor+ innate lymphoid cells. Immunity 37, 674–684 (2012).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Lochner, M. et al. Microbiota-induced tertiary lymphoid tissues aggravate inflammatory disease in the absence of RORγt and LTi cells. J. Exp. Med. 208, 125–134 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Geremia, A. et al. IL-23-responsive innate lymphoid cells are increased in inflammatory bowel disease. J. Exp. Med. 208, 1127–1133 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Takayama, T. et al. Imbalance of NKp44+NKp46− and NKp44−NKp46+ natural killer cells in the intestinal mucosa of patients with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 139, 882–892 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fuss, I. J. et al. Disparate CD4+ lamina propria (LP) lymphokine secretion profiles in inflammatory bowel disease. Crohn's disease LP cells manifest increased secretion of IFN-γ, whereas ulcerative colitis LP cells manifest increased secretion of IL-5. J. Immunol. 157, 1261–1270 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sawa, S. et al. RORγt+ innate lymphoid cells regulate intestinal homeostasis by integrating negative signals from the symbiotic microbiota. Nature Immunol. 12, 320–326 (2011).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Besnard, A. G. et al. Dual role of IL-22 in allergic airway inflammation and its cross-talk with IL-17A. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 183, 1153–1163 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Schnyder, B., Lima, C. & Schnyder-Candrian, S. Interleukin-22 is a negative regulator of the allergic response. Cytokine 50, 220–227 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Taube, C. et al. IL-22 is produced by innate lymphoid cells and limits inflammation in allergic airway disease. PLoS ONE 6, e21799 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Takahashi, K. et al. IL-22 attenuates IL-25 production by lung epithelial cells and inhibits antigen-induced eosinophilic airway inflammation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 128, 1067–1076 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Barlow, J. L., Flynn, R. J., Ballantyne, S. J. & McKenzie, A. N. Reciprocal expression of IL-25 and IL-17A is important for allergic airways hyperreactivity. Clin. Exp. Allergy 41, 1447–1455 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wilhelm, C. et al. An IL-9 fate reporter demonstrates the induction of an innate IL-9 response in lung inflammation. Nature Immunol. 12, 1071–1077 (2011).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Huntington, N. D., Vosshenrich, C. A. & Di Santo, J. P. Developmental pathways that generate natural-killer-cell diversity in mice and humans. Nature Rev. Immunol. 7, 703–714 (2007).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Jackson, J. T. et al. Id2 expression delineates differential checkpoints in the genetic program of CD8α+ and CD103+ dendritic cell lineages. EMBO J. 30, 2690–2704 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Gascoyne, D. M. et al. The basic leucine zipper transcription factor E4BP4 is essential for natural killer cell development. Nature Immunol. 10, 1118–1124 (2009).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Kamizono, S. et al. Nfil3/E4bp4 is required for the development and maturation of NK cells in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 206, 2977–2986 (2009).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Yang, X. O. et al. T helper 17 lineage differentiation is programmed by orphan nuclear receptors ROR α and RORγ. Immunity 28, 29–39 (2008).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Samson, S. I. et al. GATA-3 promotes maturation, IFN-γ production, and liver-specific homing of NK cells. Immunity 19, 701–711 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Veldhoen, M. et al. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor links TH17-cell-mediated autoimmunity to environmental toxins. Nature 453, 106–109 (2008).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Aliahmad, P., de la Torre, B. & Kaye, J. Shared dependence on the DNA-binding factor TOX for the development of lymphoid tissue-inducer cell and NK cell lineages. Nature Immunol. 11, 945–952 (2010).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Ohno, S. et al. Runx proteins are involved in regulation of CD122, Ly49 family and IFN-γ expression during NK cell differentiation. Int. Immunol. 20, 71–79 (2008).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Tachibana, M. et al. Runx1/Cbfβ2 complexes are required for lymphoid tissue inducer cell differentiation at two developmental stages. J. Immunol. 186, 1450–1457 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sciumé, G. et al. Distinct requirements for T-bet in gut innate lymphoid cells. J. Exp. Med. 3 Dec 2012 (doi:10.1084/jem.20122097).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar