Air Traffic Management Research Papers (original) (raw)

We consider the problems of conflict detection and resolution in air traffic management (ATM) from the perspective of computational geometry and give algo-rithms for solving these problems efficiently. For con-flict resolution, we propose... more

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- Mathematics, Computational Geometry, Computational Modeling, Iterative Methods

Abstract Airlines explain the purchase of oversized aircraft by flexibility within flight operations despite potentially higher fuel consumption and operating costs. In this paper assessment and attributes of flexibility as a criterion is presented and evaluated. A survey was sent to airlines worldwide to explore the motivation for flexibility and desired aircraft characteristics, fleet structure, and flexibility parameters. The results show that flexibility is considered a vital feature and almost as important as direct operating costs. It is also shown that an aircraft's range capacity and commonality in particular facilitate many flexible applications. Overall, higher flexibility is accompanied by higher operating costs.

- by E. Stumpf
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- Aviation, Urban And Regional Planning, Air Traffic Management, Flexibility

Creative design in safety critical systems is a quite unexplored area of research. Historically, the design of tools, technologies and procedures in such domains has been advocated to engineers and human factors experts who interpreted... more

- by claudio moderini and +1
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- Human Factors, Technological Innovation, Air Traffic Management, Problem Solving
- by Alexandre de Barros and +2
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- Air Transport, Air Traffic Management

Since the STS-114 mission in August of 2005, the FAA has partnered with NASA to protect aircraft flying in the National Airspace System from the potential hazards associated with a catastrophic failure of a reentering Space Shuttle... more

- by Daniel Murray
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- Engineering, Situation awareness, Air Traffic Management, Traffic Safety
- by Ben Van Houtte
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- Air Transport, Air Traffic Management

"Formal methods aim to apply mathematically-based techniques to the development of computer-based systems, especially at the specification level, but also down to the implementation level. This aids early detection and avoidance of errors through increased understanding. It is also beneficial for more rigorous testing coverage. This talk presents the use of formal methods on a real project. The Z notation has been used to specify a large-scale high integrity system to aid in air traffic control. The system has been implemented directly from the Z specification using SPARK Ada, an annotated subset of the Ada programming language that includes assertions and tool support for proofs. The Z specification has been used to direct the testing of the software through additional test design documents using tables and fragments of Z. In addition, Mathematica has been used as a test oracle for algorithmic aspects of the system. In summary, formal methods can be used successfully in all phases of the lifecycle for a large software project with suitably trained engineers, despite limited tool support.
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- by Joe Pimentel
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- System Integration, Air Traffic Management, Human Computer Interface

Space Traffic Management (STM) is being developed to deal mainly with the problems of satellite operations and space debris. Therefore, it is currently being examined separately from air traffic management (ATM). However, the advent of reusable space vehicles (RLVs) and the increase of private spaceflight operations calls for a joined examination of the STM with ATM. Among others, airspace will be shared by both aircraft and RLVs, while outer space traffic in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) will increase and begin resembling air traffic. At the same time, modernization of ATM worldwide focuses also on satellite-based navigation. Therefore, developing a comprehensive AeroSpace Traffic Management (ASTM), to include both aviation and LEO space flights, could be useful.
In this regard, some core concepts and technologies already developed or under development for ATM could set a useful example. The Automatic Depended Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) technology uses satellite navigation to locate the position of a given aircraft and the aircraft flying nearby, and transmit it to other aircraft and the Air Traffic Control (ATC). The 4d-trajectory management is based on the integration of time into the 3D aircraft trajectory, to ensure flight on a practically unrestricted, optimum trajectory for as long as possible, provided that the aircraft meets accurately an arrival time over a designated point. The System Wide Information Management (SWIM) concept envisages prompt and efficient data sharing among airspace users and Air Navigation Services Providers (ANSPs) through a wide-array network or a centralized flight data processing system. Such concepts and technologies could prove useful to regulate spaceflight traffic to and from LEO, as well as coordinate such traffic effectively with air traffic.
Moreover, developing an efficient ASTM system requires designating competent authorities, which will supervise the service providers. The nature of outer space as res nullius is similar to international airspace, which falls under the jurisdiction of no State. Air traffic in such airspace is controlled through air navigation regional agreements, which designate a specific national or transnational authority as responsible to control the airspace and ensure flight safety, without affecting the international status of the airspace. Similarly, LEO could be divided into zones, for each of which a competent authority can be designated through special international agreements. Such authorities could be linked to a SWIM, which would include both air traffic and space traffic data available to all affected authorities, service providers and aerospace users.

Recent examples driving an increased need for cyber awareness include unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the airspace, development of the Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B), and the risk of cyber intrusion. The incident of a civilian UAV disrupting a major airport, is one example of many incidents raising questions on the future of airspace security. While a civilian hobbyist might be ignorant of the impending harm, the situation could pose a threat to the air operations. Using this incident and others like it, ideas on the future trends in cyber awareness applied to avionics are considered. Three general ideas are incorporated: (1) mandates for new rules for airspace restrictions (e.g., geofence), (2) advanced display analytics to support the airport staff and pilots with visual displays, such as collision avoidance, and (3) electronics to support the mitigation of electronic cyber effects posed by the obtrusive aircraft. With a variety of opinions posed, the summary is intended to foster a discussion on research, industry, and commercial directions for the avionics community to consider with respect to cyber awareness.

- by Roberto Sabatini and +2
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- Robotics, Aerospace Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Mobile Robotics

Due to the inherent complexity of nowadays Air Traffic Management (ATM) system, standard methods looking at an event as a linear sequence of failures might become inappropriate. For this purpose, adopting a systemic perspective, the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) originally developed by Hollnagel, helps in identifying nonlinear combinations of events and interrelationships. This paper aims to enhance the strength of FRAM-based accident analyses, discussing the Resilience Analysis Matrix (RAM), a user-friendly tool that supports the analyst during the analysis, in order to reduce the complexity of representation of FRAM. The RAM offers a two-dimensional representation which systematically highlights the connections among couplings, and thus even the highly connected group of couplings. As an illustrative case study, this paper develops a systemic accident analysis for the runway incursion happened in February 1991 at LAX airport, involving SkyWest Flight 5569 and USAir F...

- by Gianluca Del pinto
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- Statistics, Resilience Engineering, Air Traffic Management, Safety

This paper aims to present the application of a fishbone sequential diagram in air traffic management (ATM) incident investigations performing as a key connection between safety occurrence analysis methodology (SOAM) and accident/incident data reporting (ADREP) approaches. SOAM analysis is focused on organizational cause detection; nevertheless, this detection of individual causes from a complete incident scenario presents a complex analysis, and even more, the chronological relationship between causes, which is lacking in SOAM, should be tracked for post-investigation analysis. The conventional fishbone diagram is useful for failure cause classification; however, we consider that this technique can also show its potential to establish temporal dependencies between causes, which are categorized and registered with ADREP taxonomy for future database creation. A loss of separation incident that occurred in the Edmonton area (Canada) is used as a case study to illustrate this methodology as well as the whole analysis process.

- by Fernando Gomez Comendador and +2
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- Safety Engineering, Air Traffic Management

Purpose: The aim of this article is to analyze the evolution of fuel consumption efficiency of the domestic flights in Brazil along the period 2000-2015 in order understand the overall efficiency of the aeronautical infrastructure in this country.Design/methodology: This article proposes a method for high level assessments of the aeronautical infrastructure efficiency (either on ground or airspace) in a fast and easy to grasp manner, using the key performance indicator of useful distance per flight hour. The method estimates the average flight time spent by the national carriers to accomplish the average stage lengths in each year of the period 2000-2015 and compare these results with the flight time baseline included in the flight planning data of the aircrafts composing the Brazilian commercial aircraft fleet.Findings: This approach leads to huge differences between the referred results and the fuel consumption shown by flight operations manuals and were attributed to the ineffici...

- by Mauricio Moreira
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- Air Transport, Air Traffic Management, Fuel efficiency
- by D. Di Crescenzo
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- Information Management, Air Traffic Management, Lessons Learned

„Gdy już posmakowałeś lotu, zawsze będziesz chodzić po ziemi z oczami utkwionymi w niebo, bo tam właśnie byłeś i tam zawsze będziesz pragnął powrócić” - te słowa Leonarda da Vinci towarzyszą autorom niniejszej publikacji przez cały czas . Chcąc zachęcić Czytelnika do „posmakowania” tego niezwykłego podniebnego świata, postanowiliśmy oddać w jego ręce książkę na temat podstaw funkcjonowania lotnictwa cywilnego – prawa i procedur. Zdaniem autorów, istotnym walorem publikacji jest właśnie szczegółowy opis procedur lotniczych stanowiący doskonałe źródło wiedzy dla osób przygotowujących się do uzyskania lotniczych licencji i świadectw, jak również dla prawników czy pracowników przedsiębiorstw lotniczych.
W rozdziale 1 zaprezentowano genezę i krótki rys historyczny międzynarodowego prawa lotniczego. Uwzględniono jego podstawowe źródła oraz poszczególne reżimy i systemy prawne. Przedstawiono rozwój prawa lotniczego Unii Europejskiej, będącego w istocie jednym z najistotniejszych dla funkcjonowania polskiego transportu lotniczego. Opisano zarówno kompetencje unijnych organów, jak i jeden z efektów ich działalności, czyli rodzaje wydawanych aktów prawnych.
Rozdział 2 zawiera charakterystyki najważniejszych konwencji lotniczych, zaś rozdział 3 – międzynarodowych rządowych i pozarządowych organizacji lotniczych. Część 4 poświęcono polskiemu prawu lotniczemu: ustawie oraz stosownym rozporządzeniom. W kolejnych rozdziałach przedstawiono niezbędne w procesie przygotowania do lotu, podstawowe dokumenty lotnicze, takie jak m.in.: Zbiór Informacji Lotniczej, Biuletyn Informacji Lotniczych, plan lotu, mapy, wiele depeszy meteorologicznych czy książkę pilota. Służby ruchu lotniczego, ich podział, strukturę, a także związane z nimi procedury opisano w rozdziale 7. Rozdział 8 z kolei poświęcono dokumentom normującym tworzenie linii lotniczych i świadczenie usług przewozów lotniczych. Ostatnie rozdziały obejmują swym zakresem nieprawidłowości w ruchu lotniczym oraz podstawy funkcjonowania służb SAR. Całość wieńczy krótkie podsumowanie. Uzupełnieniem opracowania jest zestaw załączników bazujący na dokumentach Organizacji Międzynarodowego Lotnictwa Cywilnego (International Civil Aviation Organization - ICAO) stan ratyfikacji międzynarodowych konwencji lotniczych w wybranych państwach i organizacjach (stan na 31.10.2014 r.), wybrane konwencje lotnicze oraz tzw. marsz lotników będący hymnem polskiego lotnictwa.
Reasumując, publikacja zawiera przegląd najważniejszych międzynarodowych dokumentów prawa lotniczego i ich modyfikacji, krajowych aktów prawnych regulujących funkcjonowanie lotnictwa cywilnego oraz dokumentów operacyjnych międzynarodowych organizacji lotniczych. Uwzględnia ponadto kolejne nowelizacje ustawy Prawo lotnicze oraz jej tekst jednolity z 2014 r., co czyni ją najbardziej aktualną pozycją wydawniczą poświęconą tematyce prawno-lotniczej na rynku. Autorzy nie ukrywają, że ze względu na szczegółowe omówienie w literaturze naukowej problematyki świadczenia przez porty lotnicze usług, inwestycji w infrastrukturę czy uwarunkowań antymonopolowo-prawnych , powyższe kwestie zostały pominięte w niniejszym opracowaniu. Niektóre aspekty prawa lotniczego i wynikające z niego procedury zostały natomiast omówione skrótowo, by zachęcić czytelnika do samodzielnego studiowania materiałów źródłowych – ustaw, rozporządzeń i konwencji.

- by Radosław Fellner
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- Air Transport, General Aviation, Aviation, Aviation Safety
- by Rinto Saimon
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- Mechanical Engineering, Applied Mathematics, Aerodynamics, Conflict Resolution
- by Jacco Hoekstra
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- Engineering, Traffic Simulation, Human Factors, Air Traffic Management

We present a model to describe the inbound air traffic over a congested hub and we show that this model gives a very accurate description of the traffic by comparing our theoretical distribution of the queue with the actual distribution... more

- by Antonio Iovanella
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- Queueing theory, Air Traffic Management, Stochastic Modeling

With the proliferation of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in low-altitude airspace and a growing interest in new Urban Air Mobility (UAM) solutions, the Air Traffic Controller (ATCo)'s responsibility to ensure safety and efficiency of operations can no longer be fulfilled with the conventional air traffic control paradigm. Hence, a new increasingly autonomous Decision Support System (DSS) specifically designed for integrated manned/UAS Traffic Management (UTM) is of paramount importance. This DSS makes use of advanced traffic flow and airspace management concepts, but to ensure effective teaming between the human and the system in challenging situations, the nature of their roles and responsibilities is to be analysed in depth and reflected in the design of suitable Human-Machine Interfaces and Interactions (HMI 2). The task analysis presented in this paper assessed the interdependencies between the human and the machine following the Observe-Orient-Decide-Act (OODA) framework. The paper focuses on the management of urban airspace, which is partitioned based on navigation performance. The human-machine workflow is presented and discussed, highlighting the proposed interactions in each subtask. To support closed-loop interactions and enhance system integrity, the UTM DSS makes use of the Cognitive HMI 2 concept, which is also briefly outlined in this paper.

- by Roberto Sabatini
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- Robotics, Aerospace Engineering, Mobile Robotics, Human Factors
- by Enkhjin Davaanyam
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- General Aviation, Aviation, Air Traffic Management, Air Navigation
- by Obrad Babić and +1
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- Aviation Safety, Risk assessment, Air Traffic Management, Air traffic control

Air controlled Traffic is a facility provided by controllers in ground who direct an aircraft in ground and in air. The main purpose of ATC is to avoid aircrafts from being collided and provide info to the pilot. In Brazil ATC is mainly... more

- by Arijit Roy
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- Grid Computing, Air Traffic Management, Air traffic control

The aviation and aerospace industry has been one that has grown exponentially in terms of traffic and technology over the last six decades. With the onset of more aircraft, better flight instruments and systems, and intricate traffic networks in order to govern the flow of this traffic across the North American continent, the air traffic management of all aviation and aerospace vehicles has become relatively complex. While growing air traffic is a major situation, the only way to ensure that the National Airspace System (NAS) is still effective in its mission of maintaining safer skies, is to implement the next generation of navigation operations, procedures and equipment to all major and airports across the United States. With ground-based navigational systems still in use, but somewhat inundated with the air traffic it presently needs to support, Satellite-Based Navigation systems have been used more frequently in order to create tighter 'air corridors' which reduce separation margins, while still allowing safer en-route, and inbound & outbound terminal operations (Nakamura & Royce, 2008). With more accurate guidance aids as well as streamlined procedures, the implementation of Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) has been revolutionary, not only for pilots, but primarily for Air Traffic Control Facilities, in creating a network of routes which can be flown precisely, accurately and repeatedly, thus improving flight operation, as well as air management operational efficiency (Timar, Hunter & Post, 2016). Throughout the course of this paper, the effectiveness of PBN methods, including RNP and RNAV, will be evaluated in order to highlight their operational compatibility and standards, in maintaining a safe and efficient NAS, while also lowering air traffic congestion and improving airspace management (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2016). Examples from various major airports across the United States will be highlighted in order to corroborate with the effectiveness of PBN methods, along with a discussion about the future development of PBN and how it plans on creating a NAS inclusive of all entities capable of flight.

- by Reece Bhave
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- Air Transport, Aviation, Air Traffic Management, Air traffic control
- by Rosa Arnaldo and +1
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- Safety Engineering, Air Traffic Management
- by Jacek Skorupski
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- Risk Management, Air Traffic Management

Air Traffic Controller is one of the world's most risky job. Air traffic controllers working in the TRNC attends the course with a period 1 year or more in DHMI, Turkey depending on the number of controllers. This article describes the tasks that relate to Ercan Air Traffic Control Unit controllers. The success rate of controllers who had attended the DHMI course in the past have been compared mutually in this article.Again, this article interviews with the participants as the methodology, SWOT Analysis and the factors that affect the article as a result of the failure in DHMI course is determined and a solution at the end of the article, has been revealed.

- by Izzet Derkan
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- Air Traffic Management, SWOT analysis, Air Traffic Controller, Ercan Airport
- by Barry Kirwan
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- Ergonomics, Decision Making, Human Factors, Cognition

Air traffic is doubling every 15 years and aviation systems must modernize to address sustainability challenges. The need to balance capacity, efficiency, safety and environmental requirements is reflected by the several Air Traffic Management (ATM) and avionics modernization initiatives currently underway. The major collaborative research programs today are the European Union’s Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) and the United States’ Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) led by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Other modernization initiatives include the Collaborative Action for Renovation of Air Traffic Systems (CARATS) in Japan, SIRIUS in Brazil, OneSky in Australia and similar programs in Canada, China, India and Russia. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has authorized a globally coordinated plan published as the Global Air Navigation Plan (GANP), to guide the harmonized implementation of Communication, Navigation, Surveillance and Avionics (CNS+A) enhancements across regions and States. In the CNS+A context, aircraft safety is a shared responsibility between airborne and ground-based resources. Hence this is a safety challenge requiring changes to the current regulatory framework to properly capture the nature of this shared responsibility and the concept of “integrated” CNS+A systems. Certification of aircraft and ground equipment (hardware and software) together with organizational approvals are essential elements to ensure continued and enhanced safety. Certification also facilitates harmonization and interoperability of CNS+A systems across regions, sub-regions and States. Furthermore, while new ATM and avionics technologies bring with them an increased level of automation, certification would be the instrument to ensure the safe and effective introduction of these technologies to achieve their full potential benefits. The aviation regulatory framework enforces and drives the certification process, while industry standards provide a vital link by offering methods of compliance for certification. The current certification framework for CNS+A is evolving and it is required to keep pace with the global modernization efforts to ensure safety and sustainability of future aviation.

- by Roberto Sabatini
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- Robotics, Aerospace Engineering, Information Security, Mobile Robotics
- by Enkhjin Davaanyam
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- General Aviation, Aviation, Air Traffic Management, Aviation management

Large-scale air transport modernisation initiatives including the Single European Sky Air Traffic Management Research (SESAR), Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) and Clean Sky Joint Technology Initiative for Aeronautics and Air Transport aim to improve the operational efficiency, safety and environmental sustainability of aviation. Scientific advances in Air Transport Management (ATM) and avionic systems are required to achieve the ambitious goals set by national and international aviation organisations. This paper presents the recent advances in ATM and avionic system concepts, integrated architectures and trajectory generation algorithms, to be adopted in Next Generation Avionics Flight Management Systems (NG-FMS) and ground-based 4-Dimensional Trajectory Planning, Negotiation and Validation (4-PNV) systems. Current research efforts are focussed on the development of NG-FMS and 4-PNV systems for Four Dimensional (4D) Trajectory/Intent Based Operations (TBO/IBO), enabling automated negotiation and validation of aircraft intents and thus alleviating the workload of operators. After describing the NG-FMS/4PNV concept of operations, the overall system architecture and the key mathematical models describing the 4DT optimisation algorithms are introduced. Simulation case studies utilising realistic operational scenarios highlight the generation and optimisation of a family of 4DT intents by the NG-FMS corresponding to a set of performance weightings agreed between Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSP) and Airline Operation Centres (AOC). The savings on time, fuel burn and gaseous emissions (CO2 and NOx) associated with the globally optimal 4DT intents are presented. The developed optimisation and negotiation/validation loops meet the timeframe requirements of typical online tactical routing/rerouting tasks.

- by Roberto Sabatini and +3
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- Aerospace Engineering, Air Transport, Sustainable Development, Air Pollution and Health Effects

In the civil aviation context, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are gaining an increasingly important role. Although the aviation business has relied on ICT for many decades, the continuing growth in passenger numbers, short and long-haul flights, demands for advanced services and the ever-increasing pressure on available radio spectrum are all creating a need for innovative cyber-physical system applications (including avionics, air traffic management and unmanned aircraft systems), whose development must properly address safety, security and interoperability issues. In addition, within Europe and US, the Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) and the Next Generation Air Transportation Systems (NextGen) initiatives have added legislative pressure to replace the traditional, highly-fragmented air traffic control structures by means of greater harmonisation (including civil-military coordination) and assured levels of safety, security and interoperability through standardisation. This paper addresses the following aspects of aviation cyber-physical systems security: • ICT/ITS and Aviation • Aviation CNS+A Systems • Cyber Security Framework • Cyber Security Attacks • Avionics Cyber Threats • CNS/ATM Cyber Threats • Unmanned Aircraft System Cyber Threats • Cyber-Physical Integrity Monitoring and Augmentation Research • Recommendations and Future Research Directions.

- by Roberto Sabatini
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- Robotics, Aerospace Engineering, Mechatronics, Aeronautical Engineering

The research presented in this paper focuses on the conceptual design of an innovative Air Traffic Management (ATM) system featuring automated 4-Dimensional Trajectory (4DT) Planning, Negotiation and Validation (4-PNV) functionalities to enable Intent Based Operations (IBO). In order to meet the demanding requirements set by national and
international organisations for the efficiency and environmental sustainability of air transport operations, a multi-objective 4DT optimization algorithm is introduced that represents the core element of the 4DT planning functionality. The 4-PNV system interacts with airborne avionics also developed for 4DT-IBO such as the Next Generation Flight Management System (NG-FMS) on-board manned aircraft and Next Generation Mission Management System (NG-MMS) for Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS). In this article we focus on the 4-PNV algorithms, and specifically on the multi-objective 4DT optimization algorithm for strategic and tactical online operations. Simulation case studies are carried out to test the key system performance metrics such as 4DT computational time in online tactical Terminal Manoeuvring Area (TMA) operations.

Prior to the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, aircraft operations in Russia relied primarily on air traffic control services provided by antiquated equipment developed and managed by both the Soviet military and the national airline, Aeroflot. Since then, the air traffic control system in Russia has experienced significant modifications and upgrades. Recent changes to the management of air traffic in the Russian airspace system have opened the doors to more use by civil aviation operations. This paper will give readers a glimpse into air traffic control operations prior to the fall of the Soviet Union and will analyze the current trends towards the optimization of the Russian air traffic control system.

Advances in aerospace Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are accelerating the introduction of automated decision making functionalities and the progressive transition to trusted autonomous operations both in civil and military applications. Major benefits of these capabilities include de-crewing of flight decks and ground control centers, as well as the safe and efficient operations of air and space platforms in a shared, unsegregated environment. This Virtual Distinguished Lecture addresses key contemporary challenges in aerospace and electronic systems research for trusted autonomous air and space operations. The focus is on avionics and CNS/ATM solutions for robotic/autonomous vehicles and cognitive human-machine systems for civil and military applications.

- by Roberto Sabatini
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- Robotics, Aerospace Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning
- by Max Mulder
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- Decision Making, Traffic Simulation, Air Traffic Management, Literature Review

The technological developments in next generation avionics and air traffic management systems triggered through various regional and international research initiatives and modernization programs introduces greater interdependency and interconnectivity between airborne systems, ground systems and various stakeholders in the supply chain. The communication infrastructure would be the backbone of Communication, Navigation, Surveillance and Air Traffic Management Systems (CNS/ATM). Furthermore the introduction of the System Wide Information Management (SWIM) which is an integral part of the Global Air Navigational Plan (GANP) of International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) will become the global platform for information exchange. Security considerations against the threat of intentional unauthorised electronic interactions, commonly known as cyber security are a growing concern in Information Communication Technology (ICT) systems. In this regard, this paper reviews the existing fra...

Here is my final project work of junior year. Analyzing about The 1:6 rule, and final formulas

In the present article the author demonstrates the process of the formulation of remote tower as a concept and technology and interprets the general layout of the system. The advantageous attributes and added values are summarized and compared with the ordinary tower control. The manufacturers and international experiences and instances are shown as well as the utilization and the research and development activity in Hungary regarding the remote tower control.

- by Tommaso De Zan
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- Air Traffic Management, Cyber Security