Situation awareness Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a consciência situacional, os processos de tomada de decisão naturalística e os modos de controle cognitivo utilizados por pilotos de aeronaves em um experimento em simulador de voo. Dessa... more

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a consciência situacional, os processos de tomada de decisão naturalística e os modos de controle cognitivo utilizados por pilotos de aeronaves em um experimento em simulador de voo. Dessa forma, diferentes situações foram propostas durante a simulação objetivando o estudo da consciência situacional e tomada de decisão dos tripulantes. As ações dos participantes foram investigadas e classificadas de acordo com o modelo de controle cognitivo proposto. Os resultados sugerem que os fatores de complexidade contextual afetam a gestão da dificuldade, influenciando a consciência situacional, a tomada de decisão e os modos de controle cognitivo dos pilotos.

In this paper, we report on the integration challenges of the various component technologies developed towards the establishment of a framework for deploying an adaptive system of heterogeneous robots for urban surveillance. In our... more

In this paper, we report on the integration challenges of the various component technologies developed towards the establishment of a framework for deploying an adaptive system of heterogeneous robots for urban surveillance. In our integrated experiment and demonstration, aerial robots generate maps that are used to design navigation controllers and plan missions for the team. A team of ground robots constructs a radio signal strength map that is used as an aid for planning missions. Multiple robots establish a mobile, ad-hoc communication network that is aware of the radio signal strength between nodes and can adapt to changing conditions to maintain connectivity. Finally, the team of aerial and ground robots is able to monitor a small village, and search for and localize human targets by the color of the uniform, while ensuring that the information from the team is available to a remotely located human operator. The key component technologies and contributions include (a) mission specification and planning software; (b) exploration and mapping of radio signal strengths in an urban environment; (c) programming abstractions and composition of controllers for multi-robot deployment; (d) cooperative control strategies for search, identification, and localization of targets; and (e) three-dimensional mapping in an urban setting.

The objectives of the study are twofold: the development of a CRM training program appropriate to Korean NPPs and the evaluation of CRM training effectiveness. Firstly, the CRM program was developed with a focus on nontechnical... more

The objectives of the study are twofold: the development of a CRM training program appropriate to Korean NPPs and the evaluation of CRM training effectiveness. Firstly, the CRM program was developed with a focus on nontechnical skills-such as leadership, situational awareness, teamwork, and communication-which have been widely known to be critical for improving operational performance. Secondly, the effectiveness tests were conducted for two different crews of operators, performing six different emergency operation scenarios during a four-week period. All the crews (crews A and B) participated in the training program for the technical knowledge and skills, which were required to operate the simulator of the MCR during the first week. However, for the verification of the effectiveness of the CRM training program, only crew A was randomly selected to attend the CRM training after the technical knowledge and skills training. The results of the experiments showed that the CRM training program improved the individual attitudes of crew A with a statistical significance. The team skills of crew A were found to be significantly more advanced than those of crew B. However, the CRM training did not have a positive effect on enhancing the individual performance of crew A, as compared with that of crew B.

ABSTRACT Human factors and ergonomics applies scientific information about human cognition and behavior to support the design of products and systems that enhance human well-being and performance. Human factors and ergonomics... more

ABSTRACT Human factors and ergonomics applies scientific information about human cognition and behavior to support the design of products and systems that enhance human well-being and performance. Human factors and ergonomics professionals investigate human–system interaction at the individual, group, and organizational levels. The aim is to design products that augment human physical, cognitive, and motivational capabilities and improve the social, technical, and organizational aspects of a system. Human factors and ergonomics has been used to improve safety and productivity particularly in complex sociotechnical systems.

The broad aims of this study are to gain insight into employees'on-the-job learning activities to help them improve their on-the-job learning. The authors define on-the-job learning styles and operationalize the concept to include... more

The broad aims of this study are to gain insight into employees'on-the-job learning activities to help them improve their on-the-job learning. The authors define on-the-job learning styles and operationalize the concept to include both mental and overt learning styles and both interpersonal and intrapersonal learning styles. Organizations and employees can benefit from an awareness of employees'on-the-job learning styles, by developing an adaptive flexibility in the use of on-the-job learning strategies.

This study presents an initial computational model of shared situation awareness (SA) based upon data collected from a simulated training exercise, designed to mimic real life events in a military personnel recovery center. Situation... more

This study presents an initial computational model of shared situation awareness (SA) based upon data collected from a simulated training exercise, designed to mimic real life events in a military personnel recovery center. Situation awareness was measured during the exercise using the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT). Our initial model examined how well five factors (social network distance, physical distance, rank similarity, branch similarity, and experience similarity) predicted shared SA. Overall, regression analyses highlighted the significant influence of geographical distribution (physical distance) on the development of shared SA and frequency of communications amongst team members. The discussion centers on the need for developing useful technological tools and techniques for supporting communication and collaboration among distributed teams.

To review the literature on the use of simulation in the development of non-technical skills in nursing The potential risks to patients associated with learning 'at the bedside' are becoming increasingly unacceptable, and the... more

To review the literature on the use of simulation in the development of non-technical skills in nursing The potential risks to patients associated with learning 'at the bedside' are becoming increasingly unacceptable, and the search for innovative education and training methods that do not expose the patient to preventable errors continues. All the evidence shows that a significant proportion of adverse events in health care is caused by problems relating to the application of the 'non-technical' skills of communication, teamwork, leadership and decision-making. Simulation is positively associated with significantly improved interpersonal communication skills at patient handover, and it has also been clearly shown to improve team behaviours in a wide variety of clinical contexts and clinical personnel, associated with improved team performance in the management of crisis situations. It also enables the effective development of transferable, transformational leadershi...

To understand a new work role in emergency medical services, the relationship between situation awareness (SA) and decision-making among emergency care practitioners (ECPs) is examined. Research approach -A scoping study was completed and... more

To understand a new work role in emergency medical services, the relationship between situation awareness (SA) and decision-making among emergency care practitioners (ECPs) is examined. Research approach -A scoping study was completed and involved observations (36 hours of ride-outs and 4 hours of sit-ins) and semi-structured interviews with a group of ECPs and Triage Nurses at an ambulance control room. A subject matter expert was consulted to validate a communication map derived from the observations and interviews. Findings/Design -The results show that system's factors could affect the creation of SA and decision-making. As a result, a framework for SA and decision-making among ECPs was developed. Originality/Value -This study extends the study of SA into emergency medical services domain. It also contributes in understanding a new practitioner role in the UK. Take away message -Factors related to the development of SA should be understood to support decisionmaking among ECPs and thereby improve the quality of care in emergency medicine.

This article presents a constrained review of human factors issues relevant to adaptive automation (AA), including designing complex system interfaces to support AA, facilitating human-computer interaction and crew interactions in... more

This article presents a constrained review of human factors issues relevant to adaptive automation (AA), including designing complex system interfaces to support AA, facilitating human-computer interaction and crew interactions in adaptive system operations, and considering workload associated with AA management in the design of human roles in adaptive systems. Unfortunately, these issues have received limited attention in earlier reviews of AA. This work is aimed at supporting a general theory of human-centered automation advocating humans as active information processors in complex system control loops to support situation awareness and effective performance. The review demonstrates the need for research into user-centered design of dynamic displays in adaptive systems. It also points to the need for discretion in designing transparent interfaces to facilitate human awareness of modes of automated systems. Finally, the review identifies the need to consider critical human-human interactions in designing adaptive systems. This work describes important branches of a developing framework of AA research and contributes to the general theory of human-centered automation.

Geographically-grounded situational awareness (SA) is critical to crisis management and is essential in many other decision making domains that range from infectious disease monitoring, through regional planning, to political campaigning.... more

Geographically-grounded situational awareness (SA) is critical to crisis management and is essential in many other decision making domains that range from infectious disease monitoring, through regional planning, to political campaigning. Social media are becoming an important information input to support situational assessment (to produce awareness) in all domains. Here, we present a geovisual analytics approach to supporting SA for crisis events using one source of social media, Twitter. Specifically, we focus on leveraging explicit and implicit geographic information for tweets, on developing place-time-theme indexing schemes that support overview+detail methods and that scale analytical capabilities to relatively large tweet volumes, and on providing visual interface methods to enable understanding of place, time, and theme components of evolving situations. Our approach is user-centered, using scenario-based design methods that include formal scenarios to guide design and valid...

The Spaceport Processing Systems Branch at NASA Kennedy Space Center has developed and deployed an agent based tool to monitor the Space Shuttle's ground processing telemetry stream. The application, the NASA Engineering Shuttle Telemetry... more

The Spaceport Processing Systems Branch at NASA Kennedy Space Center has developed and deployed an agent based tool to monitor the Space Shuttle's ground processing telemetry stream. The application, the NASA Engineering Shuttle Telemetry Agent, increases situational awareness for system and hardware engineers during ground processing of the Shuttle's subsystems. The agent provides autonomous monitoring of the telemetry stream and automatically alerts system engineers when predefined criteria have been met. Efficiency and safety are improved through increased automation. Sandia National Labs' Java Expert System Shell is employed as the rule engine. The shell's predicate logic lends itself well to capturing the heuristics and specifying the engineering rules of this spaceport domain. The declarative paradigm of the rule-based agent yields a highly modular and scalable design spanning multiple subsystems of the Shuttle. Several hundred monitoring rules have been written thus far with corresponding notifications sent to Shuttle engineers. This paper discusses the rule-based telemetry agent used for Space Shuttle ground processing and explains the problem domain, development of the agent software, benefits of AI technology, and deployment and sustaining engineering of the product.

This paper explores how a 'learning' algorithm can be added to UGV's by giving it the ability to test the terrain through 'feeling' using incorporated sensors, which would in turn increase its situational awareness. Once the conditions... more

This paper explores how a 'learning' algorithm can be added to UGV's by giving it the ability to test the terrain through 'feeling' using incorporated sensors, which would in turn increase its situational awareness. Once the conditions are measured the system will log the results and a database can be built up of terrain types and their properties (terrain classification), therefore when it comes to operating autonomously in an unknown, unpredictable environment, the vehicle will be able to cope by identifying the terrain and situation and then decide on the best and most efficient way to travel over it by making adjustments, which would greatly improve the vehicles ability to operate autonomously.

Since the STS-114 mission in August of 2005, the FAA has partnered with NASA to protect aircraft flying in the National Airspace System from the potential hazards associated with a catastrophic failure of a reentering Space Shuttle... more

Since the STS-114 mission in August of 2005, the FAA has partnered with NASA to protect aircraft flying in the National Airspace System from the potential hazards associated with a catastrophic failure of a reentering Space Shuttle orbiter, similar to that which occurred during ...

Purpose – This research aims to examine the relationship between information security strategy and organization performance, with organizational capabilities as important factors influencing successful implementation of information... more

Purpose – This research aims to examine the relationship between information security strategy and organization performance, with organizational capabilities as important factors influencing successful implementation of information security strategy and organization performance. Design/methodology/approach – Based on existing literature in strategic management and information security, a theoretical model was proposed and validated. A self-administered survey instrument was developed to collect empirical

Situational awareness refers to the ability by equipment operators to sense their environment with the objective of increasing safety and improving productivity on construction sites. This paper reports on research related to situational... more

Situational awareness refers to the ability by equipment operators to sense their environment with the objective of increasing safety and improving productivity on construction sites. This paper reports on research related to situational awareness of construction equipment using differential Global Positioning System (DGPS), wireless and web-based technologies. In this investigation, the researchers developed and implemented technologies for vehicle tracking, and collision detection. The paper concludes with a summary of these applications, along with a discussion of the limitations of current implementations, and the required augmentation by other technologies. D

The objective of this study is to determine the effects of environmental factors on physician situation awareness (SA) in an emergency department (ED) setting. An objective method of level 1 (i.e., perception) SA measurement and... more

The objective of this study is to determine the effects of environmental factors on physician situation awareness (SA) in an emergency department (ED) setting. An objective method of level 1 (i.e., perception) SA measurement and evaluation was developed and applied. Resident physician level 1 SA was measured using the Situational Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT). SAGAT question probes (i.e., sets of 10 questions) were generated randomly from a pool of questions and administered hourly. Questions were answered at a 7.4% false response rate. Environmental measures (i.e., patient information, physician information, temporal information, and workload) were collected concurrently. Mixed-effects modeling was used to determine the relationship between physician SA and environmental factors adjusting for potential correlation within physician observed, patients managed, and questions asked. Significant factors associated with decreases in SA include: patient hand-offs (Odds Ratio (OR): 1.67), resident physician in final year of training (OR: 0.49), and number of patients managed (OR: 1.17). Significant correlation within question was observed and adjusted for. Overall, this study demonstrates a novel approach toward diagnosing factors contributing to physician SA during patient care. SA studies in healthcare may provide evidence for interventions aimed at improving healthcare work environments and patient safety.

Human-robot interaction (HRI) for mobile robots is still in its infancy. Most user interactions with robots have been limited to tele-operation capabilities where the most common interface provided to the user has been the video feed from... more

Human-robot interaction (HRI) for mobile robots is still in its infancy. Most user interactions with robots have been limited to tele-operation capabilities where the most common interface provided to the user has been the video feed from the robotic platform ...

This article describes the evaluation of 6 different computer-based training modules created to teach skills that underlie the development and maintenance of situation awareness, a competency shown to be critical in pilot decision-making... more

This article describes the evaluation of 6 different computer-based training modules created to teach skills that underlie the development and maintenance of situation awareness, a competency shown to be critical in pilot decision-making performance. The modules targeted basic skills training for low-time pilots (checklist completion, air traffic control comprehension, psychomotor skills) as well as training on higher order cognitive skills (attention sharing, contingency planning) and intensive preflight planning. Overall, the training modules improved participants' performance on these targeted skills. Results also provided promising albeit limited support for the effect of the training modules in improving situation awareness.

Current advances in technology, sensor collection, data storage, and data distribution have afforded more complex, distributed, and operational information fusion systems (IFSs). IFSs notionally consist of low-level (data collection,... more

Current advances in technology, sensor collection, data storage, and data distribution have afforded more complex, distributed, and operational information fusion systems (IFSs). IFSs notionally consist of low-level (data collection, registration, and association in time and space) and high-level fusion (user coordination, situational awareness, and mission control). Low-level IFSs typically rely on standard metrics for evaluation such as timeliness, accuracy, and confidence. Given the broader use of IFSs, it is also important to look at high-level fusion processes and determine a set of metrics to test IFSs, such as workload, throughput, and cost. Three types of measures (measures of performance MOP, measures of effectiveness MOE, and measures of merit MOM) are summarized. In this paper, we seek to describe MOEs for High-Level Fusion (HLF) based on developments in Quality of Service (QOS) and Quality of Information (QOI) that support the user and the machine, respectively. We define a HLF MOE based on (1) information quality, (2) robustness, and (3) information gain. We demonstrate the HLF MOE based for a maritime domain situation awareness example.

Creative use of two-dimensional (2-D) techniques in oceanographic data analysis has proven sufficient for many tasks of analysis, review, and planning. Often, however, a greater understanding of a data set and reduced analysis time can be... more

Creative use of two-dimensional (2-D) techniques in oceanographic data analysis has proven sufficient for many tasks of analysis, review, and planning. Often, however, a greater understanding of a data set and reduced analysis time can be achieved by supplementing traditional methods with three-dimensional (3-D) visualization and display techniques. Virtual-environment visualization of 3-D surfaces offers a means to review large ocean areas rapidly as a component of oceanographic data base verification and validation. For this paper, 3-D temperature, salinity, and density surfaces are combined with high-resolution models of seafloor bathymetry and supplemented with retrievable alphanumeric markups such as latitudes and longitudes and point values of displayed parameters. These visualizations can enhance considerably the oceanographer's ability to detect and analyze features within the data sets. Applications to quality control of oceanographic data bases and modeled oceanographic fields are described and illustrated. Oceanographic fields for the examples are drawn from the Generalized Digital Environmental Model (GDEM) and the Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System (MODAS). Other potential applications described include sound-speed and density surfaces and oceanographic-feature displays for training, planning, and rehearsal as well as tactical displays for overall improved situational awareness. Examples presented may be viewed and navigated using electro-optical 3-D eyewear in the Commander, Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command booth.

Sensor fusion is commonly used to reduce uncertainty in localization, obstacle detection, and world modeling. However, sensor fusion can also be used to improve teleop- eration. In particular, we can use sensor fusion to create user... more

Sensor fusion is commonly used to reduce uncertainty in localization, obstacle detection, and world modeling. However, sensor fusion can also be used to improve teleop- eration. In particular, we can use sensor fusion to create user interfaces which efficiently convey information, facili- tate understanding of remote environments and improve situational awareness. We do this by selecting complemen- tary sensors, combining

Common Operational Picture and in consequence Situation Awareness, had been second class issue treated as a result of decision support procedures. This work concentrates mainly on developing methods for integrating battlefield data using... more

Common Operational Picture and in consequence Situation Awareness, had been second class issue treated as a result of decision support procedures. This work concentrates mainly on developing methods for integrating battlefield data using ontologies and presenting such data in distributed GIS environment supported by reasoning methods. Such approach allows to organize and filter data using predefined filters dedicated for various level of command and types of operations. Combining semantic data and spatial querying mechanisms, produce extendable and rapid mechanism for battlespace information presentation which vastly increases the speed of decision process. Published results contain analysis of known military domain models. Based on such study, author proposed, a core ontology for representing current battlefield scenario, filled with geospatial information and tactical data gathered from decision support algorithms and military domain analysis. The concept have been applied in presented designed and developed prototype in Service Oriented Architecture demonstrating, a Network Enabled Capability integrated battlespace picture.

Commanders require relevant information about background information in order to exercise effective command and control (C2). METT-TC factors (Mission, Enemy, Terrain & Weather, Troops, Time Available and Civil Considerations) represent... more

Commanders require relevant information about background information in order to exercise effective command and control (C2). METT-TC factors (Mission, Enemy, Terrain & Weather, Troops, Time Available and Civil Considerations) represent the canonical, militarily significant background against which information is evaluated and military decisions are made. If this background is to be encoded, shared, and, ultimately, processed and reasoned about by computers or computer-assisted C2 systems, the METT-TC background must be represented in some standard format with a shared computer-processable semantics. The JC3IEDM (Joint Command, Control, and Consultation Information Exchange Data Model) represents several years of effort by NATO's Multinational Interoperability Programme at developing a representation of military situations in order to support communication and interoperability among NATO forces. All information to be shared by participants must, therefore, be representable within JC3IEDM. In this paper, we point out aspects of METT-TC that are not currently or not completely representable in JC3IEDM. These include aspects such as cover and concealment, fields of fire, and mission purpose. We end by suggesting ways in which JC3IEDM can be extended to represent these aspects of METT-TC factors.

The growth in numbers and capacity of mobile devices such as mobile phones coupled with widespread availability of inexpensive range of biosensors presents an unprecedented opportunity for mobile healthcare applications. In this paper we... more

The growth in numbers and capacity of mobile devices such as mobile phones coupled with widespread availability of inexpensive range of biosensors presents an unprecedented opportunity for mobile healthcare applications. In this paper we propose a novel approach for Situation-Aware Adaptive Processing (SAAP) of data streams for smart and real-time analysis of data. The implementation and evaluation of the framework for a health monitoring application is described.

The construct of situation awareness (SA) has become a core theme within the human factors (HF) research community. Consequently, there have been numerous attempts to develop reliable and valid measures of SA. Despite this, it is apparent... more

The construct of situation awareness (SA) has become a core theme within the human factors (HF) research community. Consequently, there have been numerous attempts to develop reliable and valid measures of SA. Despite this, it is apparent that there are a lack of techniques that have been developed specifically for the assessment of SA in C4i (command, control, communication, computers and intelligence) environments.

... Situation Awareness in Map Displays. Proc., Human Factors Society 31st Annual Meeting, SantaMonica, Calif., 1987, pp. 533–535. 16. ... 21. Caird, JK, and J. Chugh. The Time Cost of Head-Up Displays for Older Drivers: Critical Event... more

... Situation Awareness in Map Displays. Proc., Human Factors Society 31st Annual Meeting, SantaMonica, Calif., 1987, pp. 533–535. 16. ... 21. Caird, JK, and J. Chugh. The Time Cost of Head-Up Displays for Older Drivers: Critical Event Onset, Task Location, and Display Type. ...

Objective: This study tested the relationship between individual differences and Situation Awareness (SA) during training in a navigation simulator. Background: Simulators have become an important tool in the training and education of... more

Objective: This study tested the relationship between individual differences and Situation Awareness (SA) during training in a navigation simulator. Background: Simulators have become an important tool in the training and education of maritime personnel with a view to improving decisions and performance. There are a few, inconclusive empirical studies that have focused on mapping personality characteristics and their link to the ability to generate and maintain SA during simulator training. Method: Thirty-six first-year students from the Royal Norwegian Navy Officer Candidate School participated in the study. SA was measured using both subjective and observer ratings. Results: The results indicated that low scores on Neuroticism and high scores on Extraversion and Conscientiousness (resilient personality type) predicted both subjective and observer-rated SA. Furthermore, participants with high SA were able to modulate their Heart Rate Variability (HRV), with suppression of HRV during navigation training as well showing recovery of HRV. Application: The potential applications of this research include the assessment of personality differences as a tool in selecting navigators, and the use of HRV as an objective index of adaptability to environmental demands.

In surgery, up to 70% of adverse events are attributable to failures in communication. The purpose of this systematic literature review was to critically assess the results of team training interventions used in the OR. In the 12 studies... more

In surgery, up to 70% of adverse events are attributable to failures in communication. The purpose of this systematic literature review was to critically assess the results of team training interventions used in the OR. In the 12 studies that met the inclusion criteria, there were statistically significant before-and-after improvements in teamwork practices and in some secondary outcomes such as complication rates. Our findings suggest that team training interventions have utility in enhancing team communication and cohesion. Team training interventions that are developed in response to the nuances of the context are more likely to become embedded in clinical practice. The introduction of more complex interventions has implications for resources and staffing. Further research is needed to identify and evaluate strategies that address the sustainability of complex team training interventions across multiple OR contexts. AORN J 92 (December 2010) 642-657. © AORN, Inc, 2010.

We analyze microblog posts generated during two recent, concurrent emergency events in North America via Twitter, a popular microblogging service. We focus on communications broadcast by people who were "on the ground" during the Oklahoma... more

We analyze microblog posts generated during two recent, concurrent emergency events in North America via Twitter, a popular microblogging service. We focus on communications broadcast by people who were "on the ground" during the Oklahoma Grassfires of April 2009 and the Red River Floods that occurred in March and April 2009, and identify information that may contribute to enhancing situational awareness (SA). This work aims to inform next steps for extracting useful, relevant information during emergencies using information extraction (IE) techniques.

The objective of this research was to assess the effectiveness of adaptive automation (AA) for supporting information processing (IP) in a complex, dynamic control task by defining a measure of situation awareness (SA) sensitive to... more

The objective of this research was to assess the effectiveness of adaptive automation (AA) for supporting information processing (IP) in a complex, dynamic control task by defining a measure of situation awareness (SA) sensitive to differences in the forms of automation. The task was an air traffic control (ATC)-related simulation and was developed to present four different modes of automation of IP functions, including information acquisition, information analysis, decision making and action implementation automation, as well as a completely manual control mode. A total of 16 participants were recruited for a pilot study and primary experiment. The pilot assessed the sensitivity and reliability of the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) for describing AA support of the IP functions. Half of the participants were used in the primary experiment, which refined the SA measure and described the implications of AA for IP on SA using the ATC-like simulation. Participants were exposed to all forms of automation and manual control. AA conditions matched operator workload states to dynamic control allocations in the primary task. The pilot did not reveal significant differences in SA among the various AA conditions. In the primary experiment, participant recall of aircraft was cued and relevance weights were assigned to aircraft at the time of simulation freezes. The modified measure of SA revealed operator perception and Total SA to improve when automation was applied to the information acquisition function. In both experiments, performance in the ATCrelated task simulation was significantly superior when automation was applied to information acquisition and action implementation (sensory and motor processing), as compared to automation of cognitive functions, specifically information analysis. The primary experiment revealed information analysis and decision-making automation to cause higher workload, attributable to visual demands of displays.

In laboratories where dangerous conditions might exist, safety precautions are important. Rules exist to minimize the individual's risk, and safety equipment is used to protect the lab user from injury or to assist in responding to an... more

In laboratories where dangerous conditions might exist, safety precautions are important. Rules exist to minimize the individual's risk, and safety equipment is used to protect the lab user from injury or to assist in responding to an emergency. The purpose of the research is to create an awareness of university students on laboratory safety. After a thorough survey, the following aspects were identified and are briefly discussed here is rule and regulations, safety and role of Occupational Safety, Health and Environment (OSHE) in the laboratory. Based on the survey done from 30 respondents, the awareness of students on laboratory safety is good but there are some students not following the rules in the laboratory.

This paper presents a survey of trajectory-based activity analysis for visual surveillance. It describes techniques that use trajectory data to define a general set of activities that are applicable to a wide range of scenes and... more

This paper presents a survey of trajectory-based activity analysis for visual surveillance. It describes techniques that use trajectory data to define a general set of activities that are applicable to a wide range of scenes and environments. Events of interest are detected by building a generic topographical scene description from underlying motion structure as observed over time. The scene topology is automatically learned and is distinguished by points of interest and motion characterized by activity paths. The methods we review are intended for real-time surveillance through definition of a diverse set of events for further analysis triggering, including virtual fencing, speed profiling, behavior classification, anomaly detection, and object interaction.

We present a novel approach to enhance avalanche companion rescue using wearable sensing technologies. The time to find and extricate victims is most crucial: once buried by an avalanche, survival chances drop dramatically already after... more

We present a novel approach to enhance avalanche companion rescue using wearable sensing technologies. The time to find and extricate victims is most crucial: once buried by an avalanche, survival chances drop dramatically already after the first 15 minutes. Current technology offers only information on the location of a single victim, however statistics show that in many case there are multiple victims. In our research we address this issue and also investigate how the use of wearable sensors can further enhance such devices. We report on experiments using sensors to measure vital signs and environmental conditions and their suitability for avalanche rescue. Visualization for this type of application is addressed and two design sketches, both visualizing multiple victims and urgency, are presented. The architecture of current devices is extended by components to integrate these additional functions. We report on prototypical implementation of an avalanche beacon supporting multiple victims and visualization of vital signs. This prototype was used for further experiments and offered a basis for participatory evaluation with practitioners in the field. A short overview of these results is presented.

The unconscious mind tends to disregard negations in its processing of semantic meaning. Therefore, messages containing negated concepts can ironically prime mental representations and evaluations that are opposite to those intended. We... more

The unconscious mind tends to disregard negations in its processing of semantic meaning. Therefore, messages containing negated concepts can ironically prime mental representations and evaluations that are opposite to those intended. We hypothesized that the subtle presentation of a negated concept (e.g., “no smoking”) would activate ironic motivational orientations as well. We tested this hypothesis in a public health context. Smokers viewed photographs in which no-smoking signs were either inconspicuously embedded (prime) or edited out (control). Primed smokers showed amplified automatic approach tendencies toward smoking-related stimuli, but not toward smoking-unrelated stimuli. Since passive priming effects generally serve to facilitate forms of action, not inhibit them, anti-smoking and other public health campaigns may ironically increase the very behaviors they seek to reduce.

Augmented Reality (AR) technologies offer the potential to aid users in a number of professional areas. However, to date, most studies have been tested in controlled laboratory conditions. This paper outlines a user experience study of a... more

Augmented Reality (AR) technologies offer the potential to aid users in a number of professional areas. However, to date, most studies have been tested in controlled laboratory conditions. This paper outlines a user experience study of a wearable mobile augmented reality system in an outdoor urban environment. We describe the use case of using a see-through monocular headmounted display (HMD) with augmented imagery for orientation, and the use of gesture input for interacting with information while on-the-move. Participants had to navigate to a target location, whilst receiving information updates, and complete a series of gesture-based tasks. Despite participants managing to complete the tasks after some assistance, it was found that more improvements to the user experience are required for it to be viable in outdoor-use. In particular, better visibility, when seethrough HMDs are used in a bright environment, and improved situation awareness. This paper further highlights the difficulties in using gesture input, and points to a number of areas requiring further research into the use of wearable mobile AR systems in the context of this work.

Sixteen participants performed a military operations simulation directing loading of helicopters to weight capacity within an allotted timeframe and subject to a set of decision rules. The participants stood, walked or jogged on a... more

Sixteen participants performed a military operations simulation directing loading of helicopters to weight capacity within an allotted timeframe and subject to a set of decision rules. The participants stood, walked or jogged on a treadmill while performing the simulated cognitive task. Task performance was measured in terms of helicopter loading rate and accuracy. Situation awareness (SA) was measured using a simulation freeze technique and SA queries. Subjective workload was measured using the NASA-TLX. Results indicated a general trend of decreasing SA with increasing physical workload for perceptual knowledge, comprehension and overall SA. Results also revealed higher subjective workload during jogging than during the walking and standing conditions. However, the physical workload manipulations did not appear to affect cognitive task performance. This study has practical implications for defining physical and cognitive workloads in specific dynamic, complex work environments to support operator SA and performance.

Situation awareness (SA) has become an important criterion for systems evaluation efforts. Several measures of SA have been developed, the most widely used among them being the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) and... more

Situation awareness (SA) has become an important criterion for systems evaluation efforts. Several measures of SA have been developed, the most widely used among them being the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) and the Situational Awareness Rating Technique (SART). SAGAT provides an objective measure of SA based on queries during freezes in a simulation. SART provides a subjective rating of SA by operators. This paper presents a direct comparison of the two measures which were used within a display evaluation study. It was found that both SART and SAGAT contributed sensitivity and diagnosticity regarding the effects of the display concept. The SART measure was highly correlated with subjective measures of confidence level, a simple subjective SA measure and a subjective performance measure. The SAGAT and SART measures were not correlated with each other. The implications of these findings for the interpretation of subjective SA measures are discussed as well as advantages and disadvantages of both measurement approaches.

The aim with the present study was to investigate bystander actions in bullying situations as well as reasons behind these actions as they are articulated by Swedish students from fourth to seventh grade. Forty-three semi-structured... more

The aim with the present study was to investigate bystander actions in bullying situations as well as reasons behind these actions as they are articulated by Swedish students from fourth to seventh grade. Forty-three semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with students. Qualitative analysis of data was performed by methods from grounded theory. The analysis of the student voices of being a bystander in bullying reveals a complexity in which different definition-of-situation processes are evoked (a) relations (friends and social hierarchy), (b) defining seriousness, (c) victim’s contribution to the situation, (d) social roles and intervention responsibilities, and (e) distressing emotions. There are often conflicted motives in how to act as a bystander, which could evoke moral distress among the students. Our analysis is unique in that it introduces the concept of moral distress as a process that has to be considered in order to better understand bystander actions among children The findings also indicate bystander reactions that could be associated with moral disengagement, such as not perceiving a moral obligation to intervene if the victim is defined as a non-friend (‘none of my business’), protecting the friendship with the bully, and blaming the victim.

The NATO HFM-276 Task Group used a model of organizational effectiveness to develop a set of surveys to identify and understand the HF issues critical to effective ISR operations. The core of the model is the JISR process consisting of... more

The NATO HFM-276 Task Group used a model of organizational effectiveness to develop a set of surveys to identify and understand the HF issues critical to effective ISR operations. The core of the model is the JISR process consisting of the Tasking, Collecting, Processing, Exploitation, and Dissemination (TCPED). The data collection plan derived from this model as well as other sources looks at the role of a number of HF issues across ISR operations: basic HF knowledge, situation assessment, workload, organizational structure, trust, information sharing, information management, leadership, culture, organizational process, organizational flexibility, shared awareness and responsibilities, coordination and coordination mechanisms, decision-making, competence, Intelligence Request Management (IRM), communications, meta data, and application system. All of these HF factors will influence ISR operational concepts and impact operator performance. In addition, the report summarizes some practical implications to improve the ISR CD&E process for NATO and non-NATO operations by focusing on developing a HF research methodology that should be included in the ISR CD&E process. This HF methodology would work like a quality control component for the technical and procedural ISR concept development. Research findings are expected to help inform and advise policy and decision-makers at all levels of the ISR chain of command in order to enhance information and decision advantage in NATO ISR planning, mission execution and capability development. It is also expected to help inform the integration of ISR with other joint processes such as joint targeting with regard to identifying current gaps HF related to ISR and integration with other processes.

The vehicle is designed to sense roads and avoid collisions instinctually.

The successful management of a complex, hazardous event in many domains demands a high level of incident command skills. In the oil and gas exploration and production industry, these skills were required by members of an Incident... more

The successful management of a complex, hazardous event in many domains demands a high level of incident command skills. In the oil and gas exploration and production industry, these skills were required by members of an Incident Management Team (IMT) established to respond the failure of a drilling riser in the Gulf of Mexico. When an incident occurs, members of an industrial IMT form an interdisciplinary, interdependent, but ad-hoc team. As actual experience of dealing with major incidents of this nature is relatively rare, IMT members have to rely on emergency exercises in training, along with existing domain-specific knowledge. Following a serious incident on an offshore drilling rig, semi-structured interviews with the on-shore strategic and tactical level IMT members (n 5 7) were conducted. These interviews have resulted in the identification and definition of incident command skills for members of an industrial IMT, namely decision making, situation awareness, communication, leadership, and teamwork, all of which can be affected by stress, as well as organisational factors that influenced the outcome of the incident. Limitations in current incident management training were identified, namely the need for specific incident command skills training. A framework is suggested around which specific incident command skills training can be structured. Key learnings from this case study are also presented which can provide guidance for the training and preparation of industrial incident management teams.