Alcoholism Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

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- Marketing, Psychology, Cognitive Science, Adolescent
- by Isleny Franco
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- Psychology, Personality Assessment, Evaluation, Treatment

Comparisons among countries can help to identify opportunities for the reduction of inequalities in health. We compared the magnitude of inequalities in mortality and self-assessed health among 22 countries in all parts of Europe. We obtained data on mortality according to education level and occupational class from census-based mortality studies. Deaths were classified according to cause, including common causes, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer; causes related to smoking; causes related to alcohol use; and causes amenable to medical intervention, such as tuberculosis and hypertension. Data on self-assessed health, smoking, and obesity according to education and income were obtained from health or multipurpose surveys. For each country, the association between socioeconomic status and health outcomes was measured with the use of regression-based inequality indexes. In almost all countries, the rates of death and poorer self-assessments of health were substantially higher in groups of lower socioeconomic status, but the magnitude of the inequalities between groups of higher and lower socioeconomic status was much larger in some countries than in others. Inequalities in mortality were small in some southern European countries and very large in most countries in the eastern and Baltic regions. These variations among countries appeared to be attributable in part to causes of death related to smoking or alcohol use or amenable to medical intervention. The magnitude of inequalities in self-assessed health also varied substantially among countries, but in a different pattern. We observed variation across Europe in the magnitude of inequalities in health associated with socioeconomic status. These inequalities might be reduced by improving educational opportunities, income distribution, health-related behavior, or access to health care.

- by Johan Mackenbach
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- Obesity, Mortality, Cardiovascular disease, Income Distribution
- by John Roache
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- Psychology, Personality, Affect, Social behavior
- by Esem Dos
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- Demography, International Cooperation, Adolescent, Anxiety
- by Robert Keers
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- Genetics, Psychology, Pharmacogenomics, Animal Behavior
- by Joan Reisch and +1
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- Adolescent, Hepatology, Prospective studies, Humans

Within- and cross-center test-retest studies were conducted to study the reliability of a new, semistructured, comprehensive, polydiagnostic psychiatric interview being used in a multisite genetic linkage study of alcoholism. Findings from both studies indicated that reliability for the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA) was high for DSM-III-R substance dependence disorders, but less so for substance abuse disorders. Reliability of depression was good in both studies, but mixed for antisocial personality disorder (ASP). Findings are presented in terms of specific substance dependence and abuse diagnoses, as well as for depression and ASP. Criterion-specific reliabilities are examined by type of substance used. Although SSAGA was designed to provide for broad phenotyping of alcoholism, review of its new features suggests its suitability for a variety of family studies, not just those focusing on substance abuse.

- by Robert Cloninger
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- Psychology, Psychometrics, Personality Assessment, Adolescent
- by Toben Nelson
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- Risk Taking, Public Health, Students, Humans
- by Dennis Donovan and +3
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- Psychology, Toxicology, Treatment, Placebo Effect
- by Martha E Shenton
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- Neuroscience, Cognitive Science, Comorbidity, Nature
- by radosevich radosevich
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- Sociology, Juvenile Delinquency, Social learning, Adolescent
- by Scott Carlson
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- Genetics, Psychology, Abnormal Psychology, Epidemiology
- by Lory Croce
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- Obesity, Adolescent, Italy, Humans

We have previously reported smaller hippocampal volume and deficits in short-term memory in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) relative to comparison subjects. The purpose of this study was to compare hippocampal volume in adult survivors of childhood abuse to matched controls. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure volume of the hippocampus in adult survivors of childhood abuse (n = 17) and healthy subjects (n = 17) matched on a case-by-case basis for age, sex, race, handedness, years of education, body size, and years of alcohol abuse. All patients met criteria for PTSD secondary to childhood abuse. PTSD patients had a 12% smaller left hippocampal volume relative to the matched controls (p < .05), without smaller volumes of comparison regions (amygdala, caudate, and temporal lobe). The findings were significant after controlling for alcohol, age, and education, with multiple linear regression. These findings suggest that a decrease in left hippocampal volume is associated with abuse-related PTSD.

- by Doug Bremner
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- Surgery, Neurosurgery, Sexual Abuse, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- by Joachim Dudenhausen
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- Obesity, Childhood Obesity, Adolescent, Mortality
- by Nick Heather
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- Brief Psychotherapy, Primary Care, Addiction, Primary Health Care
- by Nicola Leone
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- Gastroenterology, Natural History, Hepatitis C, Family history
- by Anna Rubinsky
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- Psychology, Primary Care, Psychometrics, Primary Health Care

Background: Efficient, inexpensive screening for early stage alcohol problems is important in health care settings. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) has been studied extensively to establish its value in this regard.Methods: A literature search that used EtOH as a database was conducted to identify studies published on the AUDIT through September 2001. Keywords used for the search were “Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test” and “AUDIT.” All studies reporting psychometric properties of the measure were reviewed with particular attention being given to the period 1996 and later. A small number of additional references were located by noting their citation in other studies reviewed.Results: Although more research is needed on non-English versions to establish their psychometric properties, at least in its English edition, the AUDIT demonstrates sensitivities and specificities comparable, and typically superior, to those of other self-report screening measures. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency are also quite favorable. For males, the AUDIT-C, a shortened version of the AUDIT, appears approximately equal in validity to the full scale.Conclusions: Recent research continues to support use of the AUDIT as a means of screening for alcohol use disorders in health care settings in the United States.

- by john allen
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- Psychology, Psychopharmacology, Methodology, Schizophrenia
- by Eric Klinger
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- Psychology, Abnormal Psychology, Decision Making, Motivation
- by Patrick Colletti and +1
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- Decision Making, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Community, Comparative Study
- by Paul Sampson
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- Pediatrics, Quality of life, Life Style, Life history

In a blinded experiment, we report the first allelic association of the dopamine D2 receptor gene in alcoholism.From 70 brain samples of alcoholics and nonalco-holics, DNA was digested with restriction endonucleases and probed with a... more

- by Kenneth Blum
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- Brain, Humans, Alcoholism, Female
- by Michael Winter
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- Pediatrics, Risk assessment, Adolescent, Humans
- by jun he
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- Addiction, Social Interaction, Risk Taking, Vulnerability
- by Jo Phelan
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- Psychiatry, Public Opinion, Depression, Schizophrenia
- by Jocelynn Cook and +1
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- Public Health, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Canada, Pregnancy
- by Carl Castro
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- Epidemiology, Mental Health, Depression, Afghanistan
- by John Schulenberg
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- Cognitive development, Young Adulthood, Adolescent, Studies
- by Melissa Cyders
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- Psychology, Psychological Assessment, Psychometrics, Eating Disorders
- by Alfredo Lissoni
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- Radiology, Survival Analysis, Treatment Outcome, Risk assessment

BACKGROUND: We examined the relationship of the number of adverse childhood experiences (ACE score) to six health problems among four successive birth cohorts dating back to 1900 to assess the strength and consistency of these... more

- by Vincent Felitti
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- Health Behavior, Depression, Preventive medicine, Health
- by Charles Whitfield
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- Education, Mental Health, Depression, Childhood Sexual Abuse
- by SREE NATH
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- Calcium, Biological Sciences, Phosphorus, Humans
- by Mammad Rostamy
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- Suicide, Adolescent, Comorbidity, Finland
- by Anthony Spirito
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- Psychology, Consulting, Adolescent, Harm Reduction
- by Charles Whitfield
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- Humans, Child, Major Depressive Disorder, Alcoholism
- by Seena Fazel
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- Western Europe, Mental Health, Personality Disorders, Humans
- by Jay Tischfield
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- Genetics, Adolescent, Disease susceptibility, Humans
- by Howard Liddle and +2
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- Psychology, Brief Psychotherapy, Family Therapy, Randomization
- by Steven Pitts
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- Psychology, Young Adulthood, Social Support, Adolescent
- by Carolin Eberl
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- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Treatment Outcome, Humans
- by Joseph Boden
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- Addiction, Public Health, Adolescent, Causality
- by Charles Bowden
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- Humans, Alcoholism, Female, Alcohol Drinking
- by Kenneth Abrams
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- Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Anxiety Disorders, Dual Diagnosis
- by Linda Sobell
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- Psychology, Humans, Behaviour, Business and Management
- by Valery Feigin
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- Comorbidity, Stroke, Humans, Hypertension