Basidiomycetes Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) are prolific producers of structurally diverse terpenoid compounds.
Classes of terpenoids identified in fungi include the sesqui-, di- and triterpenoids. Biosynthetic pathways and
enzymes to terpenoids from each of these classes have been described. These typically involve the scaffold
generating terpene synthases and cyclases, and scaffold tailoring enzymes such as e.g. cytochrome P450
monoxygenases, NAD(P)+ and flavin dependent oxidoreductases, and various group transferases that generate
the final bioactive structures. The biosynthesis of several sesquiterpenoid mycotoxins and bioactive diterpenoids
has been well-studied in Ascomycota (e.g. filamentous fungi). Little is known about the terpenoid biosynthetic
pathways in Basidiomycota (e.g. mushroom forming fungi), although they produce a huge diversity of
terpenoid natural products. Specifically, many trans-humulyl cation derived sesquiterpenoid natural products
with potent bioactivities have been isolated. Biosynthetic gene clusters responsible for the production of transhumulyl
cation derived protoilludanes, and other sesquiterpenoids, can be rapidly identified by genome
sequencing and bioinformatic methods. Genome mining combined with heterologous biosynthetic pathway
refactoring has the potential to facilitate discovery and production of pharmaceutically relevant fungal terpenoids.

- by
- •
- Natural Products Chemistry, Terpenes, Basidiomycetes, Sesquiterpenes

A single Ophrys individual growing on rocky ground in the north area of the island Gozo (Malta) in March of 2018, was found to have unique characters not exhibited in any species growing in Malta. The orchid was growing very close to O. tenthredinifera and a scattered population of O. melitensis. From the intermediate state of several characters between these two species, it was concluded that this individual is a hybrid of these parents. Since O. melitensis is endemic to the Maltese Islands, this hybrid is hence an addition to the endemic flora of Malta.

- by Stephen Mifsud
- •
- Prehistory of Malta and Gozo, Basidiomycetes, European Orchids, Ascomycetes

Eight trace elements (Pb, Cd, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr and Ni) in 15 different wild-growing edible mushroom species collected from Eskis ßehir, Turkey were determined. The highest Pb, Fe, Mn and Cu concentrations were 11.72, 11460, 480 and 144.2 mg/kg (dry weight basis), respectively. All of these highest metal concentrations were determined in Lepista nuda. Cadmium and chromium were determined at the highest concentrations in Gymnopus dryophilus, 3.24 and 73.8 mg/kg, respectively. The highest zinc and nickel content were observed in Tricholoma equestre and Coprinus comatus as 173.8 and 58.60 mg/kg dry matter, respectively. Mushrooms species determined as important metal accumulators were L. nuda, G. dryophilus, T. equestre and C. comatus, in this study. Heavy metal contents of all analysed mushrooms were generally higher than previously reported in the literature.

- by DİLEK YİLDİZ
- •
- Biochemistry, Environmental Studies, Trace Metals, Ecology

KOMPETENSI DASAR: 1.7 Mengelompokkan jamur berdasarkan ciri-ciri, cara reproduksi, dan mengaitkan peranannya dalam kehidupan INDIKATOR: 1.7.1 Menjelaskan ciri-ciri umum Divisio dalam Kingdom Fungi. 1.7.2 Menjelaskan dasar pengelompokkan... more

Lentinus edodes and Pleurotus species from various origins were compared for the Wrst time for their ability to produce lignocellulolytic enzyme in solid-state (SSF) and submerged (SF) fermentation of various plant raw material. Fungi cultivation in identical culture conditions revealed wide diVerences among both species and strains of the same species. The yields of CMCase (62.3 U ml ¡1 ), xylanase (84.1 U ml ¡1 ), FPA (5.9 U ml ¡1 ), and laccase (4103 U l ¡1 ) are the best so far obtained with the strains of oyster mushrooms. The study pointed out that the nature of lignocellulosic material and the method of fungi cultivation are factors determining the expression of lignocellulolytic potential of fungi as well as the ratio of individual enzymes in enzyme complex. SSF of tree leaves is favorable for laccase and MnP secretion by the majority L. edodes and Pleurotus strains, whereas SF provides better production of hydrolytic enzymes.

- by Nino Tsiklauri
- •
- Multidisciplinary, Cellulase, Xylanase, Peroxidase

Cortinarius is the largest genus of ectomycorrhizal fungi worldwide. Recent molecular studies have shown high levels of morphological homoplasy within the genus. Importantly, DNA phylogenies can reveal characteristics that have been either over- or underemphasized in taxonomic studies. Here we sequenced and phylogenetically analysed a large set of pan-European and North American collections taxonomically studied and placed in Cortinarius sect. Bicolores and sect. Saturnini, according to traditional morpho-anatomical criteria. Our goal was to circumscribe the evolutionary boundaries of the two sections, to stabilize both the limits and nomenclature of relevant species, and to identify described taxa which, according to our current understanding, belong to other lineages. Our analysis resolves two clades: /Bicolores, including 12 species, one of which is new to science, and /Saturnini, including 6 species. Fifteen binomials, traditionally treated in these two sections based on morphology, do not belong to the above two phylogenetic clades. Instead, six of these latter are clearly placed in other clades that represent sect. Bovini, sect. Sciophylli, sect. Duracini and sect. Brunneotincti. The presence or absence of blue pigments and the detection of specific odours emerge as clearly misleading taxonomic features, but more surprisingly, spore size and ecology can be misleading as well. A total of 63 type specimens were sequenced, 4 neotypes and 2 epitypes are proposed here, and 1 new combination is made.

- by Balint Dima
- •
- Systematics (Taxonomy), Taxonomy, Fungal taxonomy, Nomenclature

— Eight nomenclatural novelties (new names and new combinations) are proposed in Amanita: A. albopulverulenta, A. congolensis, A. flaccida, A. lavendula, A. neomurina, A. neoneglecta, A. persicina, and A. reidi-ana. The plate associated with the protolog of A. nivalis is the name's sole syntype and must be the lectotype of A. nivalis. The improperly designated neotype of A. nivalis is proposed as an epitype of that species. A lectotype is proposed for A. mappa var. lavendula.

- by József Geml
- •
- Fungal taxonomy, Systematics, Basidiomycetes

Cellulose is the main polymeric component of the plant cell wall, the most abundant polysaccharide on Earth, and an important renewable resource. Basidiomycetous fungi belong to its most potent degraders because many species grow on dead wood or litter, in environment rich in cellulose. Fungal cellulolytic systems differ from the complex cellulolytic systems of bacteria. For the degradation of cellulose, basidiomycetes utilize a set of hydrolytic enzymes typically composed of endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase and b-glucosidase. In some species, the absence of cellobiohydrolase is substituted by the production of processive endoglucanases combining the properties of both of these enzymes. In addition, systems producing hydroxyl radicals based on cellobiose dehydrogenase, quinone redox cycling or glycopeptide-based Fenton reaction are involved in the degradation of several plant cell wall components, including cellulose. The complete cellulolytic complex used by a single fungal species is typically composed of more than one of the above mechanisms that contribute to the utilization of cellulose as a source of carbon or energy or degrade it to ensure fast substrate colonization. The efficiency and regulation of cellulose degradation differs among wood-rotting, litter-decomposing, mycorrhizal or plant pathogenic fungi and yeasts due to the different roles of cellulose degradation in the physiology and ecology of the individual groups. FEMS Microbiol Rev 32 (2008) 501-521 c

- by isha bhatt
- •
- Microbiology, Basidiomycetes

Recently the well-known genus Amanita has been split into two genera, Amanita, a genus of putatively
ectomycorrhizal fungi, and Saproamanita, a genus of putatively saprotrophic fungi. We disagree with this generic
split and argue why Amanita should not be split. The proposal to split the genus does not conform to the recently proposed
guidelines for publishing new genera. Concise amended characterizations are provided for the monophyletic
family Amanitaceae and its two monophyletic genera Amanita and Limacella.2 The characterization of Amanita rests
on a single, unique synapomorphy—schizohymenial ontogeny in its agaricoid and secotioid taxa. We propose a minimal
reorganization of Amanita—removal of stirps Hesleri from subsection Vittadiniae. Some open issues in Amanita
systematics are discussed. Amanita is an emblematic genus and the focus of diverse research programs.
Taxonomists and users of taxonomic and systematic products are used to, and rely on, Amanita as a genus with meaningful,
morphologically defined subdivisions, easy to teach and easy to use. Splitting the genus is unnecessary and
would prove costly—degrading our ability to communicate with each other and complicating connections to past literature.
We argue that the current use of next-generation sequencing in studies of fungal ecology does not necessitate
the splitting of Amanita.

- by József Geml and +2
- •
- Systematics (Taxonomy), Fungi, Basidiomycetes

A new cryopreservation method using perlite as a carrier was evaluated on a large set of mycelial cultures of basidiomycetes. The viability and some other characteristics-growth, macro-and micromorphology, and laccase production-of 442 strains were tested after 48-h and then after 3-year storage in liquid nitrogen using a perlite protocol (PP). All (100%) of them survived successfully both 48-h storage and 3-year storage in liquid nitrogen without noticeable growth and morphological changes. Also laccase production was unchanged. The viability and laccase production of a part (250) of these strains were compared with those of the strains subjected to an original agar plug protocol (OP). Using OP, 144 strains (57.6%) out of 250 survived a 3-year storage in liquid nitrogen. The results indicate that the cryopreservation protocol used signiWcantly inXuences survival of the strains. Markedly better results were achieved using the PP.

- by sergio castro
- •
- Cryopreservation, Laccase, Basidiomycetes, Perlite

Armillaria root and butt rot disease is a common problem in peach orchards, tea and pine plantations in the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe. The species of Armillaria causing this disease have not been fully identified but it is believed that at least three species are involved. These included A. fuscipes (previously referred to as RFLP Group I) and two unnamed species known as RFLP Group II and RFLP Group III. The aim of the study was to use PCR-RFLP, sequences of the IGS-1 region of the rDNA operon and AFLP fingerprinting to characterize 27 Zimbabwean Armillaria isolates. PCR-RFLP tests showed that the isolates resided in five groups. Analysis of sequence data elucidated four groups, which were also supported by AFLP data. Thirteen isolates belonged to RFLP Group I, which is considered to represent A. fuscipes, four isolates were most similar to those previously referred to as Zimbabwean RFLP Group II and two isolates clustered most closely with RFLP Group III. The remaining isolate...

- by eddie Mwenje
- •
- Africa, Biology, FingerPrinting, Key words

Fungus ability to respond to environmental changes allows their adaptation to a wide variety of conditions such as pH, temperature, light, nutrient availability, chemicals, and competition among species. Temperature and pH can affect fungal growth as well as their metabolism. Knowing these factors on fungus species is relevant for the development of biotechnological applications and process optimization to produce biomass and enzymes. This study aimed to
evaluate Lentinus crinitus mycelial growth and laccase production at different initial pH and temperatures of the cultivation medium. L. crinitus U15-9 reduced laccase production with pH increase with maximum production at pH 6 (39 U/mL) whereas L. crinitus U9-1 increased laccase production with pH increase with maximum activity at pH 7 (25.8 U/mL). Neither of the strains had mycelial growth significantly affected by initial pH in the culture medium. The greatest laccase production occurred at 28°C for U15-9 (50 U/mL) and U9-1 (41.5 U/mL). An increase in U9-1 mycelial biomass occurred when the temperature went up from 25 to 28°C whereas for U15-9 it was from 28 to 37°C; at 37°C, U15-9 produced 225% more mycelial biomass than at 28°C, and 108% more mycelial biomass than U9-1 at 37°C. The variation of responses to environmental stimuli between the strains
makes evident that intra-specific variations are common in basidiomycetes. Our findings highlighted the best conditions of pH and temperature to produce L. crinitus laccase and make evident how different strains respond distinctly to cultivation conditions.

- by Juliana Do Valle
- •
- Microbial Enzymes, Laccase, Basidiomycetes

The road construction is one of the factors that contribute to the original wildlife habitat fragmentation, causing a barrier to the species gene flow. In this way, the monitoring of the wildlife smashed on roads turned an important tool to determine the wildlife biodiversity loss, revealing aspect of the motion strategy and seasonal population dynamics of some species. In this context, the aim of this survey was to monitor the wildlife smashed on BR 290 (Km 210 and 214), Pantano Grande municipality, RS, Brazil. The survey was made during a period of one year, between December 2013 and December 2014, travelling over the road through walks once a day generally in the morning. The criterion used was to count all the vertebrate animals that were smashed by motor vehicles traffic on the road. The species were identified in situ
by their external morphology, and the occurrences were registered using a photographic camera. The results indicate that the better represented Class was the bird group with 46,5%, following by the mammals Class with 24,1%, reptiles with 23,2%, and anuran with 6,1%. Among the wildlife threatened to extinction, it was registered the species Tamandua tetradactyla (tamanduá-mirim), including in the category “vulnerable” for
the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Through the survey of the wildlife smashed, it was verified a loss of biodiversity related to local fauna, with 228 animals deaths during the research period. In this sense, aiming the biological diversity preservation, and consequently the animal gene bank, it’s necessary to adopt compensatory measures to retain the wildlife local impact.

- by Leoni Steil
- •
- Basidiomycetes, Animais Silvestres

Light micrographs of the anatomical features of brown rot, white rot and soft rot are presented here to facilitate easy identification of each type of decay in birch and pine. This paper presents the light-microscopic observations made during the course of several broad studies of wood deterioration by fungi. A key aids the identification of brown rot, white rot and soft rot in wood and wood products. Features used for identification include bore hole size and frequency, shape of erosion channels and cavities, cell separations and changes in birefringence as observed on unstained sections with polarized light or differential interference contrast microscopy. Included are descriptions of white-rot and soft-rot erosion patterns at several decay stages.

- by Susan Anagnost
- •
- Biodegradation, Soft rot, Basidiomycetes, Wood Decay

- by Halvor Solheim and +1
- •
- Responses of plant to abiotic stresses, Mycology and Plant pathology, real time PCR, Plant Roots

Los hongos-roya (Uredinales, Basidiomycetes) representan uno de los grupos de microorganismos
fitoparásitos más diversos y con mayor importancia económica mundial en la
producción agrícola y forestal. Se caracterizan por ser patógenos obligados y por
presentar una estrecha coevolución con sus hospedantes vegetales. Su taxonomía se ha
basado fundamentalmente en el estudio de caracteres morfológicos, resultando en
muchos casos en la formación de taxones polifiléticos. Sin embargo, en los últimos años
se han tratado de incorporar herramientas moleculares que conduzcan a la generación
de sistemas de clasificación basados en afinidades evolutivas. En esta revisión se ofrece
una mirada general a las características de los uredinales, enfatizando en el surgimiento
reciente de estudios filogenéticos que plantean la necesidad de establecer una profunda
revisión de la taxonomía de este grupo. Finalmente se alerta sobre la necesidad de que
en dichos estudios taxonómicos se incluya un alto número de especies de royas neotropicales,
pues esta zona es reconocida no sólo por su alta diversidad de hongos-royas,
sino también por las características únicas de sus ciclos de vida.

- by Acta Biológica Colombiana
- •
- Basidiomycetes, Uredinales

The paper provides a preliminary checklist of Boletales in Bulgaria. It includes 77 species belonging to 18 genera. For each recorded taxon the distribution throughout the country, references to literature sources as well as the... more

- by Boris Assyov
- •
- Bulgaria, Balkans, Basidiomycetes, Boletales

Lentinus crinitus is a wild fungus, which produces mushrooms consumed by some Amazonian Indians. Besides, it is recognized for its diverse biological activities and biotechnological applications. However, there are few reports with limited information on basidiocarp chemical composition and cytotoxicity. Our study determined and evaluated the chemical composition, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant activity of L. crinitus pileus and stipe separately. Chromatographic methods were used to evaluate basidiocarp chemical composition. Cytotoxicity was verified using a cell culture from porcine liver and against a panel of human tumor cells from different models. Antioxidant activity was assessed by different in vitro methods. The pileus had higher levels of protein, ash, tocopherols, and organic acids, mainly malic acid, than the stipe. The stipe revealed higher contents of carbohydrates, energy, soluble sugars, and phenolic acids, mostly p-hydroxybenzoic acid. L. crinitus basidiocarp has mainly trehalose as soluble sugar, and less than 1% fat being ~60% polyunsaturated fatty acids (mostly linoleic and oleic acids), and ~13% saturated fatty acids (mostly palmitic acid). L. crinitus revealed high antioxidant activity for most methods and no cytotoxic activity against tumor and non-tumor cells. L. crinitus basidiocarp can be considered a functional food with applicability in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.

- by Juliana Do Valle
- •
- Chemistry, Food Science, Industrial Biotechnology, Fatty acids
- by Ilkka Kytövuori
- •
- Evolutionary Biology, Microbiology, Systematics (Taxonomy), Plant Biology

Lentinus crinitus is a wild fungus, which produces mushrooms consumed by some Amazonian Indians. Besides, it is recognized for its diverse biological activities and biotechnological applications. However, there are few reports with limited information on basidiocarp chemical composition and cytotoxicity. Our study determined and evaluated the chemical composition, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant activity of L. crinitus pileus and stipe separately. Chromatographic methods were used to evaluate basidiocarp chemical composition. Cytotoxicity was verified using a cell culture from porcine liver and against a panel of human tumor cells from different models. Antioxidant activity was assessed by different in vitro methods. The pileus had higher levels of protein, ash, tocopherols, and organic acids, mainly malic acid, than the stipe. The stipe revealed higher contents of carbohydrates, energy, soluble sugars, and phenolic acids, mostly p-hydroxybenzoic acid. L. crinitus basidiocarp
has mainly trehalose as soluble sugar, and less than 1% fat being ~60% polyunsaturated fatty acids (mostly linoleic and oleic acids), and ~13% saturated fatty acids (mostly palmitic acid). L. crinitus revealed high antioxidant activity for most methods and no cytotoxic activity against tumor and non-tumor cells. L. crinitus basidiocarp can be considered a functional food with applicability in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.

- by Olavo Bilac Quaresma de Oliveira Filho and +2
- •
- Fatty acids, Organic Acids, tocopherol/vitamin E, Basidiomycetes

Se abordó y analizó de manera comparativa la velocidad de crecimiento del basidiomiceto Ganoderma lucidum (hongo reishi) en tres sustratos de tipo agroindustrial: aserrín de eucalipto (Eucalyptus globulus), bagazo de caña (Saccharum officinale) y cacao molido (Theobroma cacao), en un ambiente controlado de cuarto oscuro ubicado en Yaruquí (parroquia rural del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito). El crecimiento miceliar y del exudado fue evaluado periódicamente a lo largo de julio y agosto de 2019. El mejor crecimiento al finalizar este lapso fue observado en el sustrato de bagazo de caña (F= 52,7; gl= 2/54; p=0,00), esto posiblemente se debe a que tal sustrato tiene adecuados niveles de celulosa y lignina, así como niveles de porosidad y retención de humedad suficientes, factores que terminaron favoreciendo el crecimiento del micelio. Se recomienda continuar evaluando las características de crecimiento de este hongo útil.

- by Arturo Avila-López and +1
- •
- Ecuador, Ganoderma Lucidum, Basidiomycetes, Residuos Agroindustrales

Boletus subappendiculatus is recorded for the first time in Bulgaria. The species is described and illustrated on the basis of Bulgarian specimens. The differences with the similar B. appendiculatus are briefly discussed.

- by Boris Assyov
- •
- Fungi, Basidiomycetes, Boletales, Macrofungi

Los hongos basidiomicetos son hongos no muy estudiados por la medicina occidental, este tipo de organismos pueden vivir en una variedad de adaptaciones orgánicas, como parásitos o como simbióticos. Se ha descrito numerosos tipos de biomoléculas que estos organismos generan y que tiene efectos, anti tumorales, antibióticos y anti virales entre otros. Realizamos una revisión en la literatura científica para evaluar las propiedades de estos organismos. Se encontró en laboratorio secuencias de ácidos nucleicos compatibles con estos hongos, por medio de la reacción en cadena de polimerasa con secuencias ITS, migración en gel de agarosa, secuenciación y búsqueda de estas secuencias en bases de datos de ADN registradas en el NCBI. ABSTRACT: Basidiomycete fungi are fungi not very studied by Western medicine, these organisms can live in a variety of organic adaptations, as parasites or as symbiotic. It has been described numerous types of biomolecules that these organisms generate and that has effects, anti-tumor, antibiotics and anti-viral among others. We performed a review in the scientific literature to evaluate the properties of these organisms. Nucleic acid sequences compatible with these fungi were found in the laboratory by means of the polymerase chain reaction with ITS sequences, agarose gel migration, sequencing and search of these sequences in DNA databases recorded in the NCBI.

- by Eduardo castillo gonzalez
- •
- New Antibiotics Discovery, Basidiomycetes, Hongos, Fungy

Recently the well-known genus Amanita has been split into two genera, Amanita, a genus of putatively ectomycorrhizal fungi, and Saproamanita, a genus of putatively saprotrophic fungi. We disagree with this generic split and argue why Amanita should not be split. The proposal to split the genus does not conform to the recently proposed guidelines for publishing new genera. Concise amended characterizations are provided for the monophyletic family Amanitaceae and its two monophyletic genera Amanita and Limacella.2 The characterization of Amanita rests on a single, unique synapomorphy—schizohymenial ontogeny in its agaricoid and secotioid taxa. We propose a minimal reorganization of Amanita—removal of stirps Hesleri from subsection Vittadiniae. Some open issues in Amanita systematics are discussed. Amanita is an emblematic genus and the focus of diverse research programs. Taxonomists and users of taxonomic and systematic products are used to, and rely on, Amanita as a genus with meanin...

- by Thomas Kuyper
- •
- Systematics (Taxonomy), Fungi, Genus, Basidiomycetes

ABSTRACT In Cuba, during last years maize have been gained in importance, cropped areas with this cereal have been increased from 74 604 ha in 1990 to 185 922 ha in 2014. In several maize fields from different provinces, plants with deformed male inflorescence, with smut sori and or phillody on inflorescence and ears, were detected. Symptomatic plants were present with a low frequency in the fields and were found sporadically. Identification of the the causal agent of this symptomatology was the aim of this work. Smut isolates were morphologically characterized. Foliar tissue from plants with phillody, were decolorized to dismiss Slce-rophthora macrospora presence on its. Morphological characteristics of smut isolates agree with those reported for Sphacelotheca reiliana. This specie was detected in eighth provinces on canilla, FR-28, tusón, TGH, P-7928 varieties and on hybrid HDT-66. This work is the first report of maize head smut caused by S. reiliana in Cuba. Neither, S. macrospora mycelia and oospores, were not detected on any of analyzed samples.
RESUMEN En los últimos años, el cultivo del maíz ha ganado importancia en Cuba las áreas sembradas con este cereal se han incrementado considera-blemente, pasando de 74 604 ha en 1990 a 185 922 en 2014. En varios campos de maíz de diferentes provincias del país se detectaron plantas con la inflorescencia masculina deformada, con presencia de soros de carbón y/o filodia en la espiga y mazorcas. Las plantas con estos síntomas se presentaron con una baja frecuencia y se encontraron de manera esporádica en los campos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue identificar el agente causal de esta sintomatología. Se caracterizaron morfológicamente los diferentes aislados de carbón. En las plantas que presentaron filodia, se realizaron decoloraciones del tejido foliar para descartar la presencia en las mismas de Sclerophthora macrospora. Las características morfológicas del carbón detectado en las mues-tras corresponde con las descritas para Sphacelotheca reiliana. Esta especie fue detectada en ocho provincias del país en las variedades canilla, FR-28, tusón, TGH, P-7928 y en el híbrido HDT-66. En ninguna de las muestras analizadas se detectaron ni oosporas ni micelio de S. macrospora. El presente trabajo constituye el primer informe para Cuba del carbón de la espiga del maíz causado por S. reiliana.

- by Einar Martínez de la Parte
- •
- Maize, Basidiomycetes, Fungal Disease of Plant, Smut Fungi

The root-rot causing fungus Heterobasidion annosum can attack both spruce and pine trees and is the economically most damaging pathogen in northern European forestry. We have monitored the H. annosum S-type (fairly recently named H. parviporum) colonization rate and expression of host chitinases and other host transcripts in Norway spruce material with differing resistances using quatitative realtime PCR. Transcript levels of three chitinases, representing classes I, II and IV, were monitored. Ramets of two 33 -year-old clones differing in resistance were employed as host material and inoculation and wounding was performed. clones in the area immediately adjacent to inoculation. Fourteen days after infection, pathogen colonization was restricted to the area immediately adjacent to the site of inoculation for the strong clone (589), but had progressed further into the host tissue in the weak clone (409). Transcript levels of the class II and IV chitinases increased following wounding or inoculation, while the transcript level of the class I chitinase declined following these treatments. Transcript levels of the class II and class IV chitinases were higher in areas immediately adjacent to the inoculation site in 589 than in similar sites in 409 three days after inoculation, suggesting that the clones differ in the rate of pathogen perception and host defense signal transduction. This an earlier experiments using mature spruce clones as substrate indicate that it is the speed of the host response and not maximum amplitude of the host response that is the most crucial component in an efficient defense in Norway spruce toward pathogenic fungi such as H. annosum.

- by Carl Gunnar Fossdal and +1
- •
- Responses of plant to abiotic stresses, Mycology and Plant pathology, Plant Roots, Basidiomycetes

The Basidiomycota fungi represent a diverse source of natural products, particularly the sesquiterpenoids. Recently, genome sequencing, genome mining, and the subsequent discovery of a suite of sesquiterpene synthases in Omphalotus olearius was described. A predictive framework was developed to facilitate the discovery of sesquiterpene synthases in Basidiomycota. Phylogenetic analyses indicated a conservation of both sequence and initial cyclization mechanisms used. Here, the first robust application of this predictive framework is reported. It was used to selectively identify sesquiterpene synthases that follow 1,6-, 1,10-, and 1,11-cyclization mechanisms in the crust fungus Stereum hirsutum. The successful identification and characterization of a 1,6- and a 1,10-cyclizing sesquiterpene synthase, as well as three 1,11-cyclizing Δ6-protoilludene synthases, is described. This study verifies the accuracy and utility of the predictive framework as a roadmap for the discovery of specific sesquiterpene synthases from Basidiomycota, and thus represents an important step forward in natural product discovery.

- by Chris Flynn
- •
- Natural Products, Terpenes, Basidiomycetes, Fungal Enzymes

This work provides new information about five interesting and uncommon hypogeous fungi from Greece – Balsamia vulgaris, Geopora clausa, Hydnocystis piligera, Sclerogaster compactus and Wakefieldia macrospora. Descriptions of the five species are included based upon Greek collections, accompanied by colour macro- and microphotographs, and molecular data of four of them. On the basis of molecular results, the genus Wakefieldia seems to be closely related to Hebeloma in the Hymenogastraceae, while Geopora clausa appears to be related to Geopora in the Pyronemataceae.

- by Boris Assyov and +1
- •
- Greece, Basidiomycetes, Boletales, Ascomycetes

- by Juliana Do Valle
- •
- Chemistry, Society Development, Microbial Enzymes, Micology

- by Francislaine Lívero
- •
- Industrial Biotechnology, Fatty acids, Organic Acids, tocopherol/vitamin E

The aim of this work was the use of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus sajor-caju for the previous lignocellulolytic decomposition of banana tree leaf straw and the further use of the degraded straw as substrate for the culture of Agaricus blazei. For optimising the production of A. blazei in terms of yield (Y%) and biological efficiency (BE%), adjustments to the composition of the substrate were evaluated in a 25 experimental design. The following components were tested in relation to % of substrate dry mass: urea (1 and 10%), rice bran (10 or 20%) or ammonium sulphate (0 or 10%), inoculum (10 or 20%) and the casing material (subsoil or burned rice husks). The best results (79.71 Y % and 6.73 BE%) were found when the substrate containing 10 % of rice bran, without ammonium sulphate, inoculated with 20 % and covered with subsoil was used.

- by Mariane Bonatti-chaves
- •
- Technology, Biology, Fungi, Biological Sciences

Pleurotus spp. são fungos capazes de degradar a lignocelulose graças à excreção de enzimas com diferentes aplicações industriais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência dos meios de cultivo na produção de biomassa micelial e na atividade de lacase, celulases e xilanase de Pleurotus spp. Pleurotus citrinopileatus U16-23, P. djamor U16-20, U16-25 e U16-28, P. eryngii U16-30, P. ostreatus U16-22 e P. pulmonarius U16-21 foram cultivados por 12 dias a 28 ºC em meio extrato de malte (EM-20 g L-1), meio definido (MD glicose 10 g L-1 e extrato de levedura 2 g L-1), ou em meio bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (BC) igual ao MD, mas substituindo glicose por bagaço (50 g L-1). O maior crescimento ocorreu no meio EM e P. djamor U16-25 a cepa que gerou mais biomassa (7,5 ± 0,1 g L-1). A maioria das cepas apresentou maior atividade de lacase no meio MD e as atividades maiores foram de P. djamor U16-25 (22243 ± 745 U L-1) e P. pulmonarius (20924 ± 46 U L-1). P. citrinopileatus e P. djamor U16-25 não produziram celulases, mas P. djamor U16-20 e P. eryngii produziram as maiores atividades de celulase nos meios EM e MD. Todas as cepas produziram xilanase em e as maiores atividades foram observadas no meio EM e P. djamor U16-28 (67154 ± 1597 U L-1) foi o maior produtor. Pleurotus djamor U16-25 se destacou como produtor de lacase e de xilanase livre de celulase revelando potencial para aplicação na indústria de papel e celulose.

- by Marisangela Isabel Wietzikoski Halabura and +1
- •
- Microbial Enzymes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Laccase, Basidiomycetes

Lentinus crinitus is a basidiomycete with the ability to produce laccase and other enzymes of biotechnological interest. Laccase production depends on cultivation conditions and can be induced by metallic, phenolic or aromatic compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the laccase production of L. crinitus cultivated in sugarcane vinasse and urea with addition of laccase inducers. L. crinitus was cultivated in sugarcane vinasse with urea and supplemented with copper sulfate (0, 50, 150, 250, 350 and 450 μM) and aromatic compounds (guaiacol, veratryl alcohol, or 2,5-xylidine) added alone or combined to the cultivation medium. Cooper (150 or 250 μM) increased laccase activity in 14.5 (49,000 U/L) and 28.5% (55,000 U/L), respectively. Guaiacol had no significant effect, but veratryl alcohol (~46000 U/L) and xylidine (~75000 U/L) increased laccase activity. Copper with other inducers had the most relevant effects on laccase production. Simultaneous guaiacol addition with 150 or 250 μM copper increased 108% and 151% laccase activity, respectively, when compared with only copper addition to vinasse-urea medium. Veratryl alcohol and 150 or 250 μM copper addition increased 100% and 138% laccase activity, respectively, when compared to only copper addition. Interaction analysis of the variables guaiacol or veratryl alcohol and copper (250 μM) added to cultivation medium demonstrated synergistic effects resulting in laccase activity increase. These results highlight the importance of L. crinitus as a laccase producer and emphasize the relevance of studies using a combination of inducers to increase laccase production.

- by Juliana Do Valle
- •
- Microbial Enzymes, DYE DECOLORİZATİON, Laccase, Basidiomycetes
- by Valeria Castiglia
- •
- Botany, Evolutionary Biology, Microbiology, Taxonomy

The role of the homokaryotic life stage in the dynamics of fungal communities is relatively unknown. However, homokaryons are thought to be only a temporary stage and are therefore not generally used in ecological experiments with fungi. In this study, the relative competitive ability and growth rates of homokaryons and heterokaryons of wood decay fungi were tested to assess the potential role of homokaryons in community dynamics. A homokaryon and a heterokaryon of each of four species ( Aleurodiscus lividocoeruleus, Peniophora sp. 1, Peniophora sp. 2 and Pereniporia medulla-panis ) were assessed for their competitive abilities on an agar medium. The relationship between nuclear status and competitive ability varied between species. The homokaryon of Peniophora sp. 2 was competitively superior to its heterokaryon, whereas the homokaryon of Peniophora sp. 1 was inferior to its heterokaryon. A hierarchy of competitive abilities of each isolate revealed that Pereniporia medulla-panis homokaryon = P. medulla-panis heterokaryon > Peniophora sp. 1 heterokaryon > Peniophora sp. 2 homokaryon > Peniophora sp. 2 heterokaryon > A. lividocoeruleus heterokaryon = A. lividocoeruleus homokaryon. This experiment indicates that homokaryons as well as heterokaryons have the potential to influence community structure through competitive effects.

- by Sally Fryar
- •
- Competition, Fungi, Basidiomycetes, Wood Decay Fungi

Recently the well-known genus Amanita has been split into two genera, Amanita, a genus of putatively ectomycorrhizal fungi, and Saproamanita, a genus of putatively saprotrophic fungi. We disagree with this generic split and argue why Amanita should not be split. The proposal to split the genus does not conform to the recently proposed guidelines for publishing new genera. Concise amended characterizations are provided for the monophyletic family Amanitaceae and its two monophyletic genera Amanita and Limacella.2 The characterization of Amanita rests on a single, unique synapomorphy—schizohymenial ontogeny in its agaricoid and secotioid taxa. We propose a minimal reorganization of Amanita—removal of stirps Hesleri from subsection Vittadiniae. Some open issues in Amanita systematics are discussed. Amanita is an emblematic genus and the focus of diverse research programs. Taxonomists and users of taxonomic and systematic products are used to, and rely on, Amanita as a genus with meanin...

- by Santiago González Sánchez
- •
- Systematics (Taxonomy), Fungi, Genus, Basidiomycetes
- by Juliana Do Valle
- •
- Genetics, Molecular Genetics, Microbial Enzymes, Laccase

This investigation is a trial to biocontrol of brown rot disease of potato by basidiomycetes, wheat straw and spent mushroom straw. Bird`s nest Cyathus stercoreus is firstly recorded in Egypt. It was found growing on manured soil at New Damietta. It is identified and isolated from its fruit body. Eight basidiomycetes including C. stercoreus were tested to antagonize Ralstonia solanacearum (causal agent of brawn rot disease of potato) in vitro. All of these fungi inhibited the growth of R. solanacearum and the largest inhibition zones were recorded with Cyathus stercoreus Egyptian strain and Agaricus campester Egyptian strain. Extract from the Cyathus stercoreus mycelia was studied using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Infrared (IR) spectroscopic analysis and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The study suggested that the polysaccharide of this fungus has the antibacterial activity. C. stercoreus was selected to green house study. Water extract filtrate of raw wheat straw (wers) and of spent mushroom straw (wess) of three Pleurotus sp. were tested to inhibit R. solanacearum growth by applying disc-filter paper method. RSE filtrate and all the other three filtrates inhibited R. solanacearum growth. Water extract of Pleurotus columbinus spent wheat straw (wess) had the largest inhibition zone, so, it was selected to further study. In greenhouse experiment, the previous selected factors were used to estimate their ability to biocontrol R. solanacearum. The reported results revealed that the mycelial suspension of C. stercoreus (Css) had the best effect in reduction of the disease, plant health and plant production. Consequently, this is the first report of using C. stercoreus in biological control of plant diseases. Using of spent straw and raw straw powders and their water extracts had good results in controlling the disease and plant productivity.

- by Zeiad Moussa
- •
- Fungi, Biological Control, Antibacterial agents, Mushrooms
- by Tuula Niskanen
- •
- Evolutionary Biology, Microbiology, Systematics (Taxonomy), Plant Biology

Bracket fungi are the most important macroscopic fungi that play a main role in the ecosystem. In this study, the morphological characters of Cerrena unicolor were evaluated and then, the effect of different solvents (n-Hexan, Dichloromethane, Ethyl acetate, and Methanol) on the extraction of phenolic compounds, antioxidant properties, and cytotoxic activities of the extracts were investigated. Total phenol and flavonoid content, phenolic acid analysis, antioxidant properties, and cytotoxic activities on MCF-7 cells were evaluated by spectrophotometry, HPLC, DPPH, and MTT methods, respectively. The obtained results showed the basidiocarp was semicircular and wavy, and the upper surface was covered with small white to grayish brown hairs. Basidia were 25 µm in length, calvate and including 4 sterigmata with ellipsoid basidiospores. The results also indicated that the Methanolic extract had the highest total phenol and flavonoid contents compared with other extracts. Moreover,Benzoic acid, Protocatechuic acid, Gallic acid, and Cinnamic acid were the main phenolic acids of the Methanolic and Ethyl acetate extracts. In addition, the Methanolic extract showed the highest antioxidant activity in inhibiting DPPH radicals, while the Methanolic and Ethyl acetate extracts indicated the highest cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 cells. Therefore the Methanolic extract due to phenolic compounds could be proposed as a new sourceofnatural antioxidants with cytotoxic activity.

- by olom paih
- •
- Antioxidant, Basidiomycetes, Phenolic Compounds, Cytotoxic Activity

Panus strigellus is a native basidiomycete from Brazil with laccase production potential. Laccases are involved in the biodegradation of dyes and their production can be stimulated by cultivation with agro industrial by-products. This study aimed to evaluate laccase production of P. strigellus cultivated with sugarcane bagasse on dye decolorization. Culture media had different concentrations of sugarcane bagasse (SB), sources of nitrogen (urea, yeast extract, ammonium sulfate and sodium nitrate), and concentrations of copper sulfate (0, 50, 100, 200, and 300 μM). Enzymatic extract from fungal cultivation was used in the decolorization of reactive blue 220 (RB220), malachite green (MG), and remazol brilliant blue R (RBBR). Laccase production was inversely proportional to the amount of SB in cultivation medium and higher titers of enzyme were obtained when 20 g/L SB (SB20) was used. Cultivation medium with SB20 and most nitrogen sources did not have a positive effect on laccase production whereas the addition of urea or yeast-extract reduced laccase production. Most of the copper sulfate
concentrations added to SB20 medium increased laccase production, and the maximum laccase production was 55,342 U/L in the SB20 medium with 200 μM copper. The crude enzymatic extract was more effective in the decolorization of azo dye (RB220), with more than 90% of decolorization in 24 h, than anthraquinone dye (RBBR), with 60% decolorization, and triphenylmethane dye (MG), with 68% decolorization, both in 72 h.

- by Juliana Do Valle
- •
- Microbial Enzymes, DYE DECOLORİZATİON, Laccase, Basidiomycetes

Fungal cocultures can promote complex interactions that result in physiological and biochemical alterations that favor the synergic and more efficient action of extracellular enzymes such as laccase. Thus, coculture can be used as a strategy to increase enzymatic activity, dye degradation, and bioremediation of textile effluents. This study aimed to evaluate the coculture effect of Lentinus crinitus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pycnoporus sanguineus, and Trametes polyzona on laccase activity, mycelial biomass production, and in vitro decolorization of azo, anthraquinone, and triphenylmethane dyes. The species were cultivated in liquid medium in monoculture and coculture in paired combinations for 15 days to determine the laccase activity and produced mycelial biomass. The enzymatic extracts of fungal cultivations were used in decolorization tests of reactive blue 220 (RB220), malachite green (MG), and remazol brilliant blue R (RBBR). Pleurotus-Trametes, Lentinus-Pleurotus, and Lentinus-Trametes cocultures increase laccase activity compared to respective monocultures. Lentinus-Pycnoporus, Lentinus-Trametes, Lentinus-Pleurotus, and Pleurotus-Trametes cocultures stimulate mycelial biomass production in relation to their respective monocultures. The enzymatic extracts of monocultures and cocultures promoted the decolorization of all dyes. RB220 dye presented fast decolorization. In 24 h, all extracts reached maximum decolorization and the greatest color reduction percentage was 90% for Pleurotus-Trametes coculture extract. Pleurotus-Trametes extract also increased the decolorization of MG and RBBR dyes when compared to their respective monocultures in 48 h and 72 h, respectively. However, RBBR dye presented the greatest resistance to decolorization.

- by Juliana Do Valle
- •
- Microbial Enzymes, Micology, Basidiomycetes, Enzyme
- by Juan Carlos Zamora
- •
- Evolutionary Biology, Molecular Biology, Plant Biology, Evolution