Bushido 武士道 Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

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- Modern History, Intellectual History, Asian Studies, Japanese Studies

The warrior caste dominated Japan since 1192. With the establishment of a military government the bushi or samurai became the icon of strength and authority, and at the same time the symbol of order, justice and of a superior unique style of life. The “loyalty to the Lord” (chū) was a fundamental value for a bushi and one's duty derived from the chū.
Death was the extreme expression of this loyalty and one way to express one's loyalty was following the Lord in death (junshi), until it was banned by the government in 1663. This article deals with junshi and the self sacrifice committed by four retainers of the Lord Shimazu Yukihisa (1550-1610), to cancel a merciless and disloyal act to their Lord.

- by Cristóbal Mazo Villanueva
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- Bushido 武士道, Guerra, Estrategia, Administracion de Empresas

FECHAS Resumen. Los samuráis completaban su entrenamiento marcial mediante un viaje a lo largo de la geo-grafía japonesa para aprender de otras escuelas y en ocasiones, batirse con ellas poniendo a prueba sus aptitudes marciales. Sin embargo, estas peregrinaciones también comprendían otros aspectos como el religioso y el artístico en lo concerniente al sable japonés o nihontō. Palabras clave: Samurái; shugyō; nihontō; koryū. [en] Musha shugyō: the warrior pilgrimage. A brief approach to the martial training of the Japanese warrior through their travels Abstract: Samurai completed their martial training with a trip through the Japanese geography to learn from other schools and sometimes challenge other samurai to test their martial skills. However, these pilgrimages also included other aspects such as religious and artistic considerations related with the Japanese sword (nihontō). Sumario: Las peregrinaciones en Japón y su relación con la clase samurái; El musha shugyō, el viaje de adiestramiento del samurái; Ejemplos y evolución del musha shugyō; El fin del musha shugyō y el inicio de una nueva era. Cómo citar: Sala Ivars, M. (2018). Musha shugyō: la peregrinación del guerrero. Una aproximación a la formación marcial del guerrero japonés a través de sus viajes, en Mirai. Estudios Japoneses 2(2018), 115-127. 1. Las peregrinaciones en Japón y su relación con la clase samurái. Las peregrinaciones han existido en Japón desde los primeros tiempos de los que se conservan fuentes históricas. Al igual que en otros países, estos viajes estaban íntimamente relacionados con la religión, alcanzando a todos los estratos de la socie-1

- by Marcos A . Sala Ivars
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- Japanese Studies, Martial Arts, Japan, Martial Arts (Anthropology)

Buşido, Japon samuraylarının, savaşçılık geleneğinin ötesinde; sosyal ve etik boyutları olan yaşam felsefesidir. Samuraylar yüzyıllarca, Japon toplumu içinde Buşido etik kodlarına göre hareket etmiş ve bu geleneği kuşaktan kuşağa aktarmışlardır. Bu çalışma kapsamında Japon kültür tarihinin anahtar kavramlarından olan Buşido, Japonya'nın tarihinde yer alan önemli samuray ve savaş sanatı ustalarının (Yamamoto Tsunetomo, Miyamoto Musashi, Takuan Soho, Yagyu Munenori) görüşleri ışığında ele alınmıştır. Savaş sanatları tarihinde önemli bir yeri olan Buşido kavramı ve yansımaları kendi sosyal ve kültürel bağlamı içinde analiz edilirken, bu kavramın/olgunun oluşturduğu samuray profilinin oluşumu araştırılmıştır. Samurayların savaşçılık geleneğinin, salt bir fiziki "savaş" stratejileri bütünü olmayıp; esasında kişisel gelişim, ruhsal olgunlaşma ve ilerleme olarak bir anlam taşıdığı felsefi/etik örnekler temelinde ele alınmıştır.

- by M. Kubilay Akman
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- Japanese Philosophy, Martial Arts, History of the Samurai, Bushido 武士道

In the paper I present chosen issues of the history of arising and educational changes of Bushido, the honorary code of Japanese knights. System of values transmitted within the Bushido code for centuries was a basis for self-improvement and, in my opinion, is the most important element of security culture for individuals, communities and bigger societies. I would like to underline that in the article appears a new concept, i.e. socalled Modern Bushido. It is, to some extent, a conception that was created for Western people. There is an absolute continuity of transmission of the Way of the Warrior for 2,5 thousand years, while the evolution and application of the idea of Bushido lasts in Japan for ca. 1,5 thousand years in accordance with Confucian and Buddhist paradigm postulating „building the new on the old”. In 19th century Bushido was threatened with total extinction, which was however successfully avoided. In result of the intervention of Japanese elites in 1882, led by the Emperor (Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors), the Bushido code was not only saved but started to be used in harmonious coexistence with conceptions of modernization carried out since 1868. At the time in the Land of the Raising Sun it received a new name – Shinbushido, which means the New Bushido. In this article indirectly indicated was the usefulness of finding such a way of making the evolution in the spirit of globalization, where the priority is to find elements that link, not to focus on what divides people and cultures.

Untuk memenuhi tugas akhir dalam mata kuliah ‘Integrasi dan Nilai-nilai Islam’, penulis juga bertujuan untuk mencari tahu apakah 7 prinsip Bushido sesuai dengan nilai-nilai yang telah Rasul-rasul Allah ajarkan melalui kitab Al-Qur’an... more

- by Miu Chandra
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- Islam, Bushido 武士道, Sastra Jepang, Integrasi Ilmu Dan Agama

The martial arts were used in the Japanese educational and military systems to inculcate the samurai’s notions of honor and loyalty (bushido) in the general public. This article therefore posits that the martial arts played a role in the... more

- by William R Patterson, PhD
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- Japanese Studies, Martial Arts, Nationalism, Japanese History

El bushido—o camino del guerrero—, el cual en su día fue un conjunto de reglas básicas para la supervivencia del samurai, durante cientos de años se ha convertido en una forma de mantener y recordar las costumbres de una nación. Este estudio intenta cuestionar si el bushido original es el mismo que el bushido que conocemos hoy en día. Una comparación con los supuestos preceptos del bushido con aquellos expuestos en novelas o estudios modernos cuestionan si el bushido es un reflejo fiable de la nación japonesa o si, por el contrario, ha sufrido como otras muchas culturas, la influencia de factores externos hasta el punto de confundir con dichas virtudes a la propia nación que lo exportó. Occidente, específicamente la cultura occidental basada en Japón, muestra cierta evidencia de la influencia externa (un feedback hasta cierto punto) que Japón ha sufrido durante cientos de años: seppuku sistemáticos, valores éticos típicos de los héroes del movimiento artístico del romanticismo y todo tipo de estereotipos más cercanos al fenómeno postcolonial del orientalismo que a la realidad de la cultura japonesa.

The present work is a comparative study between the Iliad and the Heike Monogatari. The goal of such comparison is to draw similarities between the Greek epic and the Japanese narrative in order to better understand its origins, themes and influences. The starting point is the classification of “epic” as a literary genre, from its classical Western definition to a broader concept of genre, one which the Heike Monogatari would be a part of. Therefore, it was made an analysis of the differences and similarities between the Greek and Japanese works, such as oral transmission, historical background and influence in society – especially the sociocultural impact of the Iliad in Greece and the Heike Monogatari's role in the formation of Bushidō in Japan.
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O presente trabalho é um estudo comparado entre a Ilíada e o Heike Monogatari. Espera-se, com tal comparação, traçar semelhanças entre o épico grego e a narrativa japonesa a fim de melhor compreender sua origem, temas e influências. O ponto de partida é a classificação do “épico” como gênero literário, desde sua definição clássica ocidental até um conceito amplo de gênero do qual o Heike Monogatari faria parte. Para tanto, foi feita uma análise das diferenças e similaridades entre as obras grega e japonesa, tais como difusão oral, fundo histórico e influência na sociedades – com destaque para o impacto sociocultural da Ilíada na Grécia e a contribuição do Heike Monogatari para a formação do Bushidō no Japão.

- by Tomas Jevsejevas
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- History of Japan, Japanese History, Pre-Modern Japan, East Asian Studies

Japanese philosophy is now a flourishing field with thriving societies, journals, and conferences dedicated to it around the world, made possible by an ever-increasing library of translations, books, and articles. The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Philosophy is a foundation-laying reference work that covers, in detail and depth, the entire span of this philosophical tradition, from ancient times to the present. It introduces and examines the most important topics, figures, schools, and texts from the history of philosophical thinking in premodern and modern Japan. Each chapter, written by a leading scholar in the field, clearly elucidates and critically engages with its topic in a manner that demonstrates its contemporary philosophical relevance.
The Handbook opens with an extensive introductory chapter that addresses the multifaceted question, “What is Japanese Philosophy?” The first fourteen chapters cover the premodern history of Japanese philosophy, with sections dedicated to Shintō and the Synthetic Nature of Japanese Philosophical Thought, Philosophies of Japanese Buddhism, and Philosophies of Japanese Confucianism and Bushidō. Next, seventeen chapters are devoted to Modern Japanese Philosophies. After a chapter on the initial encounter with and appropriation of Western philosophy in the late nineteenth-century, this large section is divided into one subsection on the most well-known group of twentieth-century Japanese philosophers, The Kyoto School, and a second subsection on the no less significant array of Other Modern Japanese Philosophies. Rounding out the volume is a section on Pervasive Topics in Japanese Philosophical Thought, which covers areas such as philosophy of language, philosophy of nature, ethics, and aesthetics, spanning a range of schools and time periods. This volume will be an invaluable resource specifically to students and scholars of Japanese philosophy, as well as more generally to those interested in Asian and comparative philosophy and East Asian studies.

- by Bret W Davis
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- Buddhism, Chinese Philosophy, Comparative Philosophy, Japanese Philosophy
- by Samuel Shooklyn
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- Japanese Studies, Martial Arts, Meiji Japan, Edo-period Japan

This paper aims to analyse the dysfunctional family relations explored in Kazuo Ishiguro's "A Family Supper". The symbolism and lines spoken by the characters are going to be analyzed in correlation with the elements of Japanese culture. The aim is to explore the possibility and the likeliness of the father character murdering his entire family and himself by serving poisonous 'fugu' fish at dinner.

- by Sercan Arısoy
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- Postmodernism, Japanese Culture, Alienation, Post-War Literature

The term bushidō is widespread today and involves history, philosophy, literature, sociology and religion. It is commonly believed to be rooted in the ancient " way " of the bushi or samurai, the Japanese warriors who led the country until modern times. However, even in the past the bushi were seldom represented accurately. Mostly, they were depicted as the authors thought they should be, to fulfil a certain role in society and on the political scene. By taking into account some ancient and pre-modern writings, from the 8th to the 19th centuries, from the ancient chronicles of Japan, war tales, official laws, letters, to martial arts manuals and philosophical essays, and by highlighting some of the bushidō values, this article attempts to answer the questions how and why the representation of the bushi changed from the rise of the warrior class to the end of the military government in the 19th century.

- by Maria Paola Culeddu
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- Literature, Japanese History, History of the Samurai, Bushido 武士道
- by Henry Martyn Lloyd
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- Martial Arts, Michel Foucault, Pierre Hadot, Bushido 武士道

Es bien sabido que en Japón ha existido durante largo tiempo una tradición de suicidios honorables. Conforme a la misma, quitarse la vida es percibido como una salida posible, que permite al suicida preservar su honor. Dicha tradición, que suele relacionarse con el modelo de conducta de los samurai y el código bushido, cobra un interés especial en la actualidad, ante la elevada tasa de suicidios que se encuentra en Japón (aunque también en otros países de la región). De hecho, Japón constituye uno de los países con la tasa de suicidios más elevada del mundo. La presente comunicación se propone reflexionar sobre el suicidio en Japón desde distintos puntosde vista. En concreto, se ha sugerido en alguna ocasión que el suicidio en el mundo occidental suele ser el resultado de una depresión o de otra patología psicológica, mientras que en el mundo oriental es más frecuente que sea el resultado de una decisiónlúcida y responsable. Por otro lado, la elevada tasa de suicidios en Japón se ha atribuido también a la extraordinaria tensión y estrés de la vida en el Japón moderno, una tensión causada por los cambios sociales masivos que la necesidad de modernizar la sociedad feudal de la noche a la mañana habría provocado. Si bien esta última consideración sobre la sociedad feudal pueda tener algo de anacronismo, sí que parece digna de consideración la posibilidad de establecer algún vínculo entre la tensión y el estrés de la vida moderna y la tasa de suicidios en dicho país. También conviene examinar la relación con la idea del honor en la cultura japonesa.En fin, la comunicación tiene como objetivo comparar algunas ideas sobre el suicidio en Japón con el mismo fenómeno en Occidente, con el trasfondo de la lucha para prevenirlo.

- by Albert Ruda Gonzalez
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- Japanese Studies, East Asian Studies, Suicide, Japan

This experimental article explores the question of whether it is possible to examine the experience of playing fighting games (video games) as a form of self-cultivation or practice and, in so doing, whether it becomes possible to shift the debate about the potential impact of violent video games on the people who play them (and on society around them). The article draws on five years of surveys and interviews with gamers from around the world, but seeks to interpret this data through a critical and creative reading of the games themselves as well as a reading of the so-called bushidō tradition (of texts about the intersection between Zen and the martial arts). The article concludes that fighting games might be experienced as forms of martial arts in themselves, complete with potentials for self-transformation, but that this form of engagement requires appropriate intentionality from players, which provokes a space for a manifesto to guide players' intentions. From the Dragon to the Beast Bruce Lee is one of the most recognized names in contemporary history. It is no exaggeration to say that he changed the face of the martial arts, of the movie industry, and of Asian masculinity. 2 After the worldwide release of his landmark movie, Enter the Dragon (1973), and his untimely death in the same year, Lee's legend was secure. He became an icon; his brief presence on the world stage was a transformative moment in the lives of people all over the world, and remains a powerful inspiration to this day.

- by chris goto-jones
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- Asian Studies, Japanese Studies, Martial Arts, Video Games

In this study, the term intermediality, together with the term intertextuality, should serve as a theoretical model for analyzing two diverse texts or types of text from the fields of literature and music on the basis of their medial transmission. The intention is to determine the mutual effects of literature and music on the basis of diachronic text which are to be semantized with one another in the first instance. In addition, it should be stated that the term intermediality, which comes from the corpus of media studies, also makes a notable contribution to new discourses within the recalibration of the subject of German studies in the 21st century. On the basis of theories of intermediality and intertextuality, the following central questions are to be dealt with in the present work: - What is the intermedial relationship between literature and music? What are the similarities or differences between the writing systems of literature and music? Which stylistic devices play a role in the media transformation? At the level of these questions, two texts from different epochs and art genres are used as objects of investigation; Johann Wolfgang Goethe and his great work "Faust" (19th century) and the German-speaking rapper Bushido and his lyrics "Mephisto" (21st century).

- by Sefa Yildiz
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- Literature, Intermediality, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Intertextuality

Itakura Shigenori’s (1617-1673) letter to his son is a spiritual testament of a feudal Lord for his successor. Together with some contemporary works of the 17th century and with a biographical document on Itakura himself, it significantly helps us with the understanding of the peaceful period of history it was written in, within a changed society, where samurai's existence and rank were no longer justified by war. In the letter Shigenori warmly recommends his son to be respectful of Japanese tradition and warrior class principles, but also emphasizes the importance of behaviours such as willing to listen to the others’ opinions, rewarding the virtuous and punishing the dishonest. His words reflect the awareness of the fact that contemporary samurai were progressively less faithful to the ancient values.

- by Maria Paola Culeddu
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- History of Japan, Medieval Japanese History, Bushido 武士道, Samurai

En el antiguo imperio japonés surgió una nobleza de cuño feudal muy similar a la europea, pese a la distancia entre ambos y la escasa comunicación que existió entre ambos paises separados por más de once mil kilometros. Loss Samurais fueron el equivalente de los caballeros europeos, con su propio código de ideales. Igualmente surgió una heráldica propia y caractenristica por su forma no escutiforme, pues en el aditamente guerrero del cballero japonés no existía el escudoa

- by Luis Valero de Bernabe
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- Japanese History, Chivalry (Chivalry), Heraldry, Nobility

Even though Japan had accepted the benefits of Western culture early and with an open mind, they never opened their minds to Christianity. As many former missionaries’ experiences show, it was difficult to expand the Kingdom of God in Japan through efforts to satisfy physical needs without an exact understanding of the Japanese worldview. The Japanese did not reject Christianity with a thorough understanding of it, but a spiritual barrier of their worldview led them keep away from Christianity. To seek effective strategies for sharing the gospel with the Japanese, this writer has researched the updated worldview of the Japanese through an interview with a young Japanese woman and through study of the shift of their traditional worldview.

- by Sunghan Kim
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- Japanese Culture, InterCultural Studies, Bushido 武士道, Uchimura Kanzo

Dieser Text stellt eine gemäß dem "SHIn-Ken"-Prinzip erstellte Zusammenfassung über Moritz von Sachsens „Reveries Upon the Art of War“dar.
Daher enthält diese Zusammenfassung nicht nur die Lehre des Moritz von Sachsen, sondern wird im Sinne der japanischen vergleichenden Geisteswissenschaft „SHIn-Ken“ mit geballtem Führungswissen sowohl der östlichen als auch der westlichen Welt der vergangenen 2.500 Jahre kombiniert, da eine einzelne „reine“ Lehre wie eine rohe Kartoffel ist, zu der man Wasser, Salz, Pfeffer, Petersilie und Hitze hinzufügen muss, um daraus etwas nützliches zu kreieren, damit beim Leser kein neunmalkluges Kopfwissen, sondern eigenes Verstehen entsteht.

The aim of this paper is to determine whether Nitobe Inazō provided an accurate description of the ethical code of the samurai in his famous work Bushido, or an idealised and nostalgic text without any foundation in the works of historical samurai. In order to do so, I am comparing Nitobe's Bushido with a sample of 29 original bushidō-texts from the Kamakura to the Edo period. The surprising result of this analysis is that Nitobe did not only include the most discussed values of the original samurai texts in his book, but also gave a representative description of most of them. Despite much, modern criticism of his work, it seems that Nitobe was not the politically motivated commentator which modern history has made him, but an accurate assessor of the ethics of the bushi class.

- by Christian Etzrodt
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- Japanese Studies, Japanese History, Japanese Culture, Bushido 武士道
- by Luka Culiberg and +3
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- History, Japanese Studies, Japanese History, History of the Samurai

From the Introdution, written by Luka Culiberg, guest editor of this special issue: The aim of the present issue of the Asian Studies journal is thus to approach the notion of bushidō from as many aspects as possible in order to further unveil some of the mystery informing this notion. The seed that bore fruit in the form of present issue was planted back in the summer of 2017, when The National Museum of Slovenia featured an exhibition, titled The Paths of the Samurai, displaying samurai warrior equipment and related paraphernalia. Among the numerous events accompanying the exhibition, the Department of Asian Studies at the University of Ljubljana, in cooperation with the National Museum, hosted a symposium with the aim to rethink, discuss and further elucidate the tenets that underlie the notion of the so-called “way of the samurai”. The majority of contributions in the present issue are based on papers presented at that symposium. At this point I would first like to express our gratitude to all who came to Ljubljana from abroad
to share their valuable insights on the subject; and second, I would like to thank everyone who submitted their contributions, thus making this journal issue possible.
I am more than convinced that the final result will serve as a valuable resource not just for the scholars of Japanese history, but for a much wider readership interested in the workings of ideology in general.

[1. Abstract] Unlike his later works, Yamaga Sokō's Shidō was the very first attempt in Japanese intellectual history to comprehensively address the identity crisis of the samurai during the pax Tokugawa. As such, its importance is manifold – for one, it was one of the first attempts to transform the Confucian ideal of the noble man (君⼦) into a relevant and compelling moral philosophy, attuned to the complex realities of Tokugawa Japan, moving away from the previous, more scholastic attempts at Confucian interpretation. As such, it is not only offering us a view into the way Confucianism had naturalized during the Tokugawa period and had expanded to a broader audience than ever before, but it also hints at many of the social and political changes happening in 17 th century Japan. In the introductory study, I have detailed Yamaga Sokō's importance in Japanese intellectual history, including the reasons for his temporary demise and his rehabilitation by Yoshida Shōin, as well as his relevance today.

Bushido, the way of the warrior, which in its day was a set of basic rules for survival, over the centuries, has become a way to maintain and recall the customs of a nation. This study poses the question of whether the original Bushido is the same as the Bushido we know today. A comparison of the supposed tenets of Bushido with those portrayed in some contemporary novels or studies questions whether it is a faithful reflection of the Japanese nation or has suffered, like many other cultures, the influence of external factors to the point of confusing the nation itself with the virtues that they promote abroad. The West, specifically the Western literature based on Japan, shows some of the evidence of the external influence that Japan has suffered over the centuries: systematic ritual suicides, ethical values typical of heroes from Romanticism and all kinds of stereotypes closer to Orientalism than to the reality of the Japanese culture.

La mia tesi portò il titolo 'Leiji Matsumoto incontra Wagner. Dall'Anello del Nibelungo all'Etica del Samurai' ma avrebbe potuto intitolarsi più semplicemente 'Leiji Matsumoto e il Nibelungo Fantascientifico'. I due titoli evidenziavano aspetti diversi della materia: da un lato la fonte-il Mito-, il medium-Wagner-, il filtro-il Bushido-, e la nuova sintesi-Leiji Matsumoto-, dall'altro la tipologia di sintesi, con l'aggettivo 'fantascientifico'. Ai fini della discussione di tesi scelsi il primo in quanto dava maggiori coordinate al fruitore per capire di cosa si trattasse.
La Genesi. Il progetto nacque dal mio interesse verso la mitologia norrena e dalla volontà di analizzarne la penetrazione nella cultura popolare contemporanea.
Ora questa tesi è divenuta un saggio breve pubblicato su Manga Academica n.11 (Novembre 2018) per Società Editrice La Torre.

From 1893 to 1924, the historical division of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff produced a thirteen-volume collection of campaign studies entitled Nihon Senshi (Military History of Japan). Each volume covered a battle of one of Japan’s “Three Unifiers” in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, and as a whole were influential in shaping both Japanese and Western scholarly narratives of those campaigns. Why were these texts written at this time, and why were these particular battles from a span of fifty-five years chosen out of all recorded Japanese history? This paper situates these histories within a larger discourse of Meiji national identity formation. Comparison with the contemporary Japanese intellectual and institutional “invented traditions” that provided a nativist rationale for Japan’s emerging modernity suggests that Nihon Senshi was part of the Army’s attempt at creating a “modern” but also “Japanese” institutional history. By tying the new Imperial Japanese Army to examples from Japan’s “warring states” period, the Army staff participated in the same process of inventing history as scholars who created a feudal “medieval” in the Japanese past to fit into Western historiography, and intellectuals who discovered a “traditional” spirit called bushidō as a counterpart for English chivalry. Moreover, the interpretations of these campaigns placed a few important daimyō as not only paragons of “Japanese” military prowess, but global leaders in the modernization of military tactics and technology, ahead of even their European contemporaries. The Japanese Army desired to be seen as a “modern” military through its invented “institutional” history; it further used this history as a base for the inculcation of its members with bushidō spirit. The Imperial Japanese Army General Staff was thus an active participant in Meiji-era discourses drawing on foreign models to shape institutions, while also creating continuities with the past to reframe itself as a modern heir
to this “Japanese” historical tradition.

- by Nathan H Ledbetter
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- Military History, Japanese History, Meiji Japan, Invented Traditions

RESUMO
Com o objetivo de compreender o significado do Bushido como estilo de vida e a reação dos Samurais à lei que o proibia, iremos pesquisar a importância religiosa que a figura do Imperador possuía ao instituir um novo parlamento findando o sistema de produção feudal no controle do clã Tokugawa. É possível perceber que os pactos entre Xoguns, Daimios, Samurais e camponeses, assemelham-se, a certa monta, aos pactos verbais de Suserano e Vassalo na Europa Ocidental feudal, entretanto ocorreu uma passagem histórica neste momento e podemos formular questionamentos para entender o modo de vida Samurai. Qual era a relevância do Bushido para o xogunato? Pois sabemos que na legislação de 1870 o Imperador Meiji proíbia sua prática e isso impactou na sociedade de diversas maneiras. Por que o Imperador proibiu a prática do Bushido? Esse questionamento é necessário para compreender as mudanças nas estruturas culturais daquela sociedade.
Palavras-chave: Restauração Meiji, Japão século XIX, Bushido, Xogunato
ABSTRACT
In order to understand the Bushido’s meaning as lifestyle and the Samurai’s reaction to the law that forbade it, We will search the religious importance the Emperor’s figure had in the moment he set up a new parliament coming to a close to the feudal system
production under Tokugawa's clan control. It's possible to realize that the pacts among Shoguns, Daimyos, Samurais and peasants resemble the covenants of words in the feudal Western Europe of Overlord and Vassal, however there was a historical passage at that moment, and We can formulate questions to understand the Samurai’s way of life. What was the Bushido’s relevance to the shogunate? For We know that the law of the Meiji Emperor in 1870 forbade its practice and this impacted on society in many
ways. Why the Emperor forbade the Bushido’s practice? This questioning is needed to understand the changes in the society’s cultural structures.
Keywords: Meiji Restoration, Japan XIX century, Bushido, Shogunate

- by Saulo Nascimento
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- Japanese Studies, Japanese History, Meiji Japan, Bushido 武士道

Abstrak Kejayaan ataupun kegagalan sesebuah organisasi adalah bergantung kepada pencapaian kepimpinannya. Kepimpinan pula sangat dipengaruhi oleh kuasa budaya di negara atau kawasan di mana pemimpin tersebut menjalankan fungsinya sebagaimana yang berlaku di Jepun, Korea Selatan, Indonesia, dan sub-Sahara Afrika. Artikel ini bertujuan mengenal pasti ciri nilai budaya lokal dan peranannya dalam kepimpinan serta mengemukakan sebuah model kepimpinan dengan mengambil kira peranan budaya lokal dalam kepimpinan sesebuah organisasi. Kaedah kualitatif digunakan dengan meneliti kandungan literatur mengenai budaya bushido di Jepun, hahn di Korea Selatan, siri' di Indonesia dan ubuntu di sub-Sahara Afrika. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa terdapat beberapa persamaan nilai antara satu budaya dengan satu budaya yang lain dalam setiap daripada keempat-empat budaya tempatan tersebut. Berdasarkan senarai persamaan nilai budaya tersebut, maka pendekatan model kepimpinan berlandaskan nilai-nilai budaya lokal telah dihasilkan. Abstract Leadership is a success or failure factor of an organization. It is also strongly influenced and shaped by the power of culture in the country or region it serves. This study identifies the characteristics of local culture and its leadership influence in Japan, South Korea, Indonesia and sub-Saharan Africa and suggests a model of organizational leadership based on the role of local culture. Qualitative method was adopted by analyzing literatures on the local culture of bushido in Japan, hahn in South Korea, siri' in Indonesia, and ubuntu in sub-Saharan Africa. The study found that there were some similarities of values in all of the four local cultures studied. Based on these common values, an approach of a leadership model based on local cultural values was presented. Pengenalan Adat tradisi budaya dan warisan kebiasaan oleh nenek moyang menjadi kekuatan penggerak dunia yang telah dikukuhkan oleh masa (Andaya, 2004). Budaya sesebuah bangsa dibentuk oleh bahasa, agama, nilai,

- by Nurfitri Andi
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- Indonesian Culture, Japanese Language And Culture, Leadership, South Korea

Nihon Senshi (Military History of Japan) was part of the new Imperial Japanese Army’s attempt to tie itself to examples from Japan’s “warring states” period, similar to scholars who created a feudal “medieval” time in the Japanese past to fit into Western historiography, and intellectuals who discovered a “traditional” spirit called bushidō as a counterpart for English chivalry. The interpretations of these campaigns, placing the “three unifiers” of the late sixteenth century as global leaders in the modernization of military tactics and technology, show the Imperial Japanese Army’s desire to be seen as a “modern” military through its invented “institutional” history.

- by Nathan H Ledbetter
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- History, Ancient History, Military History, Asian Studies
- by Daniel Wawone
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- Ethics, Government, Corruption, Bushido 武士道

Este texto busca discutir a influência da moral conservadora do sul do Japão durante o início da Era Meiji, mais precisamente no período entre 1868 e 1890, sobre ethos samurai (bushido) que surgiu e se cristalizou no país majoritariamente no período entre os anos 1890 e 1905 da mesma era, tendo se desenvolvido em essência sobretudo entre as guerras Sino-Japonesa (1894-1895) e Russo-Japonesa (1904-1905).

An essay on Kobayashi Masaki's Harakiri. Here the essay examines the film's depiction of samurai conduct (bushido) and how Kobayashi constructs his criticisms of it. In addition to this, the paper also considers the film's international... more

- by Milo Flahavan
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- Film Studies, Japanese History, Japanese Cinema, Akira Kurosawa

The traditional ethical culture of Japan is under the influence of Chinese Confucian culture. However, due to differences in historical tradition and social structure, in traditional Japanese culture, “loyalty”, as the highest value, is in preference to “filial piety” and it lays a foundation for universal moral principles of the society; while in the Chinese Confucian culture, “filial piety” is regarded as the first and “loyalty” is the natural expansion of “filial piety”. The main reason is the influence of the indigenous Shinto in traditional Japanese culture. After the internalization of the indigenous Shinto and the Tennoism as well as the indoctrination of over 600-year ruling of the samurai regime, “loyalty”, as the national cultural and psychological heritage, has the religious and irrational mysterious color, which is different from the secularization and the practical rationality of the pre-Qin Confucian ethics of China. Loyalty to the emperor and devotion to public interests advocated by Bushido is an important characteristic of traditional Japanese ethical culture, and the religious and absolute understanding of “loyalty” is hidden with the risk of nationalism and irrationality.

- by Ethics in Progress - Research Journal and +1
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- Ethics, Psychology of Culture, Cross-cultural Psychology (Culture), Confucius

The story of Kajiwara Kagesue and Sasaki Takatsuna’s race across the River Uji is one of the most commonly depicted episodes from the Heike monogatari. During the Tokugawa period this tale of deception and wit was presented in a wide variety of formats, yet the context in which these art works were made differed greatly from the original twelfth-century setting of the story. This article examines how the meaning of the Ujigawa senjin episode changed over time and suggests that its immense popularity in Tokugawa imagery was based more on its ability to fit with poetic associations than its content as a war story.

- by Naama Eisenstein
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- Military History, Japanese Studies, Japanese History, Japanese Art