Business studies Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

In a globally connected world, it is increasingly common for individuals to belong to and be influenced by more than one culture. Based on a critique of conceptualizations from psychology, management, marketing, anthropology, and... more

In a globally connected world, it is increasingly common for individuals to belong to and be influenced by more than one culture. Based on a critique of conceptualizations from psychology, management, marketing, anthropology, and sociology, we bring clarity and consistency to conceptualizing and measuring multiculturalism at the individual level. We propose that individual-level multiculturalism is the degree to which someone has knowledge of, identification with, and internalization of more than one societal culture, and recommend methods to measure each dimension. Finally, we suggest how individual-level multiculturalism influences, and is influenced by, social networks and power dynamics in international organizations.

This paper reviews the progress of the research agenda initiated by The Future of the Multinational Enterprise (1976). Focusing initially on the problem of explaining the existence of the multinational enterprise, the agenda soon... more

This paper reviews the progress of the research agenda initiated by The Future of the Multinational Enterprise (1976). Focusing initially on the problem of explaining the existence of the multinational enterprise, the agenda soon broadened to encompass the analysis of alternative modes of foreign market entry, the role of international joint ventures, the impact of innovation on corporate growth, and the role of culture in international business. The core philosophy-based on the Coasian nature of the firm and on rational action modelling-has remained constant, while the widening range of applications has encouraged synthesis with theories developed in other fields of research. Success in answering any one question invariably generates new questions, which must in turn be answered through a further extension of the theory, and this dynamic continues to drive the development of the theory today. Internalisation theory has retained its validity and its vitality over the past 30 years, and is currently being extended into new fields of international business research.

We combine data on international trade linkages with network methods to examine the global trading system as an interdependent complex network. We map the topology of the international trade network and suggest new network based measures... more

We combine data on international trade linkages with network methods to examine the global trading system as an interdependent complex network. We map the topology of the international trade network and suggest new network based measures of international economic integration, at both a global system-wide level and a local country-level. We develop network based measures that incorporate not only the

Along with the process of globalization, the retail industry has been growing into a business that is very influential in the world economy, including Indonesian economy. The growth of modern retailers dominates the retail business in... more

Along with the process of globalization, the retail industry has been growing into a business that is very influential in the world economy, including Indonesian economy. The growth of modern retailers dominates the retail business in Indonesia, supported by the widespread presence of foreign retailers bringing modern retail concepts. The trend choice of shopping places of the Indonesian people in the future are shopping malls and modern markets. This will drive changes in customer behavior in making purchase decisions. The development model used to describe the behavior of consumer spending, which is rarely used, especially in Indonesia, is a Model of Goal-Directed Behavior (MGB). MGB has factors of the model builders from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). They are past behavior and emotional factors. Therefore, it is possible to further examine the distinction between expectations and interests as variables that can motivate a person in making purchasing decisions. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze: 1) the influence of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and emotion on the desire in the form of modern retail consumer behavior patterns 2) the influence of desire and perceived behavioral control on the intention in forming the patterns of modern retail consumer behavior. 202 modern retail consumers in Surabaya region (North, South, East, West and Central) were used as respondents. Stratified judgment sampling was applied and the SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) was used to test the hypotheses. The first finding of the study is that attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and emotion have a significant effect on desire. The second finding is that desire and perceived behavioral control significantly influence the intention in forming the modern retail consumer behavior patterns. It was also found a good fit model that builds the influence of attitude, subjective norm, anticipated positive emotion, negative anticipated emotion, desire, intention, and perceived behavioral control on behavior.

We propose an analytical business history approach, informed by new internalisation theory, to study managerial governance adaptation in the multinational enterprise (MNE). We shed new light on the timing and the scale of managerial... more

We propose an analytical business history approach, informed by new internalisation theory, to study managerial governance adaptation in the multinational enterprise (MNE). We shed new light on the timing and the scale of managerial governance adaptation. These two issues have remained largely unaddressed in mainstream international business theory. We uncover the importance of delayed, larger-scale governance adaptation as a response to cumulative, localised commitment failures. We illustrate our new perspective on managerial governance adaptation by providing a short retrospective of Wilkins and Hill's (American business abroad: Ford on six continents, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1964) classic historical account of Ford Motor Company's expansion across six continents between 1903 and 1963. Our brief retrospective highlights the value of in-depth historical analysis, informed by umbrella behavioural assumptions, such as those adopted in new internalisation theory-based research, to gain improved understanding of international strategy and governance trajectories of large MNEs.

This article reports on the strategic adjustments undertaken by the larger firms of 5 European, 3 Asian Pacific, and the U.S. textile mill products companies during the 1960s and 1970s, and examines several of the underlying reasons for... more

This article reports on the strategic adjustments undertaken by the larger firms of 5 European, 3 Asian Pacific, and the U.S. textile mill products companies during the 1960s and 1970s, and examines several of the underlying reasons for the gradual decline in the U.S. industry's international competitiveness. The study's basic conclusions are that the majority of the foreign textile industries view customer markets differently than the U.S. industry; that they place different emphasis on technology, production, marketing, and strategic planning; and that they have different relationships with their governments than U.S. firms do. The implications of these findings are discussed, and corporate strategy recommendations that are designed to enhance the future international competitiveness of the U.S. industry are presented. * Many industries of the United States are being seriously challenged by foreign INTRODUCTION competitors and the economic and political actions of their governments. Although the relative weakening in the competitiveness of some U.S. industries spans several decades, the situation became particularly evident and critical in the 1970s. Apparel, automobiles, chemicals, steel, electronics, and textile machinery are just a few of the U.S. industries that have seen their international competitive positions erode.1 The principal reasons put forward to explain this deterioration in competitiveness reflect the complexity of the problems confronting U.S. industries. These reasons include charges of "unfair competition," aided and abetted by foreign governments; the restructuring of specific industries as a result of foreign government policies and intervention; declines in the quality of U.S. products, U.S. productiv-*Brian Toyne, the

Our paper focuses on how foreign automobile manufacturers in Brazil have implemented and benefited from strategic modularization. Based on our case studies and in-depth interviews, we developed a theoretical framework to examine the... more

Our paper focuses on how foreign automobile manufacturers in Brazil have implemented and benefited from strategic modularization. Based on our case studies and in-depth interviews, we developed a theoretical framework to examine the antecedents and outcomes of strategic modularization. Our theoretical framework suggests that strategic modularization may help improve a firm's positional advantage by reducing the cost of managing tacit knowledge. In addition, the adoption of strategic modularization influences the nature of relationships with major suppliers, further blurring the boundaries of the firm.

Although international joint ventures (IJVs) may mature over time and develop competitive viability, they maintain some risk of instability owing to their shared ownership. Such instability can ultimately lead to their internalization by... more

Although international joint ventures (IJVs) may mature over time and develop competitive viability, they maintain some risk of instability owing to their shared ownership. Such instability can ultimately lead to their internalization by one of the partners. In this study, we consider factors that influence (1) whether IJVs evolve toward becoming a wholly owned subsidiary, and (2) which parent (foreign or local) gains ownership of the venture. We use a sample of Hungarian joint ventures, and find that only when there is both a power imbalance between the parents and high levels of conflict is the likelihood that the joint venture converts to a wholly owned subsidiary enhanced. The extent to which the joint venture has learned from the foreign parent indirectly determines which parent gains full ownership. Extensive knowledge transfer to a joint venture in a transitioning economy combined with high levels of conflict increases the likelihood of the foreign parent gaining full ownership. In contrast, when there is extensive knowledge transfer and low conflict between the parents, the local parent is more likely to internalize the venture. Our results suggest that the relationship between partner power and outcomes in ventures is more complex than originally believed, and is contingent upon the level of conflict between the parents of the IJV.

We investigate the process through which country-level corporate governance facilitates firm-level investment in research and development (R&D). Taking cash flow as one of the main determinants of R&D, we derive an econometric model that... more

We investigate the process through which country-level corporate governance facilitates firm-level investment in research and development (R&D). Taking cash flow as one of the main determinants of R&D, we derive an econometric model that introduces a number of corporate governance factors (legal protection, financial system, and control mechanisms) to analyze their impact on R&D-cash flow sensitivity. Using data from nine European Union countries, Japan, and the United States, we show that R&D at the firm level is less sensitive to internal cash flow in countries with effective investor protection, developed financial systems, and strong corporate control mechanisms. Specifically, our analysis suggests that the characteristics of the corporate governance system that facilitate R&D are a common law legal environment, minority shareholder protection, strong law enforcement, a bank-based financial system, effective board control, and a strong market for corporate control. This evidence points to corporate governance as a key element in R&D investment, and contributes to the debate on whether country-level corporate governance systems can facilitate R&D projects and, indirectly, promote economic growth.

Understanding the influence of culture on business operations has been one of the most enduring components of international business (IB) and international management (IM) theorizing and empirical investigation. While several critiques... more

Understanding the influence of culture on business operations has been one of the most enduring components of international business (IB) and international management (IM) theorizing and empirical investigation. While several critiques and debates questioned the significant progress made in this domain, the special issue we introduce here is meant to demonstrate that further advancement on how we conceptualize and measure culture is not only needed, but also possible. We provide an overview of past and current approaches in the measurement of culture in IB/IM and the challenges associated with these approaches, and emphasize the important, yet insufficiently acknowledged, link between the theoretical conceptualization of culture and its measurement. We then introduce the four articles included in the special issue and highlight how they break away from the "addiction" to approaches that have been very useful in getting where we are today, but that might not always be useful in advancing knowledge beyond what we already know. Last but not the least, we offer our own perspective on promising directions in conceptually and methodologically rethinking the study of culture in IB and IM.

Terrorism threatens international business (IB) through its direct and indirect effects. As governments tighten security at public sites, businesses have become more attractive terrorist targets, with important implications for the... more

Terrorism threatens international business (IB) through its direct and indirect effects. As governments tighten security at public sites, businesses have become more attractive terrorist targets, with important implications for the operations and performance of multinational firms. While terrorism has been substantially studied in other fields, there has been little scholarly research to address terrorism and the distinctive challenges that it poses for IB. In this article we conceptualize terrorism in relation to IB. We provide background on the dimensions and effects of terrorism, and develop a theoretical grounding for terrorism research by drawing on the literature from IB, economics, political science, and other fields. After discussing findings from the literature review, we offer a comprehensive agenda for future research regarding the relationship between terrorism and IB. Our agenda emphasizes the effects of terrorism, organizational preparedness, company strategy and performance, global supply chain and distribution channels, and human resource issues. Our review helps establish a baseline for future empirical research. Consistent with the early stages of research, IB scholars are encouraged to offer useful perspectives and effective solutions that shed needed light on terrorism and help reduce its destructive effects for IB and multinational firms.

This paper investigates levels of adaptation and standardisation in international marketing tactics, and examines whether multinational companies are adapting or standardising their marketing mix elements in international markets. It is... more

This paper investigates levels of adaptation and standardisation in international marketing tactics, and examines whether multinational companies are adapting or standardising their marketing mix elements in international markets. It is based on empirical research with some of the largest UK-based multinational companies.

This paper evaluates the systematic risk of foreign exchange by deriving efficient sets of international portfolios from six national viewpoints. The composition of these portfolios is examined and the effect of different exchange rate... more

This paper evaluates the systematic risk of foreign exchange by deriving efficient sets of international portfolios from six national viewpoints. The composition of these portfolios is examined and the effect of different exchange rate risks is discussed theoretically and tested empirically. The paper shows that in the context of international portfolios, exchange risk matters much less than would be expected.

Entrepreneurial career success from a Chinese perspective: conceptualization, operationalization, and validation

Local firms may attract productivity spillovers from foreign investors, yet these vary with the technology gap, and with capability and motivation of the local firms to react to foreign entry. In consequence, spillovers vary across... more

Local firms may attract productivity spillovers from foreign investors, yet these vary with the technology gap, and with capability and motivation of the local firms to react to foreign entry. In consequence, spillovers vary across countries at different levels of economic development.

Hypothesis of Market Efficiency is an important concept for the investors who wish to hold internationally diversified portfolios. With increased movement of investments across international boundaries owing to the integration of world... more

Hypothesis of Market Efficiency is an important concept for the investors who wish to hold internationally diversified portfolios. With increased movement of investments across international boundaries owing to the integration of world economies, the understanding of efficiency of the emerging markets is also gaining greater importance. In this paper we test the weak form efficiency in the framework of random walk hypothesis for the two major equity markets in India for the period 1991 to 2006. The evidence suggests that the series do not follow random walk model and there is an evidence of autocorrelation in both markets rejecting the weak form efficiency hypothesis.

We address a long-standing discrepancy between theory and practice regarding how firms choose, use, and modify their modes of operation in foreign markets. Theory typically treats foreign operation modes as choices between well-specified,... more

We address a long-standing discrepancy between theory and practice regarding how firms choose, use, and modify their modes of operation in foreign markets. Theory typically treats foreign operation modes as choices between well-specified, discrete alternatives. Observation of business practice reveals a ''messier'' reality. We commonly observe mode packages, withinmode adjustments and mode role changes, yet by and large these aspects of international business development have been relatively ignored in the literature, and in theoretical and empirical research. We propose richer and more realistic conceptualisations of foreign operation modes, and look at their implications for theory and practice.

MNCs that will be explored throughout this paper. The purpose of this paper is to explore the factors that may lead a foreign firm to pursue FDI in the United States. Specific factors will be analyzed including the process firms undertake... more

MNCs that will be explored throughout this paper. The purpose of this paper is to explore the factors that may lead a foreign firm to pursue FDI in the United States. Specific factors will be analyzed including the process firms undertake in choosing a location in the US, role of technology for a variety of industries, industry specific characteristics and risks involved.

The Gateway Leicester LE1 9BH. afhum@dmu.ac.uk tel. +44 (0)116 250 6441; fax +44 (0)116 251 7548 running title: Institutional theory and cross-national transfer of employment policy keywords: US multinationals; international HRM; employee... more

The Gateway Leicester LE1 9BH. afhum@dmu.ac.uk tel. +44 (0)116 250 6441; fax +44 (0)116 251 7548 running title: Institutional theory and cross-national transfer of employment policy keywords: US multinationals; international HRM; employee diversity; policy transfer; institutionalism

This paper presents the first empirical evidence on the nature and effects of human resource practices (HRM) in the Finnish manufacturing sector. In the analysis, we use the novel survey on HRM practices, based on a representative random... more

This paper presents the first empirical evidence on the nature and effects of human resource practices (HRM) in the Finnish manufacturing sector. In the analysis, we use the novel survey on HRM practices, based on a representative random sample from the population of the Finnish manufacturing firms who had 50 or more employees in 2005. In the sample, we have firm-level information on several HRM and employee participation practices of 398 firms, which is 38% of the firms in the population and almost 50% of the survey respondents. To study how HRM practices affect the level of firm productivity, we first combined the HRM survey data with financial statement data and then estimated crosssectional and panel data estimators for the Cobb-Douglas production functions. We find that both the incidence of employee participation practices and the incidence of HRM tools have increased in the manufacturing sector from 2002 to 2005. The empirical findings support the view of a positive association with the HRM practices and the level of firm productivity. Perhaps more importantly, however, we find that not all forms of employee financial and decision-making participation practices have favorable productivity effects: consultative committee and profit sharing scheme has a positive effect, but other practices do not have statistically significant effects.

Flexibility is identified as the hallmark of recent modelling of the multinational en terprise,

The paper analyzed the gender disparity in the Nigerian health sector. The study focused particularly on somestates in Northern Nigeria that shared similar demographic characteristics. The paper provided an in-depth analysis of how women... more

The paper analyzed the gender disparity in the Nigerian health sector. The study focused particularly on somestates in Northern Nigeria that shared similar demographic characteristics. The paper provided an in-depth analysis of how women who constituted the largest percentage of health 'consumers' are dominated by men working in the sector. The paper revealed that the disparity between men and women or male dominance in the health sector is a result of the cultural orientation of the people in Northern Nigeria who give preference to male child education than females. It has established that long duration that students spent undergoing training has dissuaded the inhabitants of the Northern Nigeria who are Hausa and Muslim to enroll their female children into medical schools. This is because the culture of Hausa people and their interpretation of Islam demand women should be in hermatrimonial home at their teen age. Based on the findings, it has been recommended that there is the need for cultural reorientation to debunk the beliefs system that hinder women to acquire medical education and training.

Language lies at the heart of international business (IB) activities, yet language as a key construct in the field of IB has not been sufficiently articulated or theorized. Language presents itself in forms such as national, corporate,... more

Language lies at the heart of international business (IB) activities, yet language as a key construct in the field of IB has not been sufficiently articulated or theorized. Language presents itself in forms such as national, corporate, technical or electronic, in functions in terms of defining hierarchies, exercising power or facilitating integration and in features such as the use of mixed syntax or gendermarking. Understanding the complex interplay between the multiple facets of language and how they affect day-to-day operations is becoming increasingly critical to global business effectiveness. The purpose of this special issue is, therefore, to catalyze and set a course for the development of a new domain in IB scholarship originating from an explicit focus on language.

The objective of this article is to show how narrative methods provide useful tools for international business research. We do this by presenting a study of stories told about the collaboration between a Danish expatriate manager and his... more

The objective of this article is to show how narrative methods provide useful tools for international business research. We do this by presenting a study of stories told about the collaboration between a Danish expatriate manager and his Chinese CEO in the Shanghai subsidiary of an MNE. First, we explain and exemplify how narrative interviews are designed and conducted. In this connection, we consider the interviewers' interaction with the interviewees, and clarify our reasons for focusing on the two selected interviews. Second, we demonstrate how narrative concepts and models are able to elucidate intercultural collaboration processes by analyzing how each member of a dyad of interacting managers narrates the same chain of events. We show how the narratological concepts of peripeteia and anagnorisis are well suited to identifying focal points in their stories: situations where change follows their recognizing new dimensions of their conflicts, eventually furthering their collaboration. We explain how Greimas's actantial model is valuable when mapping differences between and changes in the narrators' projects, alliances and oppositions in the course of their interaction. Thus, we make it clear how they overcome most of their differences and establish common ground through mutual learning.

The intention of this paper is to review the literature linking ownership and location strategies to economic geography and theories of globalisation and to explore new areas of research. This paper examines globalisation in terms of... more

The intention of this paper is to review the literature linking ownership and location strategies to economic geography and theories of globalisation and to explore new areas of research. This paper examines globalisation in terms of conflicts between markets and economic management, and suggests that the differential pace of globalisation across markets presents a number of challenges to policy makers in local, national and regional governments, and in international institutions. In examining the changing location and ownership strategies of MNEs, it shows that the increasingly sophisticated decision making of managers in MNEs is slicing the activities of firms more finely and in finding optimum locations for each closely defined activity, they are deepening the international division of labour. Ownership strategies, too, are becoming increasingly complex, leading to a control matrix that runs from wholly owned units via FDI through market relationships such as subcontracting, including joint ventures as options on subsequent decisions in a dynamic pattern. The input of lessons from economic geography is thus becoming more important in understanding the key developments in international business. The consequences of the globalisation of production and consumption represent political challenges, and reaction against these changes has led to a questioning of the effects of global capitalism as well as to its moral basis. These four issues are closely intertwined and present a formidable research agenda to which the international business research community is uniquely fitted to respond.

Regardless of the sector, companies need to be effective in their organizational structures and support the innovative behavior of their employees in order to ensure their sustainability in a constantly changing and developing competitive... more

Regardless of the sector, companies need to be effective in their organizational structures and support the innovative behavior of their employees in order to ensure their sustainability in a constantly changing and developing competitive environment. The success of companies in innovative activities depends on the innovative behavior of the employees. For this reason, employees should be psychologically strong and at the same time share their thoughts and ideas in a participatory environment. Therefore, companies within the organizational structure should be able to use their human resources well because one of the criteria of being successful in competition depends on the ability to offer innovative products/services different from their competitors in the market where they are located. The human resources department is one of the most important factors in differentiating organizations. In order to benefit from human resources in the most efficient way and to ensure their motivation, it is necessary to psychologically strengthen the employees and ensure their participation within an organization. The aim of the study is to analyze the reactions of white-collar employees who work in food companies that have to make continuous production in order to meet the food needs of people, all while working against the leadership's attitude in the busy pace of work. Within the scope of the research, surveys were collected from 365 personnel working in food companies in Istanbul operating in the production sector in 2019. Analyzes were made by using IBM SPSS 25 and AMOS. Correlation analysis, regression analysis, Sobel test, and Hayes process were performed respectively in order to examine variables and test hypotheses in the research model. As a result of the research, it was concluded that both psychological empowerment and participative leadership positively affect innovative behavior and organizational effectiveness.

Hostile takeovers and company captures have been an everyday reality in the post-Soviet Russian economy. This phenomenon is called “reiderstvo” in Russian, a term which is derived from the English word "raiding”. The article introduces... more

Hostile takeovers and company captures have been an everyday reality in the post-Soviet Russian economy. This phenomenon is called “reiderstvo” in Russian, a term which is derived from the English word "raiding”. The article introduces the reader into the subject, identifies the main historical phases of "reiderstvo" during the 1990s and 2000s, provides description of a typical raiding attack and connects the "reiderstvo" phenomenon to activities of informal networks in the Russian business and state apparatus.

Recent developments in the global economy and in multinational corporations have placed significant emphasis on the cognitive orientations of managers, giving rise to a number of concepts such as "global mindset" that are presumed to be... more

Recent developments in the global economy and in multinational corporations have placed significant emphasis on the cognitive orientations of managers, giving rise to a number of concepts such as "global mindset" that are presumed to be associated with the effective management of multinational corporations (MNCs). This paper reviews the literature on global mindset and clarifies some of the conceptual confusion surrounding the construct. We identify common themes across writers, suggesting that the majority of studies fall into one of three research perspectives: cultural, strategic, and multidimensional. We also identify two constructs from the social sciences that underlie the perspectives found in the literature: cosmopolitanism and cognitive complexity and use these two constructs to develop an integrative theoretical framework of global mindset. We then provide a critical assessment of the field of global mindset and suggest directions for future theoretical and empirical research.

It is generally assumed that the performance of a firm improves with greater multinationality. Yet recent empirical studies have shown both a U-shaped relationship (which suggests an initially negative effect of international expansion on... more

It is generally assumed that the performance of a firm improves with greater multinationality. Yet recent empirical studies have shown both a U-shaped relationship (which suggests an initially negative effect of international expansion on performance, before the positive returns of international expansion are realized) and an inverted-U-shaped relationship (which suggests that international expansion beyond an optimal level is again detrimental to performance, and results in a negative slope). This paper proposes a new unified three-stage theory of international expansion that incorporates both concepts in a sigmoid hypothesis. It then tests this on data from 11 service industries, highlighting the difference between knowledge-based and capitalintensive service sectors.

Firms are social communities that specialize in the creation and internal transfer of knowledge. The multinational corporation arises not out of the failure of markets for the buying and selling of knowledge, but out of its superior... more

Firms are social communities that specialize in the creation and internal transfer of knowledge. The multinational corporation arises not out of the failure of markets for the buying and selling of knowledge, but out of its superior efficiency as an organizational vehicle by which to transfer this knowledge across borders. We test the claim that firms specialize in the internal transfer of tacit knowledge by empirically examining the decision to transfer the capability to manufacture new products to wholly owned subsidiaries or to other parties. The empirical results show that the less codifiable and the harder to teach is the technology, the more likely the transfer will be to wholly owned operations. This result implies that the choice of transfer mode is determined by the efficiency of the multinational corporation in transferring knowledge relative to other firms, not relative to an abstract market transaction. The notion of the firm as specializing in the transfer and recombination of knowledge is the foundation to an evolutionary theory of the multinational corporation

In this paper, we problematise the way translation has been treated in international business (IB) research. We start by conducting an interpretive content analysis of both qualitative and quantitative cross-language studies published in... more

In this paper, we problematise the way translation has been treated in international business (IB) research. We start by conducting an interpretive content analysis of both qualitative and quantitative cross-language studies published in four core IB journals over the course of a decade. Our analysis shows the dominance of a technicist view of translation associated with the equivalence paradigm. In contrast, we advocate a shift to a more contextualised approach informed by theoretical developments in translation studies. More specifically, we focus on two theoretical perspectivesskopos theory and cultural politicswhich offer related but distinct approaches to rethinking equivalence. We conclude by advocating that the translation process be reframed as a process of intercultural interaction, rather than a lexical transfer of meaning. This reconceptualisation would, we argue, open up what is currently a "black box" in most IB studies. The contextualised approach that we offer has the potential not just to enrich the findings of studies, but also provide insights that are of multidisciplinary relevance.

A "frontier issue" in international marketing is the appropriate choice of entry mode in foreign markets. The objective of this paper is to offer a transaction cost framework for investigating the entry mode decision. This framework... more

A "frontier issue" in international marketing is the appropriate choice of entry mode in foreign markets. The objective of this paper is to offer a transaction cost framework for investigating the entry mode decision. This framework provides 1) a theoretical basis for systematically interrelating the literature into propositions, 2) propositions about interactions which resolve the apparently contradictory arguments advanced to date. Specifically, the paper: * illustrates the feasibility of clustering 17 entry modes into the degree of control the mode provides the entrant; * proposes that the most appropriate (i.e., most efficient) entrymode is a function of the tradeoff between control and the cost of resource commitment * advances testable propositions delimiting the circumstances under which each mode maximizes long-term efficiency. The entry mode literature is reviewed in the context of these propositions, and guidelines are derived for choosing the appropriate mode of entry, given certain characteristics of the firm, the product, and the environment.

This paper examines the relationships between consumers' country-level and product-level images of a country, and the equity they associate with a brand from that country, using canonical correlation analysis. Results from mallintercept... more

This paper examines the relationships between consumers' country-level and product-level images of a country, and the equity they associate with a brand from that country, using canonical correlation analysis. Results from mallintercept surveys conducted in an Australian state capital city indicated that the consumer-based equity of a brand was significantly associated with both the macro and micro images of the country of origin of the brand. The relationship between these two sets of constructs was found to be positive as well as product category specific. Furthermore, each consumer-based brand equity dimension contributed differently to the relationship according to the product category, while the contribution of both country image dimensions (macro and micro) was also product category specific. Results also showed that cars, as a product category, are more sensitive to country image than televisions. These findings have direct and important implications for international marketers.

The paper has 2 major objectives: first, to identify control and delegation issues confronting multinational corporation managers; second, to develop a conceptual model to assist multinational corporation managers in selecting appropriate... more

The paper has 2 major objectives: first, to identify control and delegation issues confronting multinational corporation managers; second, to develop a conceptual model to assist multinational corporation managers in selecting appropriate control systems and determining the extent of delegation to be provided to subsidiary managers. Finally, the paper suggests directions for future research. * Students of organizations have been greatly concerned with issues of control and decision making [

International business (IB) research is designed to explore and explain the inherent complexity of international business, which arises from the multiplicity of entities, multiplexity of interactions, and dynamism of the global economic... more

International business (IB) research is designed to explore and explain the inherent complexity of international business, which arises from the multiplicity of entities, multiplexity of interactions, and dynamism of the global economic system. To analyze this complexity, IB scholars have developed four research lenses: difference, distance, diversity, and disparity. These four lenses on complexity have created not only unique research opportunities for IB scholarship but also unique research methodological challenges. We therefore view complexity as the underlying cause of the unique methodological challenges facing international business research. We offer several recommendations to help IB scholars embrace this complexity and conduct reliable, interesting, and practically relevant research.

Extending earlier literature on diffusion of codes of good governance (CGGs) by integrating the effect of national culture, this study offers a novel perspective on cross-national diversity in the worldwide diffusion of corporate... more

Extending earlier literature on diffusion of codes of good governance (CGGs) by integrating the effect of national culture, this study offers a novel perspective on cross-national diversity in the worldwide diffusion of corporate governance best practices. We argue that particular cultural dimensions affect the indicators (i.e., total number of codes per country and identity of issuing organizations) of such diffusion. For a sample of 67 countries our analysis reveals that individualist cultures have a stronger tendency to develop CGGs. In cultures with a high receptivity to power differences there is a higher probability that the first issuers are the government, directors’ or professional associations; whereas with low receptivity, the stock exchange and investors’ groups of issuers are more likely to initiate the first code. The effects of culture remain significant even after accounting for differences in legal systems and economic institutions, indicating that national culture may serve as a comprehensive indicator of the regulatory stance with respect to good governance. Indeed, the effect size is large enough to give pause (e.g., to a location choice), and possibly has relevance for strategic decision-making by international companies.

This study aimed to determine the level of satisfaction of the supermarket customers using the service quality (SERVQUAL) framework. It utilized a researcher-made questionnaire patterned from the original SERVQUAL questionnaire that was... more

This study aimed to determine the level of satisfaction of the supermarket customers using the service quality (SERVQUAL) framework. It utilized a researcher-made questionnaire patterned from the original SERVQUAL questionnaire that was rephrased to it the context of the focus of this study. The questionnaire is divided into 2 parts: the first part dealt with the demographic profile of the respondents and the second part dealt with level of respondents’ agreement on the constructs of SERVQUAL which are generalized into five categories, tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy. The dimensions of SERVQUAL are considered to be the determining factors for customer satisfaction. Based on the results obtained, it is evident that gap exist between expectations and actual service perception on the service quality of the supermarkets. The highest expectations were identified on reliability and empathy constructs while the lowest expectations were identified on responsi...

Objective. Analyze the relationships between the variables of employee surveillance, supervisor support, organizational cynicism, and time pressure. Methodology.The sample group of the study consists of 417 white-collar employees in... more

Objective. Analyze the relationships between the variables of employee surveillance, supervisor support, organizational cynicism, and time pressure. Methodology.The sample group of the study consists of 417 white-collar employees in private and public sector. After the analysis of the findings were made with the SPSS 25 program, the resultswere analyzed and evaluated. Analysis data were collected from both public and private institutions operating in Istanbul. Results. As a result of the analysis, it is understood that time pressure and supervisor support have significant effects on organizational cynicism and employee surveillance. Conclusions. With the analysis of the data received in the scope of research model, it may be drawn a conclusion that employees expect support from their supervisors, otherwise they start to move away from the institution.

The globalization of brands is an evolutionary process that is determined by environmental and firm-level factors, including a brand's position in the firm's global brand architecture. A framework is developed incorporating aspects of... more

The globalization of brands is an evolutionary process that is determined by environmental and firm-level factors, including a brand's position in the firm's global brand architecture. A framework is developed incorporating aspects of environmental uncertainty, mimetic behavior, and experiential learning as they relate to the globalization of brands. Global brand architecture is introduced as an important strategic consideration of a brand's position and stage of internationalization. The hypotheses are tested within the context of the global automotive industry, employing an event history analysis with time-varying covariates. The results reveal complex effects with respect to the role of market attractiveness, experiential learning, and mimetic behavior in globalization patterns. Overall, this study suggests that firms can accelerate the process of creating global brands if they enter the three major continents in the early stages of international expansion.

The article by Oviatt and McDougall threw the spotlight on international entrepreneurs, on international new ventures, and on their importance in the globalising world economy. Recognising the rich theoretical implications of this... more

The article by Oviatt and McDougall threw the spotlight on international entrepreneurs, on international new ventures, and on their importance in the globalising world economy. Recognising the rich theoretical implications of this phenomenon, they mounted a challenge to received internationalisation process theories and established a new and exciting research theme, that of international entrepreneurship. This article reviews the impact of their contribution and discusses new research themes raised by their challenge to the process theories of internationalisation.

Purpose The aim of the research is to analyze sustainability in energy companies in terms of financial innovation, innovation strategy and organizational innovation. Design/methodology/approach The analysis of this research was done by... more

Purpose The aim of the research is to analyze sustainability in energy companies in terms of financial innovation, innovation strategy and organizational innovation. Design/methodology/approach The analysis of this research was done by using the Mplus 7 package program, and the research model was tested using the existing latent variables and their expressions. Data from 298 administrative staff (white collar) working in companies operating in the energy sector were analyzed. Findings Both independent and mediation effects of financial innovation and innovation strategy positively affect sustainability performance. Therefore, it can be concluded that in order for sustainability performance to be positive, importance should be given to financial innovation, innovation strategy and organizational innovation activities. Research limitations/implications As the data were collected from energy companies in this research, it is not correct to generalize the evaluations. Therefore, in term...