Circassian Diaspora Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

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- Caucasus, Islamic Studies, Jordan, The Chechens In The North Caucasus Region

This is the single comprehensive scientific book in Italian on the tragedy of the Circassians in the XIXth Century. On the strictly documentary side, it contains the full transcription of the documents of the Italian consulate in Trebisond and above all of very important documents in French that have been known until now only partly and imperfectly through English reports. The book is not only on the forced exodus of the Circassian but also on their merging in the growing Turkish nation and on the difficult emergence of the recollection of the experienced tragedy in the republican age. Comparisons with and reflexions on the much more known Armenian tragedy are present. Turkish translation published, English translation in progress.

- by Fabio L . Grassi
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- Ottoman History, Late Ottoman Period, Modern Turkey, History of Turkish Republic

This paper deals with the situation of the Caucasian-origined population of Tukey. It focuses on three aspects: the difficult, controversial shaping of its own identity; the experience of the review Jıneps, which aims at connecting the struggle for the recognizing of the Caucasian identities with a a more general struggle for the democratization of the Turkish society; and the Abkhazians, who, contrarily to the other sides of the Caucasian diaspora, look at Russia as a worthwhile ally.

- by Fabio L . Grassi
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- Turkey, Minorities in Turkey, Circassian Studies, Abkhazians

ÇERKESLERİN ALFABE GİRİŞİMLERİNİN KISA TARİHİ VE GÜNÜMÜZ ÇERKES ALFABELERİ

- by Şamil Emre Aydın
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- Languages and Linguistics, Caucasus, Linguistics, North Caucasus

ÇERKES DİYALEKTLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZİ

- by Şamil Emre Aydın
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- Languages and Linguistics, Dialectology, Languages of the Caucasus, Caucasus
- by Murat Topçu (Papşu)
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- Circassian Studies, Circassians, Circassian Language, Circassian Diaspora

Address on the occasion of the Circassian Memorial Day. Zoom webinar in Amman, Jordan, 2022-05-22, organized by the "Circassia Center For Studies & Research" and the "Jordan Association of Circassian Caucasus Friends". This day is the Circassian Day of Remembrance and Mourning, when Circassians in many countries around the world gather to commemorate May 21, 1864, that marks the end of the Russo-Caucasian war and the Circassians’ fierce struggle since the end of the 18th century to defend their lands in North Caucasus and on the Black Sea coast.

- by Karina Vamling
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- Circassia, Circassians, Circassian Diaspora, Circassian Exile

The article examines the importance of the North Caucasian diaspora as a factor in the Soviet-Turkish relations within the period 1919-1921. It presents part of the activities of the diaspora members, who occupied high-ranked positions in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, Ankara Government or were serious factors in the Turkish War of Independence. Therefore, their value both for Turkey and for Soviet Russia made them a part of the political games for supremacy in the Soviet-Turkish cooperation, which experienced moments of setback and mutual mistrust. The utilisation of the North Caucasian diaspora sentiments and aspirations towards the original motherland was well used to exert political pressure and to open possibilities for realisation of the political aims of Ankara or Moscow. The current article considers two main directions of activities of the diaspora, which had an impact on the Soviet-Turkish relations: 1. Diplomatic activities, supporting the independence of the newly established Mountainous Republic in North Caucasus; 2. Activities, related to participation in the communist movement in Anatolia. To what extent these activities were a selfinitiative or a well-prepared political plan is to be discussed as well.

- by Tsvetelina (Haralampieva) Tsvetkova
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- Russian Studies, Caucasus, Turkey, North Caucasus

Circassians that have been expelled from their ancient homeland in the Caucasus in 1864 by the Russian Empire, dispersed and scattered throughout the lands of the Ottoman Empire. With the emergence of new states on the Ottoman territory after WWI and establishment of Israel in 1949, Circassians of diaspora became the citizens of different countries, like Turkey, Syria, Israel, Jordan which remained closed and time to time hostile to each other. Members of the Circassian diaspora had a loose connection among themselves due to limitations of the new World order; however, in 2000's digital capitalism connected diaspora members to each other with the web of the internet. In the second year of the Syrian Civil War, the news of Syrian Circassian villages trapped in between the Syrian Regime and Opposition Forces spread through social media around the Circassian diaspora. In the year 2013, Circassians of Turkey mobilized for pulling them out of the warzone and delivering help. This mobilization ranged from placing Syrian Circassians to the donated houses in the Circassian villages in Turkey to transferring them to Turkey with five commercial aircraft by forming an airbridge. One could assume that members of a global ethnic diaspora would show solidarity among themselves in times of crisis, such as the humanitarian crisis. However, the debates among the civil society organizations of the Circassians in Turkey during the airbridge operation indicates that what it means to be Circassian is re-negotiated among the representatives of the Circassian diaspora in Turkey including some even opposing to the airbridge operation. Therefore, this thesis argues that boundary markers of being Circassian in Turkey work both for and against addressing the humanitarian crisis of Syrian Circassians during the airbridge operation. The boundary markers of diasporic ethnic identity such as language, religion, and culture were both mobilized creating commonality among Circassians in Turkey and Syria, but they were also re-negotiated among the Circassian groups in Turkey to exclude and include "true" Circassians from Syria or in Turkey.

- by Didem Baş Bilge
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- Circassian Studies, Syrian Civil War, Circassian Diaspora, Syrian Circassians

Bu makale, 1919-1921 doneminde Sovyet-Turk iliskilerinde bir faktor olarak Kuzey Kafkas diasporasinin onemini incelemektedir. Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi'nde, Ankara Hukumeti'nde ust duzey gorevlerde bulunan veya Turk Kurtulus Savasi'nda onemli bir rol oynayan diaspora uyelerinin faaliyetlerinin bir bolumunu sunmaktadir. Dolayisiyla hem Turkiye hem de Sovyet Rusya icin degerleri, onlari aksilikler ve karsilikli guvensizlik yasanmakta olan Sovyet-Turk isbirliginde siyasi ustunluk oyunlarinin bir parcasi haline getirdi. Kuzey Kafkasya diasporasinin orijinal anavatana yonelik duygu ve istekleri, siyasi baski uygulamak ve Ankara ya da Moskova'nin siyasi amaclarinin gerceklestirilmesi icin olanaklar yaratmak icin iyi bir sekilde kullanildi. Bu makale, diasporanin Sovyet-Turkiye iliskileri uzerinde etkisini iki ana faaliyet yonunden ele almaktadir: 1. Kuzey Kafkasya'da yeni kurulan Daglik Cumhuriyet'in bagimsizligini destekleyen diplomatik faaliyetler; 2. Anadolu&...

- by Tsvetelina (Haralampieva) Tsvetkova
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- Ancient History, Russian Studies, Political Science, Diaspora

A constitutional referendum was held in Turkey on 16th April 2017 and resulted in shift from the parliamentary form of government to the presidential one. The current paper presents the analysis of the view of the referendum by the second largest non-Turkic ethnic minority in Turkey i.e. Circassians. For this purpose we conducted research of Circassian Web Resources in Internet, which enabled us to examine the agitation campaign, led by the main political parties of Turkey, detect the position of Circassian organizations, and analyze the discourse of the leading Circassian ethnic Media.
As a result, we managed to define the major characteristics of pro et contra politically active groups. The constitutional amendments were supported by religious Circassians, who shared the views of official authorities. That is the necessity of consolidation of Turkish society around the centralized power in the face of threat of the ‘third force intervention’ (USA), Islamists and terrorist attacks, the spread of sociopolitical instability in the region of the Middle East. The rest of the Circassian organizations and Media either passed over in silence or rejected to accept the constitutional amendments. In the oppositional discourse of these Circassian groups, including leftist ones, a number of Circassian national demands were voiced – acknowledgement of ‘Circassian genocide’, recognition of Abkhazia and South Osetia, governmental support of the Chechen refugees in Turkey.

В статье анализируется процесс политизации северокавказской (черкесской) диаспоры в Турции в ходе подготовки и проведения парламентских выборов 2015 г. Впервые диаспора четко обозначила ряд политических требований по Северо-Западному Кавказу к кандидатам в депутаты, а в выборах принимала участие первая в мировой истории черкесская партия. Проблематика Северо-Западного Кавказа отражается в Турции на политической повестке дня, она используется диаспорой и основными политическими партиями в борьбе за свои интересы, оценены перспективы возможного влияния на двухсторонние российско-турецкие отношения.
The present paper analyzes the politicization of North Caucasian (Circassian) Diaspora in Turkey in connection with the Turkish general election of June 2015. For the first time the Diaspora made a number of political demands on the Northwest Caucasus to the parliamentary candidates, and the first Circassian party took part in the election. The results of the conducted research showed that the Circassian issues are presented on the agenda of Turkish politics and are used by the Diaspora and the main political parties in their interests. The potential influence of the Diaspora on Russian-Turkish relations was also traced.

В статье рассматривается политизация черкесской диаспоры в Турции под влиянием таких факторов как непризнание черкесов меньшинством, этнический характер турецкого национализма, а также развитие в стране дискурса прав человека. Благодаря политизации и борьбе за символическое прошлое черкесский
национальный проект начинает входить в противоречие с доминирующим турецким. При этом попытки сменить этнический характер турецкого национализма на гражданский приводят к обострению общественных страхов в отношении сепаратизма и ужесточению общественно-политической риторики в отношении этнических
меньшинств.
In the present article, we discussed the politicization of the Circassian diaspora in Turkey under the influence of such factors as the non-recognition of Circassians as a minority, the ethnic character of Turkish nationalism, as well as the development of human rights discourse in the country. Due to the politicization of Circassians and the struggle for
a symbolic past, the Circassian national project starts to conflict with the
dominant Turkish one. At the same time, attempts to change the ethnic
national model in Turkey lead to the aggravation of public fears against
separatism and toughening of social and political rhetoric against ethnic
minorities.

This is the Turkish version of my book Una Nuova Patria. L’Esodo dei Circassi verso l’Impero Ottomano, Istanbul, ISIS, 2014. Compared to the original Italian version, two chapters are missing: the "Italian Diplomatic Documents", which did not bring substantial new informations on the main topic, and "Ottoman documents", not necessary for a Turk reader.

- by Fabio L . Grassi
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- Circassian Studies, Circassians, Kafkasya muhacirleri, Kafkasyada Rus İstalası

Çarlık Rusya’nın 1864’te Çerkeslere yönelik sistematik soykırımı sonucunda Kuzey Kafkasya’dan Türkiye’ye trajik sürgünlerinin ardından, Çerkesler Türkiye’yi yeni vatanları olarak kucaklamak zorunda kalmışlardır. O dönemki imparatorluğun ihtiyaçlarına göre şehirlere ve köylere yerleştirilen Çerkesler çoğu durumda aynı dili konuşan soydaşlarından ayrılmış ve yerel halkın yaşadığı köylere yerleştirilmiştir. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun resmi iskân politikası, uzun vadede Çerkesler için dillerini muhafaza etme konusunda kendi zorluklarını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bazıları Kuzey Kafkasya’daki ana vatanlarına dönecekleri konusunda umutlu olsalar da bir süre sonra bunun mümkün olmadığını anlamışlardır. Türkiye’de bir asır yaşadıktan sonra, dilsel asimilasyon ve dil soykırımının (Skutnabb-Kangas, 2000) bir sonucu olarak Çerkesler, ana dillerinin ciddi tehditlerle karşı karşıya kalacağının farkında olamamışlardır. Çerkeslerin yerel halkla beraber yaşadığı şehir veya diğer yerleşim yerlerinde dilsel asimilasyon hızı daha yüksek iken, ana dili konuşanların yoğun olarak yaşadığı Kayseri-Uzunyayla gibi yörelerde dilsel asimilasyon hızı daha yavaş gerçekleşmiştir. Araştırmalar (Van Tubergen & Kalmijn, 2009; Van Tubergen & Wierenga, 2011), aynı etnik ve dilsel geçmişe sahip insanların birlikte yaşayabildikleri yerleşim bölgelerinde göçmenlerin hâkim dile daha az maruz kaldıklarını ve bu durumun onların günlük yaşamlarında ana dillerini kullanmalarına olanak sağladığını göstermektedir. Ne var ki, eğitimsel ve ekonomik nedenlerle köyden kente yapılan göçler sonucunda, Uzunyayla ve diğer bölgelerdeki Çerkes nüfusu son otuz kırk yıl içerisinde giderek azalmıştır. Günlük yaşamda Çerkesçe’nin konuşulduğu köylerden şehirlere yapılan göçler, dilin korunması bakımından büyük bir zorluk oluşturmuştur. Köylerde yaşayan Çerkesler eğitim alanında kendi dillerinin kullanılmasını yasaklayan devletin baskıcı dil politikalarına rağmen dillerini koruyabilmiş, fakat çevre şehirlere yapılan göçler Çerkeslerin Türkçe’ye dilsel asimilasyonunu hızlandırmıştır.
Bu bölüm dilsel asimilasyon ve dilsel soykırım teorileri rehberliğinde, dilsel baskı ve dilin zoraki asimilasyonu da dahil olmak üzere Çerkesçe’nin sosyo-dilsel durumuna ilişkin tarihsel bir bakış açısı sunarak Çerkesçe’nin Türkiye’de korunması konusunu ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Bölümde öncelikle Osmanlı döneminde dilin korunmasına olanak sağlayan bazı Çerkes girişimlerinden bahsedilecek, ardından Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin Çerkesçe’nin dilsel soykırımını şiddetlendiren dil ideolojileri ve politikaları ele alınacaktır. Dilsel soykırıma yol açan baskıcı dil politikalarının etkilerine değinmek amacıyla Türkiye’nin farklı bölgelerinden ve farklı yaş gruplarından Çerkeslerle yapılan bazı mülakat alıntılarına yer verilecektir. Son olarak, Çerkesçe’nin Türkiye’de korunması ve yeniden canlandırılması açısından geleceğin neler getirebileceğinden bahsedilecektir.