Clovis Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Dans une première partie, nous avons vu qu'Oleg de Normandie, et sa chaine Pagan;tv invente à des fins identitaires. Dans ce second volet, nous mettons en avant le fait que cet auteur invente une histoire du haut Moyen âge, dans lequel... more

During the late Pleistocene, Warner Valley (Oregon, USA) was filled by Lake Warner; however, little is known about its rise and fall and how its changing lake levels effected the distribution of the valley's earliest occupants. The... more

During the late Pleistocene, Warner Valley (Oregon, USA) was filled by Lake Warner; however, little is known about its rise and fall and how its changing lake levels effected the distribution of the valley's earliest occupants. The discovery of Paleoindian projectile points along ancient shorelines of the lake spurred us to examine them for geochronological controls to aid in constructing the lake's history. We found that Lake Warner filled the valley floor between ca. 30,000 and 10,300 cal yr BP, probably reaching its maximum ca. 17,000–16,100 cal yr BP before it began to recede. People arrived with Clovis and Western Stemmed Tradition (WST) projectile points before ca. 12,800 cal yr BP, around the time the lake stalled in its retreat. When the lake continued its decline, people using WST points followed it southward into the valley floor, where dune-and-slough topography began developing ca. 10,300 cal yr BP in response to episodic wetting and drying during the early Holocene. By the time Mazama tephra fell, ca. 7600 cal yr BP, the once large lake was divided into a series of small lakes, ponds, and sloughs that attracted people to their abundant resources of endemic fish and marsh plants.

By the late fifth century, there were two primary barbarian powers in Gaul, the Visigoths and the Franks. Both were enlarging their territories in the wake of the final precipitous decline of Roman authority during the 470s. The... more

By the late fifth century, there were two primary barbarian powers in Gaul, the Visigoths and the Franks. Both were enlarging their territories in the wake of the final precipitous decline of Roman authority during the 470s. The expansion achieved by the Frankish king Clovis I inevitably brought him into conflict with the Visigothic king Alaric II. During the 490s, the Franks made several unsuccessful forays into Brittany and south of the Loire. Subsequently, both sides did their best to consolidate their resources. Attempts by the Os trogothic king Theoderic to avoid direct conflict failed, and war began in earnest in 507, when Clovis made a massive attack on the Visigothic kingdom. The decisive Frankish vic tory at Vouillé determined the map of sixth-century western Europe: the Franks gained control of most of Gaul, and the Visigoths consolidated their holdings in Spain.

This short essay (550 words) discusses the Lex Salica enacted by king Clovis of the Franks in 507. The articles themselves are used to underline the shift from Roman to Frankish law and the issues they address give us a glimpse of the... more

This short essay (550 words) discusses the Lex Salica enacted by king Clovis of the Franks in 507. The articles themselves are used to underline the shift from Roman to Frankish law and the issues they address give us a glimpse of the identity that the Franks would provide to transform Gaul into Francia.

Our reliance on diagnostic biface types to assess site chronology has not diminished, despite appreciable improvements in the accuracy and reliability of radiocarbon dating. However, chronological information in the most widely used... more

Our reliance on diagnostic biface types to assess site chronology has not diminished, despite appreciable improvements in the accuracy and reliability of radiocarbon dating. However, chronological information in the most widely used typological reference for the eastern US (Justice [1987]) has not been updated in three decades, and provides estimates of types’ age ranges from outdated or incomplete chronological data. Using Bayesian modeling of radiocarbon dates from sites throughout the eastern US, we refined the age ranges for 17 temporal diagnostics extending from the Paleoindian through the terminal Late Archaic periods in the Lower Mid-South. The results are compared with estimated ranges as provided by Justice.

Sourcing artifacts is a key method for addressing anthropological issues of mobility and interaction. Although chert was one the most common toolstones used in prehistory, sourcing chert artifacts remains problematic. In this study an... more

Sourcing artifacts is a key method for addressing anthropological issues of mobility and interaction. Although chert was one the most common toolstones used in prehistory, sourcing chert artifacts remains problematic. In this study an approach for sourcing chert is introduced that links a specific sampling protocol, Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), and multivariate statistical analysis. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated through a controlled experiment examining intersource and intrasource variability at four different scales of analysis. The statistical analysis at four spatial scales allows determination of the spatial resolution of the chemical matching procedure outlined here. In this experiment geologic chert samples from the Edwards Plateau of Texas of known provenience are chemically evaluated allowing comparison of their expected origin against their known origin. This experiment used Edwards Plateau chert as it is a high quality material and was a major lithic source across the Southern High Plains and was often transported great distances. Macroscopic identification of Edwards Plateau chert can be problematic and at its best is unable to effectively discern from where within the 120,000 km2 of the region cherts originated. An understanding of the geological formation processes of chert provides a useful framework for addressing this issue. This study shows that through an effective methodology Edwards Plateau chert can be sourced to a finer spatial scale than previous studies.

It is generally assumed that Paleoindians introduced atlatls to N. America, but hard evidence is rare. Several atlatl hooks made on Pleistocene bone from Florida Rivers are the best evidence of Clovis atlatls to date.

A Brief Account of the Beginnings of Orthodox France

Microwear analysis provides a means to extract important information on the activities conducted at Paleoindian sites from meager assemblages. Microwear analysis was conducted on a sample of 10 tools from the Paleo Crossing site in Medina... more

Microwear analysis provides a means to extract important information on the activities conducted at Paleoindian sites from meager assemblages. Microwear analysis was conducted on a sample of 10 tools from the Paleo Crossing site in Medina County, Ohio. Tools analyzed included fluted points, end scrapers, blades, gravers, and unifacial knives. Wear patterns indicated that the tools were used to cut, scrape, engrave, and penetrate (i.e., via a projectile) such materials as soft plant, meat, hide, and bone/antler. Several of the tools were hafted and wear patterns were well developed overall. Based on this pilot study, comparison with microwear studies conducted on sites in the Great Lakes region and beyond suggests that Paleo Crossing provides new information on the number, as well as the types, of Paleoindian tools used to cut soft plant.

A Clovis point fragment was recorded by An Independent Archaeologist (AIA) while conducting archaeological survey in the southern unit of the Ashley National Forest in the Southwestern portion of the Uinta Basin. The point is a rare find... more

A Clovis point fragment was recorded by An Independent Archaeologist (AIA) while conducting archaeological
survey in the southern unit of the Ashley National Forest in the Southwestern portion of the Uinta Basin. The point
is a rare find in northeastern Utah. This article reports a description of the point and discusses its comparison to
other Utah and interregional Clovis point finds.

Projectile points decrease in size over time in North America, with a significant decline in size about 1000 BP. Most archaeologists today posit that this sudden change links to the invention or adoption of bow and arrow technology;... more

Projectile points decrease in size over time in North America, with a
significant decline in size about 1000 BP. Most archaeologists today posit that this sudden change links to the invention or adoption of bow and arrow technology; however, without a large dated sample of preserved wooden bows, arrows, darts, and atlatls it is difficult to know
if this is correct. Via a controlled archery experiment, projectile point performance and function is tested to determine if there is a point at which large projectile points render a bow less functional. Through use of a precisely mounted traditional bow, modern arrows, high speed cameras, and ballistics gel, these performance characteristics were tested. The results of the experiment support the hypothesis that there is a size threshold. However, points of relatively large sizes, comparable in weight to that of Paleoindian lanceolate points, prove to be functional and mostly accurate when fired from a bow. The implications of these results are far reaching, as they may change our perception of projectile point functions based on size, and could suggest an earlier appearance of the bow in the Americas.

There was a critical difference, between the kingdom built by the Frankish family of Clovis and the just-collapsed Roman Empire. This Merovingian kingdom was not ruled with the same degree of central control that Roman Caesars had... more

There was a critical difference, between the kingdom built by the Frankish family of Clovis and the just-collapsed Roman Empire. This Merovingian kingdom was not ruled with the same degree of central control that Roman Caesars had possessed. Reflecting Frankish tribal traditions, Merovingian kings ruled based on the loyalty of local/tribal leaders who kept their local power, but did carry out some of the king's orders in their territories. These regional leaders included both tribal leaders/chiefs and descendants of Roman land owners. These local leaders kept a substantial degree of local, independent control.

Mockhorn Island is located at the southern tip of the Delmarva Peninsula near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. During Clovis times, the site occupied an upland interfluve adjacent to a navigable stream that drained into the Susquehanna... more

Mockhorn Island is located at the southern tip of the Delmarva Peninsula near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. During Clovis times, the site occupied an upland interfluve adjacent to a navigable stream that drained into the Susquehanna River, within sight of the developing Chesapeake Bay. This locality is the closest remnant upland landscape to the Paleoindian age Atlantic coastline extant on the eastern shore of the bay. As such, it presents a rare opportunity to investigate Clovis activities in a setting where the rich, combined resources of marine, estuarine, and upland habitats provided a diverse suite of subsistence and mobility alternatives. A small lithic assemblage consists primarily of surface artifacts displaced within the swash-and-berm zone. These items originated in nearshore sediments that are now largely submerged beneath the bay. Lithic analysis identified extensive use of bipolar reduction to produce a pebble/cobble tool assemblage dominated by wedges, drills, and adzes. Use-wear traces and residues identified on cobble tools suggest the use of bow drills and the use of heated stones to apply birch tar. Together, these implements may imply that significant wood-working was undertaken on-site, perhaps including birch bark canoe manufacture and/or maintenance. Biface technology is represented by fluted preforms made of locally available quartzite, chalcedony, and chert. Clovis points are made of local and nonlocal materials.

The Chronology of the life of Clovis and his father Childeric has been an ongoing problem for over a hundred years. In this paper I endeavour to solve some of the problems inherent in a chronology that has been distorted by two separate... more

The Chronology of the life of Clovis and his father Childeric has been an ongoing problem for over a hundred years. In this paper I endeavour to solve some of the problems inherent in a chronology that has been distorted by two separate strands of dating mechanisms within Gregory of Tours' History in Ten Books. The first where Clovis' reign ends in 511 and the second where an effort was made to extend his life and reign to 518. I will propose that seven years were added to Clovis' life and reign by an interpolator to create this 518 extension. This will then show that Clovis was a minor when Childeric, his father died and so Clovis was unable to become king until he became fifteen years of age in 488CE. I will also examine the letters of the bishops Remigius and Avitus and suggest their correct dating and find confirmation that Clovis was baptised as a Catholic in December 496 by revealing who Avitus' Princeps was that had eluded Danuta Shanzer in her 1998 paper-Dating the Baptism of Clovis. Using contemporary and near contemporary evidence and archaeology I will construct a chronology of events that is not far removed from that currently accepted aside from the start of his reign, the length of his reign, his age at death and the chronology of some early events. I will also suggest that Clovis may have become a Christian on marriage to Clotilda, but not choosing which form until baptism, or that his mother was already Arian Christian, explaining his knowledge of Christian ideals and tenets from an early age. Regarding Childeric, I will suggest that his father was Chlodion; the dates that he occupied Paris and the date and place of his battle against the Alamanni. I will also suggest that the last of the Gallo-Romans under Syagrius came to power when the western Gauls revolted; the eastern empire having refused their petitions to rule the west in favour of the barbarian Odoacer; and that they remained in power with Visigothic aid until their defeat by Clovis. An effort will also be made to explain the term Merovingian and how it came about due to the Frankish elite of the sixth and seventh centuries having famous ancestors. In doing so the origin of the mythical sea monster tale regarding the birth of Merovech can be revealed.

The Mesa Verde region and generally the North American Southwest is characterized by a large number of pre-Columbian Native American sites scattered across the area and it is generally one of the most archaeologically researched regions... more

The Mesa Verde region and generally the North American Southwest is characterized by a large number of pre-Columbian Native American sites scattered across the area and it is generally one of the most archaeologically researched regions within the United States. Human occupation of the area goes back at least to the Paleoindian period around 13,000 years ago and the first known cultures from the area were the hunter-gatherer societies of the Clovis and Folsom cultures. Their economy was based on hunting large Pleistocene megafauna, like mammoths, mastodons, and bison, and one of the characteristic traits of their technology were spear or atlatl points made using the fluted technique, unique to the New World. Thousands of years later, the region witnessed the rise and fall of one of the most complex North American Indian cultures—the Pueblo culture that was formed by skilled architects, farmers, and rock art makers.

This began as a Supplementary Table to Harrod (2022), Portable Art Sculptures from the Anzick Clovis Cache, Wilsall, Montana. I did it to provide a Siberian/East Asian and North American comparative mythology context to identify Anzick... more

This began as a Supplementary Table to Harrod (2022), Portable Art Sculptures from the Anzick Clovis Cache, Wilsall, Montana. I did it to provide a Siberian/East Asian and North American comparative mythology context to identify Anzick Clovis cache (13,000 years ago) portable art, and identify possible depictions of Siberian/East Asian and North American Afterlife Beliefs, Mortuary Rituals and Psychopomp Motifs, especially involving Milky Way, Path of Souls of Deceased, Bird, Dog, Coyote or Wolf, and Reincarnation. Especially since this Version 2 is 177 pages long, I decided best to upload this separately from my Anzick article, to stand independently, pertaining to global comparative mythology on these beliefs and their symbolism.

Engraved and carved bone and stone artifacts capture our imaginations and are known worldwide from archaeological contexts, but they are seemingly rare and oftentimes difficult to recognize. While preservation issues play a role in the... more

Engraved and carved bone and stone artifacts capture our imaginations and are known worldwide from archaeological
contexts, but they are seemingly rare and oftentimes difficult to recognize. While preservation issues play a role in the limited
recovery of early art objects, research on incised stones and bone from the Gault site in Texas demonstrates that an
expectation to find such artifacts plays a key role in their identification and recovery. The presence of incised stones found by collectors at Gault alerted archaeologists to the potential for finding early art in systematic excavations. To date, 11 incised stones and one engraved bone of Paleoindian age (13,000–9,000 calibrated years before present) have been
recovered and of these, the Clovis artifacts are among the earliest portable art objects from secure context in North America. The presence of incised stone and bone at Gault led to the development of an examination protocol for identifying and analyzing engraved and incised artifacts that can be applied to a wide variety of archaeological contexts.

Paleoindian era archaeological materials remain significantly understudied in West Virginia. This brief provides the first summary of West Virginian Paleoindian artifacts in 50 years and reports 13 newly identified specimens. Most... more

Paleoindian era archaeological materials remain significantly understudied in West Virginia. This brief provides the first summary of West Virginian Paleoindian artifacts in 50 years and reports 13 newly identified specimens. Most artifacts derive from the Ohio and Kanawha river valleys but new finds including fluted, Quad, Beaver Lake, and Dalton point types from some of the most mountainous portions of the state suggest that early groups also utilized interior river valleys and uplands.

BOOK SUMMARY Complete book, libro completo Traditionally Mexico is identified as a significant region for understanding the colonization of the continent, his territory is shape as a funnel, if the first Americans move inland from... more

BOOK SUMMARY Complete book, libro completo
Traditionally Mexico is identified as a significant region for understanding the colonization of the continent, his territory is shape as a funnel, if the first Americans move inland from Beringa to South America they had to cross Mexico. The archaeological record of the first people of Mexico -with the exception of the state of Sonora- is scarce and the information generated until today is confusing and little systematic. A synthesis of the current archaeological data of the people of Mexico is presented here. The state of Sonora presents a remarkably pristine setting for studying the late Pleistocene occupation of North America. The early archaeological record in Sonora is stunning in terms of its relative abundance and only within the past ten years has this fact become evident. The Paleo-Indian sites are concentrated in north-central Sonora on and surrounding, the Llanos de Hermosillo; here a summary of the sites studied is presented. A large collection of Clovis artifacts were collected from the sites and a lithic technological study is presented. The settlement pattern appears to indicate that the Sonoran Clovis groups depended and exploited a wide range of environments, and their diet was based upon a wide variety of foodstuffs. The Clovis groups of Sonora developed a sophisticated settlement pattern and land use determined largely on the water resources, the location of lithic sources for tool making, large prey animals and a mosaic of edible plants and small animals. Exploiting an extensive territory probably permitted them to remain in the same region for longer periods of time. The presence of only few late Paleo-Indian diagnostic points could represent the decrease of population density in Sonora, but most likely it is an indication that after Clovis a regionalization of the hunter and gather groups took place in Sonora. The Sonoran Clovis occupation is a testimony that multiple regional Clovis adaptations emerged each with specific responses to plants, animals and diverse regional resources.

The purpose of this paper is to help the reader understand the general envi-rons of Paleoindian sites in the Middle Tennessee Valley, specifically in Limestone County, Alabama, as well as some of the history surrounding them. It is common... more

The purpose of this paper is to help the reader understand the general envi-rons of Paleoindian sites in the Middle Tennessee Valley, specifically in Limestone County, Alabama, as well as some of the history surrounding them. It is common knowledge that these sites exist in large numbers and varieties in this area, but little has been written on the subject. It is hoped that by providing this information an interest in the study, excavation, reporting, and preservation of these important sites can be accomplished.

This article contextualizes some one hundred mid- to late 5th century solidi and two hundred silver coins found in the grave of King Childeric in Tournai, Belgium. We argue that the coins in the grave must have been assembled for the... more

This article contextualizes some one hundred mid- to late 5th century solidi and two hundred silver coins found in the grave of King Childeric in Tournai, Belgium. We argue that the coins in the grave must have been assembled for the specific purpose of the burial rite and that some of the participants in the burial rite were allowed to look at the coins before the grave was sealed. We argue that they were capable of identifying the various coins because they were literate and familiar with Roman iconography. It follows that the solidus hoard together with the other coins is a meaningful composition that has been manipulated for ideological purposes by Clovis himself. The coins must hence be explained in a manner that takes Clovis’ ideological motives into consideration as the grave and its contents run contrary to all usual explanations.

This paper summarizes current evidence for earliest human occupation of northeastern North America during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. We review evolution of the region's landscapes and evidence of archaeological chronologies... more

This paper summarizes current evidence for earliest human occupation of northeastern North America during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. We review evolution of the region's landscapes and evidence of archaeological chronologies as context for understanding human settlement of the region. Current data support limited evidence for pre-Clovis occupation south of the Laurentide glacial margin, followed by a significant temporal gap prior to early Paleoindian settlement of the region. Despite differences in sub-regional data sets, mapping of site distributions and assemblage data do support the notion of variation in lifeways between Paleoindian populations occupying formerly glaciated parts of the Northeast in the late Pleistocene, versus contemporary groups in lands south of the Laurentide glacial margin. Through time, the greatest differences in Paleoindian land use and technology occur between the Younger Dryas and early Holocene.

This paper reviews the published information, uncertainties about claims, and possible technological and cultural relationships of a sample of sites which have older-than-Clovis dates in North America. The goal is to trace the origins of... more

This paper reviews the published information, uncertainties about claims, and possible technological and cultural relationships of a sample of sites which have older-than-Clovis dates in North America. The goal is to trace the origins of “Classic” Clovis techno-cultural patterns. Some sites in the sample contain lithic artifacts and some do not. Production technology and artifact characteristics in a number of the lithic sites (such as Debra Friedkin and possibly Page-Ladsen) may be evidence of Clovis ancestry, but the lithic materials in most pre-Clovis sites cannot be explicitly linked to Clovis. A few nonlithics sites (such as Manis, Firelands, and Lindsay) may indicate a pre-Clovis pattern of large-mammal exploitation foreshadowing a later Clovis trait. Overall, the available data are incomplete or ambiguous, and, as a result, individual interpretations have produced incompatible models of Clovis origins.

Full commented Russian translation of "Fredegar's Chronicles", the most important narrative source for Late Merovingian France. This chronicle was created about 660 year and it provides us with account on Francs and on nations... more

Full commented Russian translation of "Fredegar's Chronicles", the most important narrative source for Late Merovingian France. This chronicle was created about 660 year and it provides us with account on Francs and on nations neighboring to them.

The relationship between climate change at the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary (ca. 12,600-10,200 cal B.P.) and cultural responses to attendant shifts in the environment remains a vexing issue for archaeologists. This study compiles and... more

The relationship between climate change at the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary (ca. 12,600-10,200 cal B.P.) and cultural responses to attendant shifts in the environment remains a vexing issue for archaeologists. This study compiles and analyzes glacial, palynological, faunal, and stratigraphic/geomorphological proxy datasets for climate change in the Pacific Northwest of North America and compares them to the coeval archaeological record. The primary purpose of this exercise is to consider the potential ways in which climate change at the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary affected cultural development for Late Paleoindian-Early Archaic peoples in the Pacific Northwest. Results indicate that climatic and environmental change at this interval was rapid or abrupt, and of a magnitude that likely produced varying adaptational responses by peoples of different cultural traditions who appear across the region at this period. Transformations in tools and technology, shifts in dietary habits, migration and regionalization, and trade intensification are all elements of Late Paleoindian-Early Archaic cultural responses to rapid climate change.

Clovis is the best known early development in North America but its lithic technology is poorly documented and often from animal kill sites. This evidence has been used to picture Clovis peoples as mobile, colonizing, big-game hunters and... more

Clovis is the best known early development in North America but its lithic technology is poorly documented and often from animal kill sites. This evidence has been used to picture Clovis peoples as mobile, colonizing, big-game hunters and explanations of lithic technological practices have been framed largely in materialist terms. Increasing documentation suggests views about how the complex Clovis biface and blade production strategies relate to subsistence, land use, and specific kinds of mobility patterns are questionable and often difficult to test with archaeological data. We need to seriously consider the role of Clovis people's worldview in structuring their thought and technical actions.

This report documents and analyzes two distinct assemblages from a pair of Paleoindian and Early Archaic localities in north Alabama. It resulted from an interesting discovery at MA85, a site in the uplands of Madison County, Alabama,... more

This report documents and analyzes two distinct assemblages from a pair of Paleoindian and Early Archaic localities in north Alabama. It resulted from an interesting discovery at MA85, a site in the uplands of Madison County, Alabama, where Tuscumbia (St. Louis) and Monteagle (St. Genevive) cherts were equally abundant to Fort Payne in the projectile point and toolmaking industries. This was believed to be in sharp contrast with the author’s collections from other early sites, in particular his collection from Heaven’s Half Acre in Colbert County, a site only a few miles from the Tennessee River. In both collections, the author used a non-discriminative collecting methodology, allowing materials used at these two important localities to be analyzed for both site function and raw material preference. Findings suggest both localities served as processing, tool making and reduction sites, possibly even quarries, and that the preference for Tuscumbia and Monteagle at MA85 versus Fort Payne at Heaven’s Half Acre was a function of strategy. It is hoped that providing this information will tell us more about early life in the Tennessee Valley from the Pleistocene through the Early Holocene.

At some time around the end of the last ice age, around 11,500 14 C yr BP / 13,300 Cal yrs, the first human hunter-gatherer groups entered North America, where they encountered diverse environments and climates. These groups, once... more

At some time around the end of the last ice age, around 11,500 14 C yr BP / 13,300 Cal yrs, the first human hunter-gatherer groups entered North America, where they encountered diverse environments and climates. These groups, once separate and exploring these landscapes in a vast continent, were hunting and killing the same megafauna; perhaps for the first time, they would have encountered mammoth, mastodon, giant sloth and camel. Other smaller, more recognisable species were also present and hunted; elk, deer, caribou and bison, for example. The different environments and landscapes encountered by these separate groups may account for the extent of the variability of the fluted projectile points that are characteristic of this period. In my thesis research I suggest that Clovis was not the first stone-tool technology in North America, that fluted projectile points evolved from an earlier technology and that Clovis was a localised fluted form that evolved regionally as these first groups spread out across the continent.

Nine decades after the discovery of the Clovis type site, Blackwater Draw Locality No. 1, we are getting closer to solving the perplexing mystery of Clovis origins. Working together, geneticists and archeologists are closing in on the... more

Nine decades after the discovery of the Clovis type site, Blackwater Draw Locality No. 1, we are getting closer to solving the perplexing mystery of Clovis origins. Working together, geneticists and archeologists are closing in on the ancestral Northeast Asian and Beringian homelands. We can anticipate that future archaeology will fill in the details about the emergence of Clovis lithic technology, south of the ice sheets, from its Beringian precursors. Morphometric analysis of fluted points is increasingly used to address the origins of Clovis and the "mutation" of the Clovis form into other fluted point types. Since the early 2000s, cladistics, a technique borrowed from biology, has been employed in such analyses; the results are computer-constructed cladograms that purport to illustrate pseudo-genetic phylogenies of fluted points. Here, I critically examine the utility of cladistics for addressing the issue of Clovis origins and the stylistic or functional evolution of fluted points.