Community based forest management Research Papers (original) (raw)

Forest ecosystems deliver valuable services to humanity. However, many forests are being degraded and their services have been undervalued. The main problem lies in the inadequate institutional arrangements for forest governance. This paper aims to assess the effects of alternative forest governance arrangements on the provision and economic values of forest ecosystem services (FES) in Vietnam. The study presents a framework for mapping land use and land cover (LULC) change stemming from actual and hypothetical changes in forest governance regimes, quantifies the resulting changes in the provision of FES, and estimates the associated economic values. In the context of the study site in the North Western uplands of Vietnam, we test three alternative forest gov-ernance scenarios: business as usual, with a dominant government role; a community-based governance regime; and a private, individual-based forestry governance regime. Scenarios are based quite closely on the way these regimes are (or might be expected to be) implemented in Vietnam. For each forest governance scenario, we map LULC changes based on land suitability analysis and transition likelihood for the period 2010 − 2020. The resulting maps are used as inputs into the InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs) model, which is used to estimate the quantity of three specific FES: carbon storage/sequestration, sediment yield, and water yield. We apply economic valuation methods to value these services: the social cost of carbon is used to estimate the economic values of carbon storage/sequestration; the cost of removing sediment deposited in reservoirs is applied for valuing the reduction of sediment yield, and the residual value of water supply for hydropower generation is used for valuing water yield. The results show that forest governance regimes have a significant effect not only on forest LULC, but also on the quantity and values of FES derived from forests. The FES are differentially affected by alternative forest governance regimes: some FES increase in quantity and value under some governance regimes and decrease under others. Of the three forest governance regimes examined, there is no one regime that will always be 'better' than the others in terms of provisioning all considered FES. For the specific context of Vietnam, we find that the private forest governance scenario is inferior to the community-based governance scenario, as an alternative to the current state-based governance. Because our results pertain to the scenarios as constructed, rather than generally to broad categories of gov-ernance regimes, there remains the possibility that regimes can be constructed that outperform all of those examined here.

Todo proceso de apropiación de los recursos naturales involucra la interacción de distintos agentes sociales a partir de la ejecución de determinadas prácticas de apropiación, entendidas éstas últimas como los usos, formas de acceso y aprovechamiento del territorio y los recursos naturales que en él existen. Todos estos elementos están regulados por instituciones de jure o de facto que la sociedad genera, recrea y transforma a lo largo del tiempo, dando forma y contenido a las distintas manifestaciones de la propiedad. Analizar conjuntamente estos elementos permite poner de manifiesto el poder relativo de los actores sociales y políticos respecto al control de los recursos naturales y en los procesos de toma de decisiones vinculados al uso y aprovechamiento de los recursos naturales.
La presente obra analiza el proceso de apropiación de la tierra, el agua y el bosque en una comunidad agraria, que formuló un proyecto local de compensación por servicios ambientales a partir de las necesidades particulares de la región. La puesta en marcha de este proyecto, muestra la dinámica de manejo y aprovechamiento de los recursos naturales a nivel local, los que pueden entrar en contradicción con los marcos legales generales en materia de propiedad de recursos naturales estratégicos como el agua.

Ainda prevalece a tradição brasileira e amazônica do incentivo
à ocupação das florestas, legitimando a propriedade pelo uso. A Amazônia tem 70 milhões de hectares com titularidade indefinida. Este é um dos vários desafios ao manejo florestal sustentável. Antes prevalecia a aprovação de planos de manejo apenas formal. Depois de muito desmatamento, foram aprovadas políticas
ainda frágeis para controlá-lo. As concessões florestais brasileiras vieram com a lei de gestão de florestas públicas como uma estratégia para manter a floresta em pé. A lei foi aprovada por um raro consenso legislativo. São comentados os resultados das concessões empresariais e comunitárias. Avanço mais lento que esperado devido a uma gestão florestal federal complexa, insuficiente prioridade e outros fatores. O setor madeireiro continua enxergando que a exploração tradicional traz mais resultados financeiros que o manejo sustentável. As concessionárias já enxergam o contrário.

- by Joseph S . Weiss and +1
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- Tropical forest, Community Forestry, Community based forest management, Forest concessions

Forest degradation is arguably the greatest threat to biodiversity, ecosystem services, and rural livelihoods. Therefore, increasing understanding of how organisms respond to degradation is essential for management and conservation planning. We were motivated by the need for rapid and practical analytical tools to assess the influence of management and degradation on biodiversity and system state in areas subject to rapid environmental change. We compared bird community composition and size in managed (ejido, i.e., communally owned lands) and un-managed (national park) forests in the Sierra Tarahumara region, Mexico, using multi-species occupancy models and data from a 2-year breeding bird survey. Analyses provided evidence that unmanaged sites had on average higher species occupancy and richness than managed sites. Most species were present in low numbers as indicated by lower values of detection and occupancy, which were associated with logging-induced degradation. Less than 10% of species had occupancy probabilities >0.5, and degradation had no positive effects on occupancy. The estimated metacommunity size of 125 exceeded previous estimates for the region, and sites with mature trees and uneven-aged forest stand characteristics contained the highest species richness. Higher estimation uncertainty and decreases in richness and occupancy for all species, including habitat generalists, were associated with degraded young, even-aged stands. Our findings show that multi-species occupancy methods provide tractable measures of biodiversity and system state and valuable decision-support for landholders and managers. These techniques can be used to rapidly address gaps in biodiversity information and threats, and vulnerabilities for species of interest on a landscape level, even in degraded or fast-changing environments. Moreover, such tools may be particularly relevant in the assessment of species richness and distribution in a wide array of habitats.

- by Eduardo Carrillo-Rubio and +2
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- Conservation Biology, Mexico, Community based forest management, Forest Ecology and Bird Conservation
- by Silvia Pinheiro and +1
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- Sustainable Development, Fisheries Management, Brazilian Amazon, Intelectual Property

The traditional pilgrimages to religious sites are evolving into large scale religious tourism in many protected areas across India. A growing influx of visitors leading to infrastructural development of these sites within protected areas has potential to immensely damage the natural ecological balance. There are significant changes in the scale and frequency of visits to religious sites over past few decades creating an undue anthropogenic pressure on the ecology of protected areas. The present study tried to estimate the impact of religious tourism on the local ecology inside Ranthambhore Tiger reserve (RTR), India.

- by Meenu Dhakad and +1
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- Wildlife Ecology And Management, Community based forest management

Conservation of indigenous tree species is crucial for restoration of ecosystems and provision of livelihood support functions among rural communities. However, most tree planting initiatives have promoted exotic species, ignoring native species which populations have for long depended on. This study assessed the indigenous tree species conservation and Use Values in the Kyoga plains and the highland ranges Agro Ecological Zones of Uganda. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to capture primary data from a total of 422 household heads. Data were coded and entered in SPSS statistical package (Version 16). Descriptive statistics were generated to establish the distribution of indigenous trees on farms and tree management options employed by farmers. Chi-square test at 5% probability level was used to assess whether there was any difference in indigenous tree establishment, propagation and management options in the four study districts. The Use Value index technique was used to rank and prioritize 20 indigenous tree species. Most of the local communities in Eastern highland ranges prefer planting and retaining indigenous tree species in crop fields, while deliberate tree planting in the vicinity of family compounds (homestead) was predominant in the Kyoga plains. Indigenous tree species mode of establishment, propagation and management options significantly differed across the four study sites (P<0.05). The overall tree species Use Value Indices generally correspond to the number of uses of a particular tree species and vary between 2.4 and 0.2. Our study findings show rather a narrow range between the highest and least use value, implying that communities generally valued a particular tree species for at least more than one preferred use. Local communities prefer protecting naturally growing indigenous tree seedlings than planting. They facilitate tree regeneration when the benefits of their investment are guaranteed and the economic value such trees can provide to the household. Therefore, while evaluating indigenous tree species for relative importance and use, the end objectives of such evaluation must be critically examined in light of the interest of different tree resource user groups.

- by Joel Buyinza
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- Environmental Science, Forestry, Climate change policy, Community Ecology

This paper seeks to identify the factors which are responsible for successful management of natural resources when communities are given opportunities to manage those resources. Applying the social capital framework, it analyzes empirical data from the well known case of Kalahan Educational Foundation, the Philippines. The study confirms previous findings, which have emphasized the high level of cohesion and traditional norms among a homogeneous community of indigenous peoples (bonding social capital) as a success factor. This study further identifies that for effective management of collective action, mobilization of bridging and linking social capital are equally important as they do not only help mobilize external resources but, at times, also promote bonding social capital.

Kegiatan budidaya perairan (tambak) merupakan salah satu driver (faktor penggerak dan pendorong) penyebab deforestasi sebesar 1% atau seluas 11.046 hektar dari luas hutan yang terdeforestrasi di Kalimantan Timur seluas 1.140.536 hektar sejak 2006 hingga 2016.
Data dan informasi penelitian terdiri dari data primer dan sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data primer dilakukan melalui penelitian lapangan dengan Diskusi Kelompok Terarah (FGD : Focus Group Discussion), wawancara, survey dan observasi langsung terhadap responden dan objek lokasi tambak. Proses penciptaan kesadaran terhadap pengelolaan kawasan Delta Mahakam (DM) telah dimulai. KPHP telah melakukan sejumlah dialog dengan para pemangku kepentingan yang lain, termasuk dari instansi pihak pemerintah pusat dan daerah, swasta, akademisi, masyarakat, LSM dan media. Pentingnya meningkatkan kapasitas adaptasi dan mitigasi masyarakat pesisir melalui peningkatan kesadaran masyarakat (public awareness) dengan pendekatan spesifik sesuai dengan kebutuhan masing-masing kelompok masyarakat; akses informasi, teknologi tepat guna, dan modal untuk kelompok rentan ekonomi sesuai dengan jenis pekerjaan dan pemanfaatan sumber daya pesisir.
Beberapa temuan kunci dan implikasi kebijakan yang dapat dijadikan safeguards (kerangka pengaman) bagi pengembangan tambak ramah lingkungan sebagai bagian dari aksi program penurunan emisi di Kalimantan Timur.

- by Tien Wahyuni and +1
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- Behavioral Sciences, Social Sciences, Stakeholder Analysis, Climate Change Adaptation And Mitigation Strategies

The poor performance of various people-oriented forestry projects has prompted the government to adopt the Community-based Forest Management (CBFM) program as the development pathway for addressing upland poverty and deforestation. The Program is based on the premise that if local communities were given access to, control of, and benefits from forest resources, they will be transformed into responsible stewards and partners in the promotion of sustainable forest management.

- by Nurul Firmansyah
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- Indigenous Studies, Legal Pluralism, Indonesia, Islamic Studies

An exploratory study was carried out to identify the homestead tree resources, their utilization pattern,
economic return of major fruit and timber tree species, their management activities for sustainable production as well as
constraints of homestead plantation in Fatickchari Upazila of Chittagong district, Bangladesh over the period of six months
by using multistage random sampling design of 96 households categorized into marginal (>0.02-0.08 ha), small (0.08-0.14
ha), medium (>0.14-0.20 ha) and large (>0.20 ha) based on homestead areas. Sample households were selected randomly
taking three from each category in each ward. Total number of tree species was increased with the increase in homestead
areas. In case of socio-economic aspects of the respondents, it was found that tree variety (%) has a gradual increasing
trend with increase of education level. However, relative tree density (%) was found to have increasing trend with
education up to higher secondary level and after that there was a slight decreasing trend. People involve in agriculture have
got higher tree density (31%) compared to other occupations such as; service (28%), business (24%) and daily labour
(17%). The investment analysis revealed that longer time investment on fruit and timber tree species is profitable. Lack of
technical knowledge of growing trees, unavailability of space and good quality seed/seedlings were the major constraints of
homestead forestry production. This study may be useful baseline information to forest policy makers in Bangladesh.

- by Md. Lokman Hossain
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- Community based forest management

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) defines ecosystem services as the benefits that humans receive from the nature, such as clean water, food, fiber, wood, timber, medicinal herbs, leaf-litters, bush meat, groundwater recharge, flood mitigation and climate regulation. Ecosystem services and human well-being are linked together, and the socio-economic factors mediate the linkage. Baghmara Buffer Zone Community Forest of Chitwan National Park (CNP) lies in Bachhauli Village Development Committee (VDC) of Chitwan District, Nepal. This study is based on review of available literature, records, statistical documents as well as online database of publications.. It suggests PES could be a best mechanism for conservation financing if planned in a way and guided by expert agencies. Community Development works of BBZCF has instigated ownership for forest & wildlife conservation among communities. Community now believes that more benefits can be accrued from conservation of forest than from its destruction. Though there are different types of ecosystem services, the concerns are focused on only recreational and aesthetic services. More concerns should be given to various regulating services like carbon sequestration which could be prominent source of extra income. This Buffer Zone Community forest has not only reduced the burden of tourist inflow at Chitwan National Park but has been proved prominent source of income to finance conservation and community development.

Several resolutions were recorded in the meetings of the Chhattisgarh Biodiversity Committee, under the Chairmanship of Dr. Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty, in March 2021, to nurture and protect the connection between cultural diversity and biological diversity nurtured trans generationally by tribal communities of Chhattisgarh. It was decided to showcase the collaborative efforts of the State Government, with the participation of tribal communities, to locate and conserve heritage sites and landscapes all over the state, that have outstanding examples of bio cultural diversity; to evolve a sui generis community intellectual property right regime, for excluding exploitation and ensuring sustainable harvesting practices; to promote, as World Heritage, sites that demonstrate the tangible and intangible heritage of strategies and features of the community management of human and natural resources; and, to formulate a Working Plan to incorporate and disseminate the innovative conservation practices, undertaken with tribal participation. The field initiatives would be exhibited, and discussed on national and international platforms.

How do humans come to care for their environment and what turns them into conservationists are central questions in environmental politics. Recent scholars have turned to Foucault’s ideas of “governmentality” to understand how technologies of power intersect with technologies of the self to create “environmental subjects,” that is, people who display a sense of commitment to the conservation of the environment. In this article, I argue that the applications of governmentality tend to privilege technologies of power and pay insufficient attention to the role of affect, emotions, and embodied practices in shaping human subjectivities. I draw on Spinoza’s framework of affects and Hardt and Negri’s idea of “affective labor” to bring attention to the processes through which human beings make themselves and the role of affect and environmental care practices in shaping subjectivity. Using the example of community-based forest conservation efforts in Odisha, India, I argue that we need to look beyond economic and political rationalities to explain human action and behavior. I suggest that villagers’ efforts to regenerate degraded forests involve affective labor in which mind and body, reason and passion, intellect and feeling are all employed together. Through the daily practices of caring for the forest and helping the forests grow, villagers not only transform natural landscapes but also transform their individual and collective subjectivities. I conclude by elaborating on the “biopower from below” of these environmental care practices.

- by Neera Singh
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- Forestry, Environmental Education, Governmentality, Environmental Studies

The facilitators guide provides all the necessary information, required tools, and steps involved in the preparation of community-based forest management and development plan. The guide was expected to help both the facilitators and local communities to prepare CBFMPs in a collective and participatory manner with active participation of different stakeholders associated with community-based forests and their resources. We hope that users of this CBFM facilitator’s guide will find it practical, applicable, realistic and useful in the field situations.

The Tapiche-Blanco region epitomizes Loreto’s extraordinary landscape diversity. It harbors large expanses of wetlands and peatland forests, white-sand forests, and hyperdiverse upland forests, and these are drained by a variety of black, white, and clearwater streams. Located within the global epicenter of amphibian, mammal, and bird diversity, and highlighted by recent maps as possessing the largest aboveground carbon stocks in Peru, the region has maintained continuous forest and a high conservation value despite a long history of unregulated logging, hunting, and fishing. The region has long been a conservation priority of the national and regional governments, and the high plant and animal diversity we recorded during the inventory make it clear that it deserves the designation.
We recorded 962 plant species and 741 vertebrate species during the inventory. Dozens of the species we recorded are distributed patchily in Amazonian Peru because they specialize on ‘islands’ of poor-soil vegetation. Based on our fieldwork and on maps of diversity in these groups, we estimate that the total number of vascular plant and vertebrate species in the Tapiche-Blanco region is 3,878–4,478.

- by Corine Vriesendorp and +5
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- Plant Ecology, Conservation Biology, Tropical Ecology, Amazonia

Natural resource governance is enhanced and structured by rules, norms and strategies which make institutionalism quintessential in the natural resource governance discourse. Adopting a retrospective analysis of classical theoretical literature and recent empirical experiences of natural resource institutions, this paper discusses institutional analysis as pertains to the natural resource governance context. Synthesizing from relevant literature, this review designs and discusses an analytical framework to illustrate how formal and informal institutions structure natural resource governance. The key elements in the framework are: biophysical element, process and institutional element, behavioral choice element, enforcement mechanisms and an outcome element. The paper argues that for formal rule to be more effective, it greatly depends on its relationship with the informal institutions and more importantly their enforcement complementarities. The study, consequently, discusses key elements that influence the effectiveness of natural resource rule enforcement. This review concludes that both formal and informal institutions serve as catalysts to reinforce natural resource governance; however, the two could also combine to form a clandestine network to facilitate unethical resource exploitation. The paper puts forward that, it is not institutions per se but the " nature of interaction " between formal and informal institutions together with the " enforcement mechanisms " which will to a large extent determine the kind of resource outcomes.

A realização desta pesquisa só foi possível com a colaboração das pessoas e organizações mencionadas a seguir.

Biodiversity loss is a major threat to life on planet earth today. The major causes of biodiversity loss include habitat loss and degradation, over-exploitation, alien invasive species, climate change and pollution. Globally, the use of Protected Areas (PAs) is a commonly accepted way to reduce the biodiversity loss. Although the use of PAs is widely accepted, they face several challenges—mainly degradation caused by human activities. The human-induced PA challenges are more prevalent in low-income countries where the vast majority of people depend on natural resources. One of the proposed solutions to help reduce the challenges is the use of a community-based conservation (CBC) approach. This study uses a mixed methods research design to assess the effectiveness of a CBC approach employed by pastoralist communities in Loliondo Division in northern Tanzania. The study objectives are to (1) to evaluate the governance effectiveness of the approach, and (2) to evaluate the social-ecological contributions of the approach in Loliondo Division. To achieve its goals, the study uses data from content review, focus group discussion, key informant interviews, and household surveys related to six case study villages. The overall results suggest good quality of governance of the conservation approach; however, there are concerns over performance and transparency of its governing institutions - the village councils. The approach is also perceived to have improved local livelihoods by delivering benefits particularly at the community level rather than at the family level. For biodiversity conservation, the approach is perceived to have contributed to the increased number of wildlife species, protected water sources, and forest cover. The abundance of flagship and endangered species, however, were perceived to have remained low. There are also concerns over local involvement in biodiversity conservation. The results varied among the study villages with the status of the implementation of the conservation projects using the approach being a major factor. All but one of the villages had to cease operations as a result of new government regulations. Based on results from the village where the conservation approach is still active, this thesis concludes that under certain conditions, the CBC approach in Loliondo Division can be an effective approach capable to deliver conservation benefits to the local people as well as reduce the loss of biodiversity. However, more empirical data is required to further study the approach’s contribution to ecological integrity.

- by Kanna K Siripurapu
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- Community based forest management

The study documents systematically the implementation of Forest Rights Act (FRA)2006 across the country covering 11 states. There is a gross violation of the following the constitutional provisions of FRA in the sphere of conservation of forest and enhancement of forest-based sustainable livelihood is being continued for long that demands the immediate attention of the legislative and the judiciary. The role of Civil Society organisations and the groups of activists is crucial in this matter. All India Front for Forest Rights Struggles (AIFFRS) in collaboration with the Indian School of Business (ISB) documented the situation on the ground and help AIFFRS to prepare a concerted strategy for the future.

- by Tarun Kanti Bose
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- Community based forest management

Community-based Forestry (CBF) is now a popular approach for landscape restoration, forest management , biodiversity conservation and support for rural livelihoods worldwide. The Himalayan country Nepal has been at the forefront of CBF for over four decades, with almost 40% of the total population directly involved in protecting and managing more than 32% of the country's forested land. However, in the past, the focus of CBF in Nepal was the provision of goods for local subsistence, and there has been limited analysis of the role of CBF in providing ecosystem services (ES) from restored forest landscapes. Based on material drawn from a literature review and a stakeholders' workshop, this paper analyses changes in Nepalese forest policies to provide a more holistic framework for CBF that provides a wider range of ES and to potentially underpin payments for ecosystem services in Nepal. The analysis indicates that Nepal's forest policy and practices are still dominated by a narrowly conceived notion of forest management that does not accommodate the holistic concept of ES. The study illustrates that CBF provides many ES from local to global benefits as result of forest restoration. For example, timber, firewood, food, and water have local importance, while climate regulation, flood/erosion control, and habitat improvement have global importance. Many innovative cases are emerging in the long journey of CBF in Nepal that demonstrate more diverse management strategies, new forms of tenure rights and autonomy in institutional spaces. These can potentially provide a catalytic platform for the wider adoption of the ES framework in CBF regimes, in order to focus and reward forest management more directly for the provision of services such as water, biodiversity, climate regulation and recreation. Consequently, this study discusses the issues and challenges that are impeding the implementation of the ES concept in Nepal and suggests some ways forward.

- by Kiran Paudyal and +1
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- Management, Ecosystem Services, Carbon Sequestration, Nepal

El Programa Sembrando Vida se creó en México con el objetivo de contribuir al bienestar social de las y los sujetos agrarios en sus localidades rurales e impulsar su participación efectiva en el desarrollo rural integral. Desde su inicio en Enero del 2019 al 06 de febrero del 2020, se cuenta con 26,271.38 hectáreas de plantaciones en el Estado de Chiapas en donde se han sembrado 5,980,123 árboles de 29 especies diferentes.

- by ENRIQUE ALBERTO VÁZQUEZ CONSTANTINO and +1
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- Economics, Forestry, Políticas Públicas, Tropical forest

This research was conducted in Cienda, Gabas and San Vicente, Kilim, Baybay City, Leyte. This study draws on the effectiveness of the Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) program on the aforementioned communities through Cienda-San Vicente Farmers Association (CSVFA) as the CBFM holder. The assessment was based on the CBFM program's main principle, " people first and sustainable forestry will follow ". Moreover, an interview schedule was used in collecting primary data. During the survey, the sampling method used was the combination of Slovin's formula and Finite Population Correction (FPC), wherein 41 respondents were interviewed from the CSVFA members and 50 respondents from the non-members. All the data were encoded and results were analyzed using the Statistical Packages for Social Studies (SPSS). Moreover, independent samples t-test was used to compare the means of the two Original Research Article

- by Hasrul Hanif
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- Community Forestry, Community based forest management

Political ecologists have developed scathing analyses of capitalism’s tendency for enclosure and dispossession of the commons. In this context commons are analyzed as a force to resist neo-liberalism, a main site of conflict over dispossession, and a source of alternatives to capitalism. In this paper we elaborate a view of the commons as the material and symbolic terrain where
performative re-articulation of common(s) senses can potentially enact counter-hegemonic socio-ecological configurations. Expressly drawing on the concepts of hegemony, “common-senses” (inspired by Antonio Gramsci) and “performativity” (developed by Judith Butler), we argue that counterhegemony is performed through everyday practices that rearticulate existing
common senses about commons. Commoning is a set of processes/relations enacted to challenge capitalist hegemony and build more just/sustainable societies insofar as it transforms and rearranges common senses in/through praxis. The paper draws on the experience of an anti-mining movement of Casa Pueblo in Puerto Rico, which for the last 35+ years has been developing a project self-described as autogestion. The discussion pays special attention to Casa Pueblo’s praxis and discourses to investigate how they rearticulate common senses with regard to nature, community and democracy, as well as their implications for counter-hegemonic politics.

- by Gustavo Garcia-Lopez and +2
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- Social Movements, Latin American Studies, Commons, Political Ecology

This is to certify that Ms. Ranjana Budhathoki, a student of M.Sc. 2 nd year, Central Department of Environmental Sciences, T.U., has carried out this case study entitled "A Case Study on Assessment of Sustainability of Harisiddhi... more

This study presented the various cases of community-based mangrove forest management in the Philippines and other parts of Asia. It shows the comparison of the community-based mangrove management systems.Some areas focusing on their practices that are suitable to the physical condition of location, culture, and socioeconomic characteristics.Some are applying strategies learned from the other areas. The experiences show that management systems that are contextual and/or suitable to the location are likely to be sustainable. Mangrove forest management by the local community is a vital instrument to attain sustainability. However, there is no assurance that the mangrove forest management by the community is sustainable, especially resource extraction, tourism activities, and aquasilviculture are present. Community-based mangrove forest management needs evaluation of sustainability using applicable criteria and indicators contextual to the area.

Chhattisgarh state in India has the highest incidence of poverty in the country with an estimated 47.9 per cent of the State‟s population living in poverty. It has the third largest area under forest and approximately 44% of the total geographical area of the state falls under forests. There is a strong connection between forest areas and poverty and the state is no exception. The study had four clear objectives one of which was to understand and document the traditional natural resource management in the villages in the form of a case study. The case study also involved understanding the role of community forest management and its prospect in a post-CFR environment. The other three objectives were to do resource mapping, prepare bylaws for Community Forest Management (CFM) and assess the possibility of a NTFP based business plan.

- by Kanna K Siripurapu
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- Community based forest management

This paper described the experience in the restoration of the Barobbob Watershed and the implementation of an integrated watershed management approach through community‐based forest management, assessed the land use and associated cover changes in the watershed, and determined the indicators of effectiveness of forest protection strategies based on stakeholders perspectives. The decentralization of 868.79 hectares of Barobbob Watershed including 439‐hectare

- by Maricon Perez
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- Watershed Management, Project manager, Land Use, Community based forest management

Buku ini merupakan hasil studi mengenai masalah permukiman dan kawasan pertanian masyarakat yang berada dalam kawasan tiga taman nasional di Indonesia, yaitu Ujung Kulon di Jawa, Kerinci Seblat di Sumatra, dan Lore Lindu di Sulawesi. Tidak ada satu pun kawasan konservasi di Indonesia yang bebas sama sekali dari konflik ruang dengan permukiman dan pertanian masyarakat. Buku ini menguraikan lima tipe permukiman dalam relasinya dengan taman nasional, serta enam bentuk respon dari Balai taman nasional dalam menyikapi berbagai tipe permukiman itu.
Kesimpulan buku ini menekankan bahwa anggapan masyarakat setempat adalah ancaman utama terhadap keutuhan kawasan konservasi tidaklah selalu tepat, dan dalam banyak kasus ancaman itu justru berasal dari institusi pemerintah sendiri baik di aras pusat maupun daerah otonom.
Oleh karena itu, cara pandang dan paradigma mengenai penyebab degradasi hutan maupun model pengelolaan kawasan konservasi haruslah dirubah.

- by Mohamad Shohibuddin
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- Conservation, Indonesia, National Parks, Community based forest management

Community-based forest management (CBFM) is a major strategy in managing forest lands in the Philippines. Forest and land management activities implemented in CBFM project sites include management of tropical forests (enrichment planting, timber stand improvement or TSI and limited harvesting), rehabilitation of degraded lands (reforestation, assisted natural regeneration (ANR)) and agroforestry. The environmental effects of CBFM and its technologies are largely positive. CBFM has led to the conservation of natural forests and the associated biodiversity. The planting of trees in farms and landscapes has led to soil and water conservation, carbon sequestration and biomass production.

- by Rodel Lasco
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- Human Geography, Biomass, Land management, Agroforestry

Four community-managed Sal forests in Dadeldhura district of Nepal were selected for the assessment of carbon stock. The stratified random sampling method was applied to measure the field data from 105 sample plots of 100 m 2 . The carbon stock of trees and shrubs was estimated using Chave allometric equations for moist forests. The study found that the community forests stored carbon stock ranging from 148.5 to 202.3 Mg ha -1 (mean: 175.5 Mg ha -1 ). The community forests managed for a longer duration have higher carbon stock than the community forests managed for a shorter duration. From the study, it can be concluded that these forests have been acting as a storehouse of the carbon. So, we can infer that community management has had a positive impact on increasing the carbon stock of forests and thus on the mitigation of global climate change. This study contributes to the understanding of the role of community forests in mitigating the effects of global climate change.

Community-based forest management (CBFM) is the principal strategy in managing inhabited 'forest land' in the Philippines. It involves the participation of local communities in various forestry activities to achieve sustainable forestry, advance social justice and improve socioeconomic welfare, and promote a stable and healthy environment. This paper analyses the potential benefits of agroforestry farms in CBFM sites to mitigate climate change. The incorporation of trees in farms and landscapes has led to enhanced carbon storage and sequestration. Half a million hectares of agroforestry farms in CBFM sites in the Philippines are estimated to store 25 MtC while sequestering 2.7 MtC annually. Lessons are drawn from three carbon sequestration projects under development using CBFM as the main approach. Income from carbon credits is not sufficient to recover the cost of tree planting. The transaction costs of forestry CDM projects are substantial and could prove to be the greatest barrier to project fruition. Government institutions must find ways to encourage project developers by simplifying rules and regulations for forestry carbon projects. Forest definition must be assessed. Project developers and the government could also explore the voluntary carbon market which is more flexible than the CDM market. Policy and technical studies must be conducted to ascertain the potential of the REDD for CBFM sites in the country.

- by Rodel Lasco
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- Climate Change, Social Justice, Carbon Sequestration, Applied Economics

Abstrak Kawasan hutan yang berada dalam wilayah Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan Konservasi (KPHK) Kuala Lupak merupakan tipe hutan rawa. Hutan rawa sebagai salah satu tipe hutan yang ada di Indonesia mempunyai peranan yang penting dan strategis karena keunikan lokasinya, karakteristik hutan dan gambutnya, kekayaan dan keanekaragaman flora dan faunanya serta fungsinya dalam ekosistem global. Walaupun demikian, kondisi kehidupan ekonomi masyarakat yang mendiami wilayah-wilayah hutan rawa pada umumnya tergolong miskin dan bergantung hidupnya dengan hutan. Konsekuensi dari rendahnya pendapatan adalah masyarakat semakin tergantung pada sumber daya lahan, semakin sulit mengembangkan potensi diri, standar minimal kebutuhan masyarakat sulit terpenuhi, dan pada akhirnya masyarakat kurang dapat berpartisipasi dalam program pembangunan. Upaya pemberdayaan masyarakat merupakan cara untuk mengangkat harkat dan martabat masyarakat dalam rangka pengelolaan hutan lestari dan masyarakat sejahtera. Agar kegiatan pemberdayaan dapat lebih terarah diperlukan suatu model pemberdayaan masyarakat di dalam dan sekitar hutan rawa bergambut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (a) mengidentifikasi kondisi modal sumberdaya di wilayah KPHK Kuala Lupak, (b) mengkaji perilaku masyarakat dalam rangka pengelolaan hutan di wilayah KPHK Kuala Lupak, dan (c) merumuskan model pemberdayaan masyarakat di di wilayah KPHK Kuala Lupak dalam rangka meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat dan mewujudkan kelestarian hutan. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini merupakan kombinasi antara penelitian kuantitatif dan penelitian kualitatif. Pembahasan hasil analisis penelitian kuantitatif akan dapat lebih mendalam dan tidak kering jika dikombinasikan dengan hasil analisis penelitian kualitatif. Dengan kombinasi ini, akan memberikan pemahaman yang lebih luas terhadap masalah-masalah penelitian. Penelitian dilaksanakan di desa-desa di wilayah KPHK Kuala Lupak yang mempunyai karakteristik lahan hutan rawa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat telah memiliki pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang cukup baik dalam pengelolaan hutan, namun dari aspek sikap (afektif) masih tergolong rendah. Untuk mengoptimalkan peran masyarakat maka model pemberdayaan harus mengarah kepada pembentukan perilaku positif masyarakat untuk mengelola sumberdaya hutan. Model ini dilakukan dengan memperkuat modal sumberdaya di satu sisi dan pelaku pemberdayaan di sisi lain. Keduanya harus dimediasi oleh proses pemberdayaan hingga dapat meningkatkan keberdayaan masyarakat. Model ini disebut dengan Model Pemberdayaan Perhutanan Sosial Berbasis Pembelajaran.

- by Hamdani Fauzi
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- Community based forest management

- by Rodel D Lasco
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- Climate Change, Social Justice, Carbon Sequestration, Applied Economics

The land ownership of smallholder private forest farmers is relatively narrows, so some reseachers argue that the forest product is not appropriate to fulfill daily needs. To increase and spread the private forest management risk, farmers diversify crops into several species. In order to identify the farmer strategy through optimizing the land, we developed household survey for 90 respondents from 3 villages in Batur Agung zone, Ledok Wonosari zone and Pegunungan Seribu zone. The survey results showed that private forest utilization by agroforestry is a type of local wisdom, as farmers 'strategy to fulfill the farmers' need. Private forest contribution toward total income in Gunungkidul is 13-40%. The biggest contribution for farmer in Batur Agung zone and Ledok Wonosari is from trees (59-61%), while for farmer in Pegunungan Seribu is from crops (59%). ABSTRAK Petani hutan rakyat di Kabupaten Gunungkidul mempunyai lahan yang relatif sempit sehingga hasilnya tidak dapat digunakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup. petani hutan rakyat melakukan strategi diversifikasi jenis tanaman penyusun hutan rakyat. Petani hutan rakyat melakukan strategi diversifikasi jenis tanaman penyusun hutan rakyat untuk meningkatkan hasil dan menyebar resiko pengelolaan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui strategi petani hutan rakyat dalam memanfaatkan lahan dan kontribusinya terhadap penghidupan. Survei dilakukan terhadap 90 responden di tiga desa dari 3 zona (Batur Agung, Ledok Wonosari dan Pegunungan Seribu). Hasil survei menunjukkan bahwa pemanfaatan lahan hutan rakyat dengan teknik agroforestri merupakan strategi diversifikasi yang dilakukan petani dalam pengoptimalan penggunaan lahan hutan rakyat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya. Pilihan strategi diversifikasi pemanfaatan lahan hutan rakyat merupakan kearifan lokal masyarakat. Kontribusi hutan rakyat terhadap pendapatan petani di Kabupaten Gunungkidul adalah 13-40%. Bagi petani hutan rakyat di zona Baturagung dan Ledokwonosari kontribusi terbesar berasal

- by Silvi Nur Oktalina and +1
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- Community based forest management

Timber production is an important ecosystem service of European mountain forests. This paper aimed to assess the current practices in logging operations and to identify the efficiency gaps in timber production. The study was located in seven case study areas from representative European mountain ranges, where 632 logging operations were analysed. The focus was on road infrastructure, transport systems, harvesting methods and extraction technologies. Often inappropriate technology was used in steep terrain; there was no correlation between the average slope and the selection of harvesting systems. Skidding was the most common extraction method (75%), while cable yarding and forwarding had shares of 15% and 8%. The mean road density was 18.5 m ha-1. The mean extraction distance was 501 m. The mean harvesting and extraction productivity were 9.0 m³ h-1 and 10.2 m³ h-1; the mean costs were 11.1 € m-³ and 11.7 € m-³, respectively. Non-mechanized and obsolete harvesting systems reported the lowest efficiency and the highest environmental footprint, while fully mechanized systems reported the highest efficiency, the lowest number of accidents and the lowest stand damage. Cable yarders are the appropriate extraction technology in steep terrain, but they require a well-developed road network. Higher mechanization degree, improved quality of the road networks, knowledge transfer to practice and training of forest workers are some of the necessary measures to overcome the efficiency gaps in timber production in European mountain forests.

- by Adrian Enache
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- Forestry, Forest Ecology And Management, Forest Ecology, Forest Engineering

There has been increasing attention to and investment in local environmental stewardship in conservation and environmental management policies and programs globally. Yet environmental stewardship has not received adequate conceptual attention. Establishing a clear definition and comprehensive analytical framework could strengthen our ability to understand the factors that lead to the success or failure of environmental stewardship in different contexts and how to most effectively support and enable local efforts. Here we propose such a definition and framework. First, we define local environmental stewardship as the actions taken by individuals, groups or networks of actors, with various motivations and levels of capacity, to protect, care for or responsibly use the environment in pursuit of environmental and/or social outcomes in diverse social–ecological contexts. Next, drawing from a review of the environmental stewardship, management and governance literatures, we unpack the elements of this definition to develop an analytical framework that can facilitate research on local environmental stewardship. Finally, we discuss potential interventions and leverage points for promoting or supporting local stewardship and future applications of the framework to guide descriptive, evaluative, prescriptive or systematic analysis of environmental stewardship. Further application of this framework in diverse environmental and social contexts is recommended to refine the elements and develop insights that will guide and improve the outcomes of environmental stewardship initiatives and investments. Ultimately, our aim is to raise the profile of environmental stewardship as a valuable and holistic concept for guiding productive and sustained relationships with the environment.

- by Nathan J Bennett and +1
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- Conservation Biology, Conservation, Environmental Studies, Community Based Natural Resources Management

Inclusion of marginalized sections and minorities remains one of the most vexing problems for democratic politics. This article discusses the enactment of a recent Indian law, ‘The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Rights) Act, 2006’, as exemplifying the possibilities of inclusion of marginalized groups in democratic processes. The law was enacted in response to a nationwide mobilization of marginalized forest dwellers and their advocates demanding rights over forests. Grassroots-level formations representing forest dwellers came together across scales and spaces to form a network that successfully negotiated India's democratic politics to achieve the passage of the law. The case illustrates the role of grassroots mobilizations in creating alternate discourses of legitimacy, networking across scales and locations, and using spaces provided by representative democracy to include the voices and demands of the marginalized in democracies.

- by Kundan Kumar
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- Social Movements, Democratization, Land tenure, Empowerment