Community Forestry Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

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- Urban Forestry, Arboriculture, Community Forestry, Information Need
- by BHARAT KUMAR Pokharel
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- Policy making, Federal Government, Legislation, Forest degradation

Dissecting complex institutional webs and the roles they play (or should play) in development is an ongoing endeavor. To better understand the relationships between local and external institutions in small communities—specifically, whether these two sets of institutions act as complements or substitutes—we analyze subjective assessments of organizations and development indicators in nine rural Costa Rican towns. We expect to find that attitudes toward both local and external institutions are positively related to perceptions of development indicators. While the regression model we present yields a relationship between the perceived strength of local institutions and development indicators, we fail to find such a relationship with the importance respondents place on the presence of external organizations in their community. The results of a second regression model suggest that individuals may link the importance of external institutions with the specific services they provide. We con...

Setiap zaman memiliki generasinya sendiri, dan setiap generasi menggerakkan zamannya sendiri. Dulu, generasi jadoel (jaman doeloe) 3 masih merasakan pengalaman menikmati wisata alam tanpa sedikit pun terlibat dalam penggunaan teknologi yang canggih. Bahkan, untuk menjangkau keindahan wisata tersebut masih harus ditempuh dengan berjalan kaki selama berjam-jam. Bekal pengganti dahaga dan lapar pun harus dibawa dan disediakan sendiri. Cara menikmati keindahan alam pun dilakukan hanya dengan mata telanjang dan menyimpannya di dalam memori otaknya. Teknologi fotografi masih langka, mahal, dan merepotkan. Kecanggihan teknologi pun menggeser cara berwisata generasi ini. Orang tak lagi berjalan kaki, aneka moda transportasi tersedia. Orang tak lagi repot-repot mempersiapkan bekal pelepas lapar dan dahaga. Semua tersedia, tinggal memilih. Orang tak lagi sekedar menyimpan keindahan alam pada alam memori yang semakin hari kian pudar terlupakan. Namun, mengkopinya secara utuh dalam rentetan jepretan kamera dan serta-merta menyimpannya pada alam maya dimana manusia lain pun dapat turut mengakses keindahan tersebut. Meski bukan itu tujuan utamanya. Narsis. Aktualisasi diri. Eksistensi. Menyatakan kepada dunia bahwa dia telah dan pernah berada pada sebuah tempat tertentu. Narsis memang menjadi habit generasi zaman kini-atau sering pula disebut generasi milenial. Bahkan, Joel Stein dalam majalah TIME menyebutnya sebagai The Me Me Me Generation atau "Generasi Aku Aku Aku". Generasi inilah yang menikmati wisata dengan cara berswa-foto dan mengunggahnya as soon as possible di media sosial. Kebetulan, teknologi memang memfasilitasinya secara masif. Kemudahan teknik fotografi, kecepatan internet, dan ketersediaan jejaring sosial media. Canggihnya lagi, kesemuanya disatukan dalam sebuah benda kecil, ringan, dan tidak merepotkan. Gadget 4. Dan, Kalibiru muncul pada situasi yang pas. Tatkala industri milenial berkembang. Kalibiru menyediakan "bahan baku" yang sangat disukai pasar-yakni background yang aduhai untuk beraktualisasi diri. Sejauh ini, sebanyak 1.265.880 orang telah memproduksi barang milenial kenarsisan dari tempat ini dan mengedarkannya di pasar maya melalui berbagai aplikasi sosial media-seperti WhatsAps, facebook, Instagram, LINE, dan lain sebagainya. Tentu, pengedaran barang narsis milenial ini mempergunakan beragam jenis gadget dengan memanfaatkan jasa layanan dari aneka internet service provider. Koneksi inter-stakeholders berlangsung dalam kompleksitas industri milenial. Pada tingkat hulu, komoditas milenial diproduksi pada spot-spot foto di Kalibiru dan dihilirkan melalui beragam jenis gawai dan beraneka aplikasi medsos-dengan memanfaatkan jasa layanan internet. Tidak itu saja. Berbagai stakeholders ikutan pun turut terhubung sebagai penikmat benefit bisnis milenial. Sebut saja warung dan/atau rumah makan, minimarket, hotel/penginapan, jasa transportasi, toko oleh-oleh, guide, marshal, dan lain sebagainya.

- by Rohni Sanyoto
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- Business & Society, Social Media, Tourism, Community Forestry

Ainda prevalece a tradição brasileira e amazônica do incentivo
à ocupação das florestas, legitimando a propriedade pelo uso. A Amazônia tem 70 milhões de hectares com titularidade indefinida. Este é um dos vários desafios ao manejo florestal sustentável. Antes prevalecia a aprovação de planos de manejo apenas formal. Depois de muito desmatamento, foram aprovadas políticas
ainda frágeis para controlá-lo. As concessões florestais brasileiras vieram com a lei de gestão de florestas públicas como uma estratégia para manter a floresta em pé. A lei foi aprovada por um raro consenso legislativo. São comentados os resultados das concessões empresariais e comunitárias. Avanço mais lento que esperado devido a uma gestão florestal federal complexa, insuficiente prioridade e outros fatores. O setor madeireiro continua enxergando que a exploração tradicional traz mais resultados financeiros que o manejo sustentável. As concessionárias já enxergam o contrário.

- by Joseph S . Weiss and +1
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- Tropical forest, Community Forestry, Community based forest management, Forest concessions
- by Bolier Torres and +1
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- Amazonia, Ecuador, Community Forestry, Illegal Logging
- by D'Arcy Davis-Case
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- Public Participation, Forest Management, Local governance, Community Forestry

Folia Forestalia Polonica 2015, Vol. 57 (3): Title: Plant bio-stimulator fertilizers can be applied in integrated plant management (IPM) in forest nurseries, Author(s): Miłosz Tkaczyk, Justyna A. Nowakowska, Tomasz Oszako, DOI: 10.1515/ffp-2015-0020; Title: Beauveria brongniartii Sacc. (Petch) against Melolontha spp. white grubs in forest nurseries with different soil pH, Author(s): Alicja Sierpińska, Elżbieta Popowska-Nowak, Andrzej Bednarek, DOI: 10.1515/ffp-2015-0021; Title: Structure of the organic matter pool in Pinus sibirica dominated forests of Central Siberia, Author(s): Nataly N. Koshurnikova, Sergey V. Verkhovets, Olga A. Antamoshkina, Nataly V. Trofimova, Lyudmila.V. Zlenko, Andrey V. Zhuikov, Anastasia A. Garmash, DOI: 10.1515/ffp-2015-0022; Title: The impact of the health condition of oaks from the Krotoszyn Plateau on the mechanical properties of timber structures, Author(s): Jarosław Siwiński, Katarzyna Kubiak, Miłosz Tkaczyk, Anna Mazur, Ryszard Rekucki, DOI: 10.1515/ffp-2015-0023; Title: The amount of carbon in the undergrowth biomass of main types of forests stands in Poland, Author(s): Sławomir Janyszek, Paweł Strzeliński, Magdalena Janyszek, Dorota Wrońska-Pilarek, DOI: 10.1515/ffp-2015-0024;
Title: Accuracy of smartphone applications in the field measurements of tree height, Author(s): Szymon Bijak, Jakub Sarzyński, DOI: 10.1515/ffp-2015-0025; Title: Plant ecological groups and soil properties of common hazel (Corylus avellana L.) stand in Safagashteh forest, north of Iran, Author(s): Hassan Pourbabaei, Mohammad Naghi Adel, DOI: 10.1515/ffp-2015-0026

- by Folia Forestalia Polonica , Series A - Forestry and +4
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- Molecular Biology, Ecology, Forest Ecology, Natural Science

Singapore effectively extends the distribution of trees into urban areas and consequently challenges the customary definition of "forest". The impacts of these programs and initiatives illustrate how fragmentation characterizes the problem and how green corridors are characterizing the way Singapore is dealing with that problem. The jury is still out on the success of this relatively new strategy, and subsequently the long-term survival of the forest is questionable.

- by Jordan Lane Gilmore
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- Environmental Engineering, Forestry, Urban Forestry, Sustainable Development

Este artículo fue presentado como ponencia en el Seminario Taller de Cooperación Amazónica en Silvicultura y Manejo de Bosques Tropicales, del 3 al 21 de agosto de 1987. Presenta la experiencia inicial de la iniciativa del gobierno peruano con apoyo de USAID de creación de una cooperativa forestal entre las comunidades nativas del pueblo Yánesha en el valle del Palcazu, Pasco, Perú, los retos y resultados preliminares de esta experiencia.

- by Thomas Moore
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- Cooperatives, Autogestión, Community Forestry, Yanesha People

Nepal has established community forestry institutions to manage natural resources at the local community level under the assumption that there will be better management than under Government agencies. However, community forestry has not been entirely successful as it has not addressed the needs of poor and marginalised groups. The main goal of this study is to examine how Nepalese social

- by Hugh Bigsby
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- Political Economy, Decision Making, Statistical Analysis, Urban Development

Globally, forests cover approximately 30% of the world’s land surface and are vital for meeting human needs for food, fuelwood, timber, fodder and medicines. Forests are also critical in providing a wide range of environmental services, including biodiversity conservation, climate regulation, watershed protection and soil amelioration. Despite the enormous importance of forests in people’s lives and livelihoods, deforestation and forest degradation have increased globally, and at vastly higher rates than ever before. One of the major reasons for the failure of most forestry programmes in tropical developing countries is the exclusion of local people in forest management and poor recognition of local peoples’ customary rights and dependency on forests. Community-based forest management (CBFM), also known as community forestry, social forestry, joint forest management or participatory forestry, has emerged in response to the concern that centralised forest ownership in most developing countries has failed to promote sustainable forest management (SFM). Social, economic and environmental well-being are at the core of the SFM concept and principles. Despite the significant progress towards SFM over the past decades, its implementation is highly variable in the tropics where the capacity to utilise or enforce SFM policies, laws and regulations remains unequal. This chapter provides an overview of CBFM in the tropics. We first discuss the origins and evolution of CBFM, followed by governance issues relating to CBFM, the factors affecting the success (and failure) of CBFM, the design and implementation of CBFM, and CBFM in international forest policy and management.

Small loggers’ associations in Guyana have grown from one to 73 between 2000 and 2014 with over 2 000 members and 4 000 chainsaw millers. They hold 128 2-year renewable harvest licences to 488 Kha, generally in rainforest already degraded by uncontrolled logging. The slippages between government policies and actual practices in respect of the associations are traced through the evolution of chainsaw milling from the mid-1980s. Using the institutional analysis of property theorists, SLAs are shown to be associations in name only. The State regulatory agency controls access to concession licences and the structure and functioning of the associations. The political patronage system, administrative discretion and the short-term licences awarded on the one hand and the individual milling operations of members on the other hand lead to dysfunctional associations. Only 1/3 of the associations have formally registered legal personality and so the majority are ineligible for bank credit or direct donor support.

- by Janette Bulkan
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- Governance, Political Corruption, Guyana, Sustainable forestry management

A conflict mediation analysis framework was developed.•We examine six mediation cases in Cambodia, Indonesia and Thailand.•Mediation played a crucial role in transforming forest conflicts in six study sites.•Effectiveness and availability of mediation need to be promoted.•Collaboration between researchers and mediators has strengthened the research results.

Meend is a common place-name or toponym in and around the Forest of Dean. It is a name that is familiar to most people in the locality, and the majority of these could probably describe the principal characteristics of a meend. These could usually include an open character, uncultivated and accessible for informal recreational use. The word is often used in association with “forest waste”. These areas lay outside the forest plantation inclosures and were historically exploited by local communities for grazing and as a source of bracken, gorse and brushwood. These practices have declined over the last half century. Most meends that still exist have one or more of these attributes. However, many more have been lost over the years, and exist only as distant memories, have had their names corrupted or absorbed, or appear only as forgotten names on modern maps. This paper seeks to shed some light on the origins of what is possibly the most important group of place and field names in and
around the Forest of Dean and points to areas of research that would yield dividends in uncovering the social and environmental origins of the forest.

- by Ben Lennon
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- Cultural History, Anglo-Saxon Studies, Landscape Archaeology, Agrarian Studies

Problems of elite capture continue to present challenges for sustainable and equitable forest governance around the world. Our understanding of elite capture, however, remains limited by conceptual approaches that pay insufficient attention to power in its various dimensions. Drawing on critical insti-tutionalism and political ecology, I analyze how the power veiled in political-economic structures or 'power fields', embedded with local institutions and relations of conflict and negotiation, helps (re)pro-duce elite power and persistence. I pay particular attention to the role of foresters as crucial yet under-studied elite actors in community forestry. I employ an overtime comparative case study of processes of elite capture in four regional inter-community forestry associations (FAs) in the state of Durango, Mexico. I argue that foresters' persistent capture of FAs is related to multi-layered power inequalities and persistent democratic deficits reproduced by techno-bureaucratic forestry and authoritarian corporatist logics. At the same time, I posit that this capture is not definite but is continually transformed by social struggles and grassroots institutional innovations.

- by Gustavo Garcia-Lopez
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- Development Studies, Forestry, Commons, Political Ecology

The Aboriginal people of Australia knew how to tame bushfires, but since European colonisation bushfires have become feral. This paper is an investigation into the causes that took them out of human control; the effect this is having on the environment, society and the economy; the potential strategies for taming them; the suggested policies; and the instruments to put those policies into action.

Community forestry programme has been a major programme of Nepal’s forestry sector for more than two decades. With its widely acknowledged success, different challenges have been emerging over time. Exclusion of women from decision-making process is one of the major challenges of community forestry. Recognizing the importance of women’s participation in community forestry, forestry policy has focuses on enhancing the wider participation of women in decision-making and benefit sharing. But this legal provision has not brought any significant changes to increase women’s participation in community forestry. This study intends to identify critical gender asymmetries in decision-making and division of labour in community forestry. It also analyzes how these asymmetries are created. Furthermore, this investigation aims at contributing recommendations to mitigate these gender asymmetries in policy for the forest development programme.

- by Rishi Bastakoti
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- Gender, Nepal, Social Inclusion, Community Forestry

Proposal for a new kind of tree planting technology, via drones and seedballs, referred to a project in Shoa, Ethiopia.
Development of a type of seedball designed to favour dispersion and germination rates.
Connections with an educational approach to tree planting and cultural heritage in South West Shoa.
Costing, limitations and description of a pilot project.

- by Thiago Kanashiro Uehara
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- Forestry, Rural Development, Ghana, Revenue Management
- by Philip M Fearnside
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- Climate Change, Brazil, Amazonia, Livelihood
- by Bhaskar Singh Karky
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- Climate Change, Market Orientation, Kyoto Protocol, Community Forestry
- by Revista Xilema
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- Forestry, Forest Ecology And Management, Community Forestry, Ciencias Forestales

This empirical study measured the community’s level of awareness toward forest use rights and the socioeconomic attributes
influencing the community’s awareness within three villages surrounding the Kawang Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia. A
total of 149 respondents were selected by stratified random sampling from the selected villages. A total of 29 scale-based
queries related to community awareness from eight major categories (e.g., the forest resources utilization, forest resources
extraction, access to forest, knowledge, encouragement, involvement, willingness and interest) were made to attain the
objectives. Overall, the respondents possess moderate level of awareness on their rights as forest users with mean value of
awareness of about 2.83. The respondents had a higher awareness of forest resources utilization, forest resources extraction,
access to forest, encouragement and interest. However, their knowledge, willingness and involvement level in forestry
activities were poor (mean awareness value ranges from 1.50 to 2.99), suggesting a need for forestry extension and
motivation. There were several negative correlations among the attributes, for example, knowledge about the role of forest
to community with r = −0.233. It is suggested that appropriate policy and organizational steps to integrate the local
community in the forestry activities through community-based natural resources management in the buffer zone of the
Kawang Forest Reserve can be a win-win situation for the local community and the forests in the long run.

- by Julia Nelson
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- Social Forestry, Community Forestry

This study focuses on intervention processes that support sustainable agriculture. It argues that we know very little about how to intervene for sustainable agriculture, particularly for those areas where the Green Revolution has passed almost unnoticed and where degradation of natural resources is the normal practices, rather than the exception. As sustainability is a constructed, contextual and complicated concept, it is far from clear what sustainability is, how it comes about, and what it is actually for, although it has been at the top of the agenda for nearly a decade. No substantial biological or socialinstitutional breakthroughs or innovations have yet emerged, despite the considerable efforts that have been devoted so far to sustainable agriculture. Impressively, the word "sustainability" is such a powerful symbol that the very thought of an unsustainable agriculture immediately conjures up images of massive human deprivation and suffering and, ultimately, mass st...

- by Birendra Basnyat
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- Design, Forestry, Conservation, Agroforestry

The Scramble for Land Rights Reducing Inequity between Communities and Companies by Laura Notess, Peter Veit, Iliana Monterroso, Andiko, Emmanuel Sulle, Anne M. Larson, Anne-Sophie Gindroz, Julia Quaedvlieg and Andrew Williams - July... more

- by Andiko Mancayo and +1
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- Community Forestry

Rural and community development policies in Nepal of the last six decades are reviewed in this paper examining them through the lenses of institution building at the grassroots level. Despite providing relief in the short term, many of the initial rural development initiatives failed to make an impact and often disappeared without creating any local institutions as soon as donor funding came to an end. However, since 1980s, there has been a growing emphasis on utilising Community-Based Organizations (CBO) as the vehicle for community development. As a result, CBOs have become ubiquitous. Despite having greater roles in local community development, they have received relatively little attention in the policy and research arena. This paper attempts to explore their evolution, map their growth and examine their patterns of sustainability. Analysing the pathways the CBOs utilise, this paper suggests that CBOs tend to shrink in terms of membership, activities, participation and resources as they grow older. Government and development agencies involved need to focus their help in supporting CBOs to sustain themselves.

- by Yanuar Sumarlan
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- Political Parties, Cold War, Political Economics, Shifting Cultivation

Helvetas Swiss Intercooperation Nepal in collaboration with RRI undertook a study in 2014 on a topic - Assessment of land and forest cover change in the Churia range of Nepal. This report is the outcome of that study. People have curiosity over the changes in Churia landscape that have occurred in the last two decades. The purpose of the study therefore was to generate information and knowledge about the changing situation of
land and forest cover change in Churia both inside community forest and outside. Land cover maps comparing between the year 1992 and 2014 speak by themselves.
Results show that overall forest cover in Churia range has increased by 7500 ha (1%) in 22 years i.e. 1.35 million ha (76%) in 1992 compared to 1.36 million ha (77%) in 2014.
It is also found that the area of dense forest is increased by 42,000 ha whereas, area covered by bushes and grassland is reduced by 39,000 ha. This encouraging message of increased area of dense forest in Churia range may have been the result of the improved form of bushes and grassland in the same area.
Study shows that there is a decline in cultivated land by 20,000 ha and expansion of the area of riverbed by 12,300 ha. The contributing factors for this worrying message could be the physical processes in the fragile condition of Churia range, the erosion, flood and deposition that occurs predominantly because of monsoon, tenure insecurity and bad governance.
The study generates a new evidence against the most scary and
exaggerated figure of the rate of deforestation in Nepal reported by FAO in 1995. Deforestation in some patches of forest area seems to be a regular phenomena mainly due to physical infrastructure development and natural erosion. However, the rate of deforestation during the period of 1992 - 2014 is found to be only 0.18% per year, 9 times lower than what FAO has earlier reported which is 1.7% per year during the period of 1978 to 1994.
Comparing the performance of community forest regime with that of other regime indicated that community forestry regime is a better perfomer in terms of the improvement of forest conditions - 50% higher and in reducing the rate of deforestation - 70% lower than other regimes.

This paper looks at how waves of land grabbing in West Kalimantan, Indonesia are transforming the
political ecology of the Kapuas River. Key land grabbing activities include the ubiquitous palm oil
industry, mining (particularly bauxite and gold), logging and pulp and paper plantations, and a variety
of green grabs (Heart of Borneo, national parks and REDD projects). Currently, concession permits
cover 130% of the province, leading to land conflicts and to a politicization of the spatial planning
process. In this paper, we want to look beyond these territorial conflicts by linking them, via the river,
to “city-rural-river-transformation loops” characterized by specific networks of economic and political
actors operating at different scales. We start this empirical inquiry by action research with “Citizen
Research Groups” (CRG) in communities impacted by key qualitative transformations. The CRGs
started to challenge their “local land grabs” for example by using community drones for counter-
mapping. Later, they connected their experience to that of the other CRGs and to how this affected the
river as a whole. We argue that while all the land grabs are ultimately driven by the “meta-network”
(Castells) of the financial markets at the global scale, appropriation and accumulation strategies
manifest themselves differently according to the materiality of the specific resource. While palm oil
and bauxite mining are large scale operations by transnational corporations and enjoy intimate
relations with national and provincial governments, gold mining is conducted by local start-ups and
worker-entrepreneurs and is criminalised by the state. And each activity changes the ecology of the
river in a particular way. The palm oil industry not only destroys the forest-river-ecosystem but also
pollutes the river with run-off pesticides and fertilizers and with palm oil mill effluent (POME). Gold
mining not only lays waste to riverine landscapes but also pollutes the river with mercury. In Tayan,
large bauxite operations have laid a lake dry that was a key resource for fisherwomen. Pollution has
created a crisis for fishermen and women as natural fish stocks have plummeted. In the poorer areas of
the city, the river is so dirty that it can no longer serve as a site of social reproduction (drinking water,
washing, laundry), with serious related health issues. Money and power flow up the river, while
resources and pollution flow back to the city. Land grabs transform the river from a space of life and
livelihoods to one of pollution and illness. At the same time, the river has the potential to connect and
scale up otherwise localized and segregated struggles over land grabs.

- by Irendra Radjawali and +1
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- Forestry, Indonesia, Rivers, River Ecology
- by Mohammed Jashimuddin
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- Forestry, Conservation Biology, Rural Development, Bangladesh

Titlu: Tabele de Cubaj Pentru Lemn Rotund Copertă color, extrem de vizibilă, flexibilă, broșată Volum exprimat în metri cubi [mc], cu 3 zecimale Lungimi între 0,5 – 8,1 metri, din 10 în 10 cm Diametre între 6 – 100 cm, cu pas 1 cm Găsirea... more

A brief draft note which lays down the strategies for CFR Management by Gram Sabhas.

- by Kundan Kumar
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- Community Forestry, Forest Rights Acts, Forest Rights Act

This report summarizes the findings of case studies on decentralization of natural resources management in five Southeast Asian countries—Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam. It assesses the type and extent of decentralization pursued in these countries and the outcomes that these reforms have produced for vulnerable human and ecological communities. Further, it sheds light on the issue of participation, exploring the status of access and equity in decentralized community-based natural resources management systems. Following these analyses, the authors provide a set of policy recommendations on hownatural resources governancereforms should be designed to improve the livelihoods of resource-dependent people and their surrounding ecosystems, while supporting national and regional goals for sustainable development.

- by Nathan Badenoch and +1
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- Southeast Asian Studies, Natural Resources, Subsidiarity, Environmental Studies

In this study, we assess the need and desire for an alternative way to generate income which would preserve the environment instead of harming it. Informants told us that the quality of the environment had changed because of increasing erosion, a lack of rain and water sources, a reduction in livestock numbers, an increase in the number of farms, rapid deforestation and increased poverty. Without trees, the important symbiotic relationship between the Maasai and their environment would be destroyed. It would become necessary for the Maasai to leave their homeland and move to the cities. Local residents saw tree planting as the solution to this problem. In this study, we have shown that there is a great need as well as a great desire for a village wide reforestation project. A project of this kind would include civic education, training, and the development of local tree nurseries. Maasai people share an important relationship with their environment and a balance must be created between tree harvesting and tree planting if villagers want to live a sustainable lifestyle now and in the future.

- by Stephanie Hauck
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- Pastoralism (Social Anthropology), Community Forestry, Tree Planting

Community forestry is one of the most important natural resources. The concept of community participation has gained popularity as one way of ensuring sustainable forest managements. Especially in Thailand, people have been struggling for their rights to access to forests over predominant ideology of state-centralized forestry control. This paper argues that conflicts in the community forestry in Thailand are a clear case of the politics of environmental policy. Two main theses are proposed: First, state agencies have played a major role in constructing legitimacy to communities. This is problematic when the state has significant control over the ownership of the forestry. Second, Thailand has switched back and forth between parliamentary democracy to military junta for decades, which slows down the process of public participation in policy decision. Finally, this study argues that environmental resources will be successfully implemented by decentralized natural resource governance, and allow local dwellers to share the rights, access and ownership to the community forestry.