Forensic Linguistics Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

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- Perception, Forensic Linguistics, Transcription

Forensic Linguistics, its definition, scope, and applications

This article focuses on the analysis of schoolchildren’s writing (throughout the whole primary school period) using sets of morphological labels (n-grams). We analyzed the sets of bigrams and trigrams from a group of literary texts written by Catalan schoolchildren in order to identify which bigrams and trigrams can help discriminate between texts from the three cycles into which the Spanish primary education system is divided: lower cycle (6- and 7-year-olds), middle cycle (8- and 9-year- olds) and upper cycle (10- and 11-year-olds). The results obtained are close to 70% of correct classifications (77.5% bigrams and 68.6% trigrams), making this technique useful for automatic document classification by age.

Abstract: Each year, increasing numbers of international students enroll in Chinese universities, yet no literature is available on their intercultural communication competences (ICC) and acculturation status. The study aimed at investigating these two key concepts at Central China Normal University. Two dimensions of intercultural communication competence (affect and behavior) and two dimensions of acculturation (attitude towards maintenance of one’s culture and attitude towards contact with other cultures) were employed to measure and analyze the two research constructs. A representative sample of 302 international students shows that Asian international students are less motivated to adapt than other students from other continents. In addition, time and education level do not seem to be sufficient factors in facilitating adaptation. Furthermore, the most preferred acculturation strategy is found to be integration. Finally, attitude towards contact positively correlates with affec...

Communication of rights guidelines are a document jointly authored by a group of 21 linguists, lawyers, psychologists, and interpreters that outlines seven recommendations for how the right to silence (and other rights) can be better... more

- by Aneta Pavlenko
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- Forensic Psychology, Forensic Linguistics, Sociolinguistics, Human Rights
- by Robert Rodman
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- Cognitive Science, Law, Forensic Linguistics, Linguistics
- by Andy Griffiths
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- Psychology, Forensic Psychology, Forensic Linguistics, Interviewing

במסגרת עבודה זו תיבחן תופעת הפערים הקיימים בין הדוברים והמאזינים שאינם בעלי שפת דיבור זהה במסגרת ההליך המשפטי. כפי שיוצג, לתופעה זו- הנקראת דו-לשוניות, יכולות להיות השפעות שונות על האינטראקציה של הפרט הנחקר עם רשויות החוק והמשפט ברמה העלולה להעמיד לשאלה את המשקל הניתן לממצאים והיכולת לזהות בהם את ערך האמת, כתוצאה מאי הבנות לשוניות. מטרת העבודה היא אם כן, להתחקות אחר הפערים העלולים להיווצר במסגרת ההליך המשפטי בעקבות שימוש במספר שפות. לצורך ניתוח התופעה יעשה שימוש נרחב במושגים מתחום הבלשנות הפורנזית- מונח שהוטבע בשנות ה-80 של המאה ה-21, ומשמעותו היא השימוש בידע המדעי הבלשני לצרכי המצאת ראיות אובייקטיביות בבית המשפט (Shuy, 2000).

- by Achva Yaler Tsuria
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- Criminology, Forensic Linguistics

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the efficiency of automated linguistic features to test its capacity or discriminating power as style markers for author identification in short text messages of the Facebook genre. The corpus used to evaluate the automated linguistics features was compiled from 221 Facebook texts (each text is about 2 to 3 lines/35-40 words) written in English, which were written in the same genre and topic and posted in the same year group, totaling 7530 words. To compose the dataset for linguistic features performance or evaluation, frequency values were collected from 16 linguistic feature types involving parts of speech, function words, word bigrams, character tri grams, average sentence length in terms of words, average sentence length in terms of characters, Yule’s K measure, Simpson’s D measure, average words length, FW/CW ratio, average characters, content specific key words, type/token ratio, total number of short words less than four characters, contr...

- by Refat Aljumily
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- Computer Science, Forensic Linguistics, Data Analysis, Multivariate Data Analysis

Obiettivi Il Master esprime l'expertise dell'Ateneo, primo in Italia a redigere e sperimentare un programma di deradicalizzazione e a costituire un tavolo multi attoriale sulla prevenzione del terrorismo. Il Master si prefigge di formare esperti in prevenzione del terrorismo, della radicalizzazione eversiva e nelle tecniche e programmi di deradicalizzazione. I corsisti verranno portati alla consapevolezza del fenomeno e a padroneggiare metodi e tecniche di analisi e intervento attraverso un approccio multidisciplinare, teorico-pratico: giuridico, strategico, informatico, psicologico-sociale e mediatico.

- by Antonello Fabio Caterino and +1
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- Forensic Linguistics, Italian Studies, Linguistics, Italian language

Judgment is closely connected with language, its questioning, answering, meaning and interpretation. Forensic linguistics for its application in real life and for its involvement in the field that is capable of influencing the course of one’s life has become a very interesting and pragmatic discipline to study; however, one that is still not very widespread in the Iran academic setting. This paper aims at providing an insight of how language operates in the legal setting by building bridges between cooperative principles and speech acts in forensic linguistics. This study is an initial attempt to investigate the relationship between violation of Gricean quantity maxim by more than 50 defendants (half of the cases incriminated and half of them acquitted) in relation to different speech acts which are used by interrogators in criminal courts. This study is based primarily on written and terminated documents from judiciary files. Data for this study is collected through Iran's judi...

- by Biook Behnam
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- Law, Forensic Linguistics, Political Science, Legal Discourse Analysis
- by Muhammad Y Gamal
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- Forensic Linguistics, Human Rights, Court Interpreting, Police Interpreting

This article assesses the role of education in criminal convictions by examining how incriminated cases violate maxim of quantity in relation to different speech acts which are used by interrogators in Iranian law courts. In this study we investigate this relationship by more than 20 incriminated cases (half of the cases educated and half of them non-educated). This research is based primarily on documents from judiciary written files. Data for this study is collected from Iran's judicial courts. We aim to show how maxim of quantity is violated in different educated and non-educated cases in relation to different speech acts. The analysis shows that non-educated cases violate maxim of quantity more than educated ones in relation to different speech acts.
Keywords: Forensic Linguistic, Cooperative Principle, Speech Act, Education, Criminal Conviction.

- by Amin Mohammadzadegan Khoyi and +1
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- Education, Forensic Linguistics, Speech acts, Legal Discourse
- by Monwabisi K Ralarala
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- Forensic Linguistics, South Africa

As COVID-19 infections surge in Europe, I publish the letter below in the hope of facilitating the freer and more personally liberating discussion of the causes and "cures" of this disease that I believe the Getty Conservation Institute based "materials scientist" Dr. Ilaria Cianchetta and I agree is desirable if the most beneficial outcomes of science are to be assured.
The article also allows a "crystal twinning", tin cry comparison of the tragically deluded and deceased Jamaican "Crown Bishop" Kevin Smith's, my and others COVID-19 journeys and star treks.
Documents some of my academic challenges over the past year the article is labeled a "chronicle" but could just as easily be called an "oracle".
I certainly believe the allusion to the biblical books of Kings and Chronicles is a work of divine providence.
But it is not my intention to force this view on anyone.
Like the late Jamaican deejay chemist Toyan (Byron Letts), I am a scientist, first and foremost.
I am not a "thought policeman".

- by Junior Campbell
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- Psychology, Chemistry, Philosophy of Science, Media Studies

... To act truthfully: Nonverbal behaviour and strategies during a police interrogation LEIF A. STRO¨ MWALL, MARIA HARTWIG, &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; PA¨R ANDERS GRANHAG ... Bond and Fahey (1987) showed how nervous truth tellers might... more

- by Mehrdad Meshkinfam
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- Psychology, Police Science, Forensic Linguistics
- by David Moore
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- Forensic Linguistics
- by Ika Apriani Fata
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- Psychology, Forensic Linguistics, Vocabulary, Applied Linguistics
- by luciano romito
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- Forensic Linguistics, Acoustic Phonetics, Articulatory Phonetics

В статье представлен анализ параметров
успешности и легальности секстинга как разновидности онлайн
коммуникации, под которой следует понимать обмен текстовыми
сообщениями, изображениями, GIF-файлами и видеофайлами в
онлайн пространстве (посредством интернет-приложений или SMS
и MMS) сексуального содержания. Анализ материала позволил
выделить параметр легальности и параметр успешности, в рамках
которых возможен анализ секстинга с точки зрения правового
регулирования и теории коммуникации.
____________________________________________________
The paper considers the legal aspect and the aspect of
success of sexting. Sexting refers to exchanging of sexually explicit
texts, images, GIF-files or videos per Web-based applications or
SMS/MMS installed on cellphone, PC, laptops or tablet with the aim of
sexual gratifying for one or both participants of communication. Having
analyzed the 20 empirical and 23 methodological studies were
highlighted two fields of analyzing sexting as legal and communicative
phenomenon. As the result were listed three criteria of legal aspect and
three criteria of aspect of success of sexting.

- by Olga Zaytseva
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- Forensic Linguistics, Sexuality, Eroticism, Pornography

Mozambique is a very diverse country sociolinguistically. The language of justice, Portuguese, is not known to most Mozambicans but the police use it in legal documents. Hence there arises the question: does the Mozambican justice system give any weight to interpreting in forensic contexts? There is certainly a need for interpreters in police interviews to convert not only from bantu languages into Portuguese, but also from sign language. This article sets out to discuss the relevance of forensic interpreters in interviews, to explain the complexity of the link between language and culture and to reeect on the importance of forensic linguistic interpreting. The research concluded that there is a need to train police oocers to interpret and translate because at the moment many case aspects linked to language are omitted by oocials, due to their lack of knowledge of the language of the suspect accused.

While much research has shown that some linguistic features can indicate a person is lying, this line of research has led to conflicting results. Furthermore, very little research has been done to verify that these supposed linguistic features of deception are universal. In addition, few studies have researched the cross-cultural perceptions of deception, which knowledge could greatly improve the detection of deception across cultures. The current study addresses these gaps in the literature by analyzing and comparing truthful and deceptive discourse of eight native English-speaking Americans and eight non-native English-speaking Ghanaians. The discourse was elicited in one-on-one interviews where each interviewee spontaneously responded to questions about themselves. Later, interviewee responses were judged by 47 native English-speaking Americans and 35 non-native English-speaking Ghanaians. The results showed that Americans and Ghanaians lie differently—Americans’ lies were more superfluous and redundant; had more pronoun inconsistencies, adjectives, adverbs, and modal verbs; and had fewer negative emotion words than their truths. Ghanaians’ lies, on the other hand, also had more pronoun inconsistencies but had fewer negations than their truths. Furthermore, the groups’ baseline speech differed in superfluousness, positive emotion words, word count, and response latency. Regarding detecting deception, Ghanaians were slightly more accurate and significantly more confident in detecting lies than Americans. Both groups were slightly more accurate and confident in judging the veracity of statements within their own cultures. Neither group, however, demonstrated truth- or lie-bias cross-culturally. These results have implications for law enforcement investigators and analysts who can learn the differences between Americans’ and Ghanaians’ truthful and deceptive speech so as to more accurately detect deception through
language. More generally, investigators and analysts must be made aware that cross-culture differences in verbal deception strategies most likely exist. Additionally, research in the cross-cultural perceptions of deception can improve cross-cultural communication and understanding.

<<quando parlo dovete ascoltare soprattutto le mie pause. Dicono più delle mie parole>> 1 Un atto comunicativo è un passaggio di informazione da un emittente ad uno o più riceventi. Una tale definizione non rende giustizia al ruolo fortemente attivo che viene svolto dal ricevente. La stessa, potrebbe, quindi, essere riproposta come: la percezione è l'interpretazione da parte di un ricevente di una informazione prodotta da un emittente. È necessario dividere il processo percettivo in due fasi ben distinte: la prima riguarda l'estrapolazione dell'informazione acustica del segnale percepito, ciò porta all'identificazione dei segmenti e al raggruppamento di questi in unità astratte superiori come sillabe, parole e frasi; nella seconda fase, forse la più complessa, detta di accesso lessicale, le parole vengono riconosciute e quindi avviene il processo di comprensione/interpretazione del (intero) messaggio ricevuto 2. In questa sede ci concentreremo su quest'ultima fase e tenteremo di dimostrare il ruolo fortemente attivo dell'ascoltatore nel processo di percezione 3. Tenteremo inoltre di dimostrare come sia ancora più attivo (nel senso interpretativo/immaginativo) il ruolo di una persona esterna all'atto comunicativo, che redige in tempi a volte diversi e a volte molto lontani dal momento in cui l'atto è avvenuto, una trascrizione letterale su carta di un atto registrato (o intercettato) nato per essere orale. Gli aspetti segmentali della comunicazione vengono studiati da molti anni ormai; scienze quali la linguistica, la sociolinguistica, la fonetica, la fonologia ma anche la semantica, la pragmatica 4 e tante altre, non fanno altro che basare le proprie indagini e le proprie ipotesi sull'atto linguistico. Al contrario tutto ciò che fa parte della percezione del linguaggio non dal punto di vista meccanico o funzionale è oggetto di studio solo da poco tempo da discipline come la psicolinguistica, la psicoacustica 5 , o acustica psicologica e la fonetica percettiva.

- by luciano romito
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- Forensic Linguistics, Transcription

Forensic Linguistics analysis became an independent discipline in the last few decades. Forensic Linguistics is the study of Linguistic techniques to investigate Crimes (Criminal/ Civil) especially Authorship disputes, Documentation, Text, Media & Social media disputes Rapes, Murders, Drug dealing, Telephoned Bomb threads, Random threads, Missing, Kidnapping, Counterterrorism, Intelligence and Surveillance. Forensic Specialists who examine spoken or written materials in relation to Crimes (Criminal/Civil) and Legal matters are known as 'Forensic Linguists'. Forensic Linguistics is really helping the Police to detect the real motives and intentions of crimes through the detailed analysis of sounds or texts of suspects by applying above said Linguistics theories. This article probably discusses how Forensic Linguistics tools leads to solving Crime Investigation and implementation of the same in Policing.

- by Dr SYAM S K
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- Semiotics, Languages and Linguistics, Forensic Linguistics, Sociolinguistics

In 1966 the US Supreme Court ruled that custodial suspects should be advised of their rights, including the right to silence and the right to an attorney, before questioning begins. If they waive their rights and the defense can prove that they did not do so voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently, their confession may be excluded from the evidence. Judges consider many factors in their decisions on motions to suppress, including expert testimony. In this paper, I discuss a case where two experts evaluated language proficiency of the same suspect and arrived at radically different conclusions regarding her ability to understand the warnings. I will show why one assessment was superior to the other, but the true significance of the case is in showing that a dialogic approach to delivery of the rights can reduce linguistic guesswork and help safeguard the integrity of the investigation and due process.

- by Pietro Pastena
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- Forensic Linguistics, Handwriting

В статье предлагается методика атрибуции текста на основе лексических, морфологических, синтаксических и
фоносемантических параметров текста, получаемых, как правило, с помощью использования компьютерных
программ. Сочетание слабо контролируемых автором текста характеристик и их анализа с помощью
компьютерных программ представляет оптимальное сочетание, позволяющее получать результаты экспертизы с
относительно высокой степенью объективности.

- by Красса Иванович and +1
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- Forensic Linguistics

The objective of this research is to highlight the lexical semantic meaning and analysis of forensic linguistics on Ratna Sarumpaet’s persecution case in online media. The research method used descriptive qualitative. Data analysis was taken from lexical semantics from all statements spoken and written in media online. The results of forensic linguisticsshowed that there was a hoax given by FadliZon, HanumRais, Prabowo, Dahnil and Nanik on Ratna Sarumpaet’s persecution case. The data was collected by researchers using social media online. It was concluded that; (1) There was no Ratna Sarumpaet’s persecution case. (2) There was no international conference that was visited by Ratna Sarumpaet. (3) There was no patient with the name Ratna Sarumpaet in the Cimahi Hospital. (4) The bruises on Ratna’s face were not persecution case but plastic surgery and (5) There was no persecution in International Airport of Husein Sastra Negara in Bandung.

- by Azam Estaji
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- Forensic Linguistics

The interactive human components of serious cybersecurity breaches continue to be a problem for every organization. Helping people identify social engineering attempts over the phone will be cheaper and more effective than yet another technological implementation. At minimum it will add an important and necessary layer to defense in depth.
Forensic linguistics is the study of language as evidence for the law. It is a relatively new field and has not previously been applied to cybersecurity. Linguistic analysis uncovers several features of language interaction in a limited data set (recorded IRS phone scammers) that begin to answer how forensic linguistics could assist in cybersecurity defense.
This paper will briefly introduce and explain polar tag questions, topic control, question deferral, and irregular narrative constructions in IRS scam phone calls, and offer some starting points for identifying such linguistic properties during the course of a phone call to help improve defense at the human level.

- by Judith Tabron
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- Forensic Linguistics, Social Engineering, Cyber Security
- by Iwona Plisiecka
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- Cognitive Science, Philosophy, Forensic Linguistics, Pragmatics

Syllabus for a summer 10-week course on morphosyntax for forensic linguists.

- by Mark Visona
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- Languages and Linguistics, Forensic Linguistics, Applied Linguistics

In response to Chaski’s article (published in this volume) an examination is made of the methodological understanding necessary to identify dependable markers for forensic (and general) authorship attribution work. This examination concentrates on three methodological areas of concern which researchers intending to identify markers of authorship must address. These areas are sampling linguistic data, establishing the reliability of authorship markers and establishing the validity of authorship markers. It is suggested that the complexity of sampling problems in linguistic data is often underestimated and that theoretical issues in this area are both difficult and unresolved. It is further argued that the concepts of reliability and validity must be well understood and accounted for in any attempts to identify authorship markers and that largely this is not done. Finally, Principal Component Analysis is identified as an alternative approach which avoids some of the methodological problems inherent in identifying reliable, valid markers of authorship.

- by Kevin Baker
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- Cognitive Science, Law, Forensic Linguistics, Linguistics

What marked forensic linguistics as unique is its young age compared to other disciplines. Here we review and collected 88 articles that strongly related to Forensic Linguistic (FL) from time to time. These articles help to reveal from its conceptualization in 1968 to its fame in 1988, how it responds to the great diversity of people, and what form it may take in the future. A literature-based analysis as library research in nature helps in defining the FL issue and manage to see in the early stages was simply concerned about the use of language in legal cases. As society continues to change FL has linked with so many other disciplines besides law. Therefore the definition of this discipline may also transform. Presently, FL no longer limits itself to the particular social setting of a courtroom but could be applied to the virtual world or cyberspace influences users negatively and dynamically developed. There is a line of proof that FL will be used to prevent and predict the social settings between citizens who could easily be not law-abiding as they seem. Shortly, the use of FL will be much more accessible to individuals through artificial intelligence (AI). Moreover, individuals will no longer need to hire experts and be able to use FL with freely available artificial intelligence (AI).

- by Tatum Derin
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- Artificial Intelligence, Forensic Linguistics, Legal interpretation, Cybercrime
- by William Lamb
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- Irish Studies, Gaelic Literature, Forensic Anthropology, Folklore

Fundamentos de la lingüística forense Ver índice + capítulo de muestra Fundamentos de la lingüística forense Garayzábal Heinze, Elena · Queralt Estévez, Sheila · Reigosa Riveiros, Mercedes ISBN: 9788491714262Publicado 17.10.2019Páginas... more

- by Sheila Queralt
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- Forensic Linguistics, Linguística Forense
- by Frances Rock
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- Forensic Linguistics

When Tausczik and Pennebaker devised the Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC), a word analysis program, the goal was to “devise an efficient system that could tap both psychological processes and the content of what people were writing or talking about” (Tausczik & Pennebaker 2010:29). It was created under the notion that verbal information, as well as cues within a statement, directly reflects a person’s internal cognitive processes, thus providing insight into the inner psyche of people in contrast to the more indirect reflection from non-verbal behaviour. Since then, even though it was not specifically created to discern truthful from deceptive statements, the LIWC has been used in various experiments to separate truthful statements from the lies, and its capacity to accurately discern one from the other is debatable. This essay will discuss the success of the LIWC in detecting deception, and is structured as follows: Section 2 will discuss several major and frequently used verbal cues used in the LIWC, Section 3 will evaluate the LIWC’s success in determining truthful statements from lies in contrast to human judges, Section 4 will explore the LIWC’s success in contrast to Reality Monitoring (RM), Section 5 will note down any more of the LIWC’s successes and flaws, and Section 6 will conclude this essay.

- by Tiffany Callysta
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- Languages and Linguistics, Forensic Linguistics, Linguistics

This article concerns the well-known case of storytelling brothers Neil and Duncan MacDonald from South Uist, Scotland. The impressive verbal consistency of their hero tales has been taken to indicate that some Gaelic storytellers could acquire, recite, and transmit their repertoire in a near verbatim fashion. However, by deploying plagiarism detection techniques across an electronic corpus of texts, the author reveals that previous observations about the brothers’ verbal conservativeness have been skewed by corrupt evidence.

- by Fiona English
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- Discourse Analysis, Forensic Linguistics, Language Assessment
- by Maj-Britt Mosegaard Hansen
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- Discourse Analysis, Forensic Linguistics
- by Dr Kirsty Rowan
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- Forensic Linguistics

Este trabalho pretende apresentar a Linguística Forense como recurso científico especializado, respaldado pelos Estudos da Linguagem e pelo Direito, a ser utilizado como instrumento de prova em processos judiciais cíveis e criminais dos mais variados, desde um conflito de marcas comerciais até o plágio; de questões previdenciárias até um júri. Apesar de mencionar a língua falada, o foco deste estudo é a língua escrita. Trata-se de um estudo de pesquisa bibliográfica, que parte de um breve histórico do uso da perícia no Direito, passa por sua definição e descrição como meio de prova, com base legal, até chegar à Linguística Forense como atividade pericial num processo, e apresentar diversos casos, descritos na literatura, para ilustrar a perspectiva. Ao final, reitera a importância da LF como prova pericial. Palavras-chave: Perícia; Linguística Forense; prova. Abstract: This work intends to present the Forensic Linguistics as specialized scientific resource, supported by Studies of Language and the Law, to be used as test instrument in civil and criminal lawsuits of the most varied kinds, from a conflict of trademarks to plagiarism ; of social security issues until a jury. Although it mentions the spoken language, the focus of this study is the written language. This is a bibliographic research, starting from a brief history of the use of expertise in law, goes through its definition and description as evidence, with legal basis, in order to reach the Forensic Linguistics as expert activity in a process, presenting several cases described in the literature, to illustrate perspective. In the end, it reiterates the importance of FL as expert evidence.

- by José De Arimathéia Custódio
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- Criminal Law, Forensic Linguistics

Introducción El siguiente dictamen tiene por objeto llevar al cabo un análisis gráfico y práctico que compara los efectos de una explosión por real y una explosión simulada cómo la sucedida el pasado día 29 de Mayo de 2019. En el análisis se comparan dos distintos escenarios uno gráfico y otro práctico, en el que se presentan muestras que ejemplifican el impacto de una explosión real en en mayo de 2017. 1. Una explosión durante mayo de 2017 en la Ciudad de Manchester dejó 22 víctimas mortales y 116 heridos. 2. El libro encontrado el día de la fecha en el Senado de la República. Nota preliminar.-Por cuestiones de seguridad pública el presente dictamen al ser expuesto a la opinión pública, omite determinados elementos técnicos, con la finalidad de evitar hacer apología del delito por parte de terceros. Objetos de Análisis. 1. Atentado en el Manchester Arena Mayo 2017 El 22 de Mayo de 2017, un atentado terrorista con un objeto explosivo fabricado en casa dejó como saldo 22 muertos en la ciudad de Manchester, el objeto contenedor fue una lata al parecer de aceite de aluminio con 250 gramos de explosivo plástico tipo C4 envueltos en plásticos, aunado a un recipiente plástico que contenía pequeña metralla plástica, y metálica que incrementaron el daño colateral de la explosión.

- by Luis Cabrera
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- Forensic Science, Terrorism, Forensic Linguistics, Political Violence and Terrorism

, Public Prosecutor's Deputy The author deals with theoretical and practical issues of serious criminal offense " endangering the safety " and professional help of scientific approach of forensic linguistics in collecting valid evidence. New modern technologies produce different ways for committing crimes and problems in fighting against crimes. Public prosecution has to improve and fasten proceedings in order to solve the crimes. There are the help of the police and contribution of forensic linguistics on its disposal. Not just prosecuting but also the prevention of crimes will show to some future criminals that it is better not to write and tell anything if they do not have anything smart to write and tell. Threatening anyone's safety is serious criminal offense. The paper offers principle characteristic of this criminal offense, different ways of endangering the safety of some person verbally, textually or by Facebook, Tweeter, sending e-mails, mobile phone messages, obstacles in collecting and defining verbal and written statements, interpretation of collected evidence and real intentions of the defendant. We have to use and analyze linguistics evidence when there are no witnesses. Legal professionals are obliged, professionally and morally, to use each way of collecting facts at their disposal in order to make justified decision about one's culpability. The famous cases described in the paper offer important advice for profiling speaker and defining speaker's real intentions. Investigation and criminal procedure are areas where legal and linguistic interests converge. The mutual interest is to prove one's criminal responsibility for illegal acts in order to prevent threats come true.

- by Jasmina Krštenić
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- Forensic Linguistics
- by Ria Perkins
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- Forensic Linguistics, Language Forensic Linguistics