History, politics, and culture of HIV/AIDS Research Papers (original) (raw)

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- Infectious disease epidemiology, Immunology, History of Medicine, Patient Safety
- by Dan Royles
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- History of Medicine, History of Science, HIV/AIDS, Social Studies Of Science

Review of Hold Tight Gently: Michael Callen, Essex Hemphill, and the Battlefield of AIDS (New Press) by Martin Duberman

Film review for Australian Book Review

This essay studies figurations of touch in British film-maker and activist Stuart Marshall’s work as a response to the suppression of life in common during the HIV / AIDS crisis. Unearthing Marshall’s less considered films on homosexuality, many of which
were produced for Channel 4 Television, the essay examines Marshall’s visual evocation of proximity and touch as a means of calling upon a political commonality.

- by Aimar Arriola
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- Queer Studies, Film Studies, Visual Culture, HIV/AIDS
- by Matthew J Weait
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- Criminal Law, HIV/AIDS, HIV/AIDS policy, HIV/AIDS (International Studies)

The book furnishes a unique insight into the world of meanings and emotions associated with hospital life by including narratives from both patients and caregivers. The story is told in a dozen episodes which illustrate the transformation of hospitals from houses of mercy to tools of confinement, from dwellings of rehabilitation to spaces of clinical teaching and research, from rooms for birthing and dying to institutions of science and technology. From ancient Greece to the era of AIDS, the book features key hospitals , covering the most important themes in the development of medicine and therapeutics.

- by Guenter B Risse
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- Roman History, Medieval History, Early Modern History, History of Medicine
- by Tomer Doitch
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- Theology, Hebrew Bible, HIV and AIDS education, HIV/AIDS
- by Emmett Patterson
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- Gender Studies, Art History, Reproduction, HIV/AIDS
- by Alain Giami
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- HIV/AIDS, History, politics, and culture of HIV/AIDS, Nurses

The purpose of this workshop is to introduce the use of public radio as an enlightenment tool for HIV-AIDS across the population. Participants would be trained on the process/procedures of utilizing the radio to run literacy programmes on HIV-AIDS. This radio project is an innovative community sensitization programme planned for public listeners but specifically targeting people living with HIV-AIDS and their families. This is a mobile learning activity that would provide training to participants on how to develop/utilize public radio to facilitate HIV-AIDS literacy and mass enlightenment on HIV-AIDS. By HIV-AIDS literacy, we mean empowering an individual or people living with the HIV-AIDS to have the ability to read, write and understand the issues surrounding HIV-AIDS – coping with HIV-AIDS, medication, work and stay alive! Furthermore, people in the society are taught about HIV-AIDS – its causes, prevention, cure, and supporting people living with HIV-AIDS through the Radio HIV-AIDS Literacy project. The participants will learn the strategies to plan, package and execute the community radio talkshow to reach-out to their respective communities – using phone-in live discussions, guest interviews, music, debates, quizzes, dramas, role plays, etc, to educate and enlighten the listener on HIV-AIDS.

Family remains a great support for every individual in the society, but for individuals living with HIV / AIDS this support is a necessity. The aim of this study is to show how important is the family support for a person living with HIV / AIDS. Our study will explore the importance of family support for people living with HIV / AIDS, given that there are few studies conducted in this area. The method used is the qualitative method. There are used semi-structured interviews, where 10 interviews are conducted with people affected by HIV / AIDS, 10 others with families and 10 semi-structured interviews are conducted with key service providers (4 doctors, 3 nurses, 1 social worker, 2 specialists of the National Programs on HIV / AIDS in PHI (Public Health Institution). The study is conducted at the Regional Health Office the VCT-HIV / AIDS, which offers free tests for: HIV / AIDS, hepatitis B / C and Syphilis. The results showed that the support provided by the family is a necessity for a person with HIV / AIDS, because they feel supported from the family and accepted as a member of it, valid and non-discriminated. Without family support, they said that their life would end and there will be no reason and hope to fight HIV / AIDS. From all the interviewed, three of them did not have the support of their families. In conclusion, we can say that the family is the backbone, where these people find warmth and support, and without it, they cannot move forward in life.

- by Open Access Publishing Group
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- Family Therapy, Social Work, Social Sciences, Family studies
- by IBRAHIM WADEMBERE
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- Social Change, Health Promotion, Epidemiology, Social epidemiology

How do teachers’ attitudes and beliefs impact how HIV/AIDS education is implemented in Kenyan schools for the deaf? How do these attitudes and beliefs reflect how teachers think about Deafness? While there is extensive literature exploring in-school HIV/AIDS-related education in East Africa, there are few studies focusing on segregated schools for the deaf. There are also few studies exploring how educators think about Deafness as culture in this region. Western Kenya offers a useful site for the exploration of these topics with mandated, in school HIV/AIDS curriculum and a high density of schools for the deaf. Related research also argues that teachers’ attitudes and beliefs and the politics of schooling are useful in exploring socio-cultural constructions of Deafness. While previous studies have argued that “Deaf-friendly” HIV/AIDS education is not occurring in this region, this study found examples in these schools. Data from this
study also revealed that this education was shaped by the beliefs and attitudes teachers held about sexuality, and Deafness and sign language. Furthermore, this study found that
these attitudes and beliefs revealed underlying beliefs about Deafness that illustrate a range of constructions within this group of teachers. This study spanned 15 weeks of fieldwork gathering data through interviews, questionnaires and observations with 81 participants. Data focused primarily on interviews and questionnaires with 43 teachers in three segregated schools for the deaf in the Nyanza and Western provinces. There were 8 Deaf teachers who participated from these school sites supplemented by an additional 24 Deaf participants working in schools
across Kenya to balance data. This study found that while the nationally-mandated HIV/AIDS course curriculum was not implemented in these schools, there was a significant presence of “embedded” and informal HIV/AIDS education. Teachers had a range of feelings about this education, some of which were unique to teaching Deaf children and children using sign language. They also reported how “Deaf stereotypes” shaped how they approached and implemented this education.
In some cases these beliefs and attitudes simply heightened preexisting concerns about HIV/AIDS education in similar ways to parallel studies of “regular” schools in this region. However the most striking conclusion from this research was that the presence of “Deaf culture” and the use of sign language among the student population changed the way teachers approached, implemented and reflected upon this education in unique ways not seen in “regular” schools. Interviews also showed that some teachers rationalized their approach to this education because they felt that the Deaf were “different” in certain ways, especially in terms of sexuality. These conclusions are helpful for those in HIV/AIDS education, Comparative and International Education, Disability Studies, Deaf Studies and Medical Anthropology.

- by Nalini Asha Biggs
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- Medical Sociology, Medical Anthropology, Education, Sociology of Education
- by Ronald Hattis
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- Infectious disease epidemiology, HIV/AIDS, Public Health, Infectious Diseases
- by Magdalena Beljan
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- History, German Studies, German History, Masculinity Studies

Conférence internationale « 19th Annual French & Francophone Studies Graduate Student Conference »

- by Prof. Dr. İLHAN İLKILIÇ (MD PhD) and +1
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- Medical Sociology, Health Sciences, Medical Anthropology, Epidemiology

“An HIV competent church” as used by Sue Parry in 2008 refers to an inner and an outer competence required to respond to HIV and AIDS in a “socially relevant,” “culturally appropriate,” and “theologically and technically sound” way. Over the years, the HIV epidemic in different parts of Africa has brought forth unique experiences of how the various churches have engaged with the epidemic, the sharing of which can be a source of learning for churches in other places of the world. The idea of competent churches came from the learning of three decades of such engagement of churches in different parts of the world with the HIV epidemic. However, the response of churches still remains a challenge in many countries even as the HIV prevalence and the effects of HIV and AIDS continues to impact on more and more people across the world. A historical study of church engagement with the HIV epidemic has much to contribute towards inspiring churches to become involved in a relevant way with the realities of HIV and AIDS, at a local, regional and national level.
In the context of South Africa, little historical work has been done about the church’s response to the HIV epidemic particularly in the first phase of the epidemic. This study will explore the journey of the Hillcrest Methodist Church (HMC), during the period 1990 to 2001, particularly through the starting of the Hillcrest AIDS Centre (HAC) which became one of the pioneering faith based responses in South Africa during this phase of the epidemic. In addition, the study has also explored a few aspects about the engagement of the Methodist Church of Southern Africa (MCSA) with the HIV epidemic at a district level in the Natal Coastal District during this period, particularly in the Clerpine circuit (Pinetown region) and at the Connexional level during this period. Briefly, this study looks at how a few passionate people within a church responded to the realities of the HIV epidemic amidst challenging constraints of their times. In a world which is getting busier, where church involvement with social issues is becoming all the more difficult, the history of such a pioneering effort is a source of immense inspiration for churches to define its priorities and be the “salt of the earth.”

- by Natalia Grabowska
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- Gender Studies, Queer Theory, HIV/AIDS, The Body
- by Aimar Arriola
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- History, politics, and culture of HIV/AIDS, Archivos, Arte contemporáneo, VIH/SIDA

Alan Hollinghurst’s novel The Line of Beauty (2004) is widely considered a contemporary masterpiece of realist social critique, taking aim at Britain’s rich and powerful under Thatcher’s Tory government and recollecting the twin traumas of Thatcherism and AIDS Crisis in the 1980s. Developing Simon During’s analysis of the novel as a sort of paradigmatic allegory of life under neoliberalism (2010; 2013), this paper examines BBC2’s three-part heritage adaptation of The Line of Beauty (2006) as a study more particularly of the conditions of intimacy and relationality under this emergent social order. The use of heritage screen conventions in the series situates the career of the novel’s Jamesian central consciousness, Nick Guest, amidst the material spaces and possessions of Thatcherite elites. Drawing from James’ vision of materialism in The Spoils of Poynton (1897), a key literary antecedent for Hollinghurst’s novel, the series’ semantically charged heritage mise-en-sce`nes and its stark depiction of the corporeal effects of HIV/AIDS enables it to portray both the perverse pleasures and the brutal material, human implications of a social world in which all associations, including friendship, love and kinship, are underwritten by the logic of ownership and the market.

- by Dion Kagan
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- Queer Studies, English Literature, HIV/AIDS, Gender and Sexuality

This paper describes the grassroots efforts of the Nation of Islam to win an NIH-backed clinical trial for Kemron, and AIDS drug from Kenya. The Nation's spokesmen situated Kemron as a holistic, Afrocentric AIDS remedy that would be effective among African Americans because of its purported African origins. However, their claims about Kemron as a naturopathic African AIDS cure obscured the drug's origins in advanced biotechnology and globalized pharmaceutical research and production.

- by Dan Royles
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- HIV/AIDS, Afrocentrism, African American History, African American Studies

Between 1984 and 1996, public health authorities in Israel maintained a secret policy of discarding blood donations made by Ethiopian-Israeli citizens and immigrants. Officials later attempted to justify this policy on the grounds that immigrants from Ethiopia were subject to high rates of infectious disease (especially HIV). In 1996, this led to an explosive and violent confrontation between Ethiopian-Israeli protestors and agents of the state, including police and public health authorities. This essay explores the cultural and political context of that confrontation, including the discourse of political violence which it occasioned. The conflict between Ethiopian-Israelis and the state was located within a wider set of political contexts, including the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which was linked to it through a shared trope of “spilled blood” common to both. Cultural analyses which ignore this dynamic political context are in danger of seriously misrepresenting the meaning of the “Blood Affair” to its participants. At the same time, this essay also engages a critical analysis of the public health policies which led to the crisis. Public health and nationalist discourse reinforced one another at the expense of Ethiopian immigrants in general, and so-called “Feres Mura” Ethiopians in particular.

- by Don Seeman
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- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology, Jewish Studies, Sociology of Violence

While black women have historically addressed issues of social injustice in the black community, their leadership in the fight against HIV/AIDS has been largely overlooked. HIV/AIDS is a leading health disparity for black women ages 25 to 44. While other populations have seen a decline in their rates of infection since the early 1990s, the rates of infection for black women have consistently increased (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007). Black women’s leadership in HIV/AIDS community work has been understudied as a viable means of engagement in the fight against HIV/AIDS. The intersection of race and gender, as described in black feminist thought. may influence black women’s leadership development and how they impact certain social issues such as HIV/AIDS. This exploratory research study includes a snowball sampling of black women leaders involved in HIV/AIDS community work. Through semi-structured interviews the researcher gained insightful knowledge about how black women experience leadership in their HIV/AIDS work in the face of the ongoing HIV/AIDS epidemic amongst black women. The results add to contemporary descriptions of leadership, place black women’s leadership in its historical context, and helps us to better understand how gender and race impact leadership.

Based on popular media and AIDS education posters from Germany and Switzerland I distinguish two main phases within the history of AIDS in the 1980s and 1990s. The first of them comprises the period from the beginning of the so-called »AIDS crisis« to the mid-1980s, during which AIDS was constructed as a disease of the (sexual) other. In this context of sexist, racist, and classist discourses about »the plague«, a connection of AIDS and male homosexuality came to the fore that was unknown in the 1970s debate on the recurrence of infectious diseases. The second phase began around 1985 when the focus of the AIDS prevention programs was gradually shifted from »risk groups« to »risk behavior« – not least in response to the harsh criticism raised by grass-roots groups. This transformation, I argue, came along with a re-subjectivation of the sexually active individual as self-reliant and socially responsible. Furthermore, the emergence of the risk discourse was accompanied by an iconography of a healthy and athletic »prevention body«. Since the early 1990s it increasingly replaced the haggard and diseased »AIDS body« that had dominated the iconography of AIDS throughout the previous decade.

Since the ‘AIDS Crisis’ of the 1980s and early 1990s, the combination of sex between men and epidemic disease has been fertile territory for the production of sex panic. This essay examines a 2007 outburst of Australian news media sex panic surrounding a case of the alleged reckless infection of persons with HIV/AIDS and the controversial practices of anal sex without condoms, or ‘barebacking’. The rhetorical inflations sur- rounding these sexual spectacles may be understood via a model of biopolitical govern- mentality that Linda Singer (1993) called ‘the logic of epidemic’. I draw on both Singer’s model and work on sex panic to describe this news coverage as an instance of what I call ‘re-crisis’. ‘Re-crisis’ involves the revivification of the discourses of an earlier moment of AIDS representation in the service of new cultural and institutional modes of managing HIV/AIDS under neoliberal conditions and in the transformed con- texts of HIV/AIDS ‘post crisis’, which has evolved since the advent of antiretrovirals (c. 1996).

- by Dion Kagan
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- Queer Theory, Governmentality, HIV/AIDS, Gender and Sexuality

In adapting Tony Kushner’s "Angels in America" for television, Mike Nichols accurately respected the political agenda of the author (democratic, hebrew and homosexual), who also wrote the screenplay. The choice of Hadrian’s Villa (instead of a San Francisco devastated by the earthquake of 1906) as a background for the scenes which take place in the Paradise can be understood as coherent with Kushner’s ideological perspective, as well as with his peculiar camp aesthetics.

- by Mauro Giori
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- Queer Studies, Film Studies, Television Studies, Film Analysis

Im Jahr 1989 kuratierte die Fotografin Nan Goldin im New Yorker Artists Space mit Witnesses: Against Our Vanishing die erste Gruppenausstellung zum Thema AIDS, in der unter anderem Fotografien von Philip-Lorca diCorcia, Peter Hujar, Mark Morrisroe und David Wojnarowicz gezeigt wurden.
Ausgehend von diesen fotografischen Repräsentationen untersucht die Studie die künstlerische Deutungshoheit von AIDS. Denn künstlerische Auseinandersetzungen mit der Epidemie wurden mit politischen und moralischen Bedeutungen aufgeladen und als Machtinstrumente im Kampf für die gesellschaftliche Sichtbarkeit von AIDS eingesetzt.
Anhand der Analyse der Ausstellung und sechs Interviews mit New Yorker Künstler/innen und Kuratoren werden neue Erkenntnisse zur künstlerischen, sozialen und politischen Bedeutung von Kunst über AIDS in den USA der späten 1980er Jahre vermittelt.

A personal memoir and investigative report on the Castro Sweep Police Riot of October 6, 1989, when the San Francisco Police Department sent half the officers on duty on a Friday evening to violently shut down the city's main gay neighborhood in response to a small, peaceful AIDS demonstration. This PDF includes my note giving the names of police officers which the publisher edited out of the essay without my permission.

By affecting the lives and survival of numerous people, global health initiatives deeply alter local landscapes of inequality. They tackle some conditions at the origin of ill health while leaving others untouched, and they inevitably generate new inequalities. Yet, despite their inherently conflictual nature, global health players often minimize the political dimension of their interventions. Taking international AIDS control efforts in Tanzania as an example, this contribution discusses some modalities — and political causes — of the structural neglect of conflict in global health discourse and practice. It analyses how African HIV epidemics continue to be framed and managed in ways that obscure both the health inequalities at their origin, and those that result from efforts to control them. AIDS policy makers conceal inequalities by framing the epidemic as a problem of individual sexual behaviour, and by implicitly rationing access to HIV-prevention and-treatment services. Furthermore, the imposition of disease hierarchies set by international fora excludes broader health-related allocation decisions from domestic democratic debate. Drawing on a theoretical consideration of depoliticization as artificial deconflictualization, the article concludes by calling for a more open acknowledgement of conflict in global health policy making, and explores some analytical and practical implications of such a re-politicization of public health.

- by Moritz Hunsmann
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- Health Inequalities, Global Health, Tanzania, HIV/AIDS policy
- by Romain Thomazeau
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- HIV/AIDS, Body Image, History, politics, and culture of HIV/AIDS, VIH/SIDA
- by katrin köppert
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- Queer Theory, Visual Culture, HIV/AIDS, History of photography
- by Ger Zielinski
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- German Cinema, Documentary Film, New Queer Cinema, Queer Cinema

This article examines through an archival lens Tell it to ACT UP and TIARA, the weekly internal papers of the New York and Los Angeles chapters of the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP). During their short lives, from 1990 to 1992, the papers published news, suggestions, commentary, complaints, and gossip. In spite it challenge to the core archival concept of reliability, this article asserts that gossip provides unique evidence of affect, sex and sexuality, and offers deeper understandings of the individual and group dynamics that made and unmade ACT UP. Gossip, affect, and bodily experience are all knowledges and ways of knowing that have been feminized are therefore frequently devalued and derided in scholarship and practice. The form, content, and tone of these papers are used to make an argument for the value of gossip as a discursive practice. This article contributes to the growing literature in archival studies on conceptualizing and contending with human experiences—especially affects, sex, and bodily experiences—that challenge, defy, and problematize archival capture, theory, and practice asserting that gossip should be deployed as vital source in this larger project.

- by Marika Cifor
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- Queer Studies, Archival Studies, HIV/AIDS, Archives

This article explores how medical technologies used to
monitor and treat HIV/AIDS have affected the bodies, selves and
sexual identities of gay men. In the wake of antibody and viral
load testing, HIV-positive individuals have become responsibilized
in an historically unique way, one that yields the virus up as
an object of specific and individuated management. This provides
conditions for the castigation of HIV-positive sexual actors. Yet,
by positing a homogenous gay experience, some accounts of
‘post-crisis’ have the effect of bracketing the intensification of
responsibility at this site. I suggest that the optic of genealogy
may help render current needs in the epidemic ‘detectable’, by
drawing attention to the changing ways in which medical technologies produce socio-sexual subjects in terms of risk.

- by Kane Race
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- Medical Sociology, Sexuality, HIV/AIDS, Gay And Lesbian Studies
- by Rich Furman
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- Sociology, Cultural Studies, Social Change, Psychology
- by Lemuel M Gitari
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- HIV medicine, HIV and AIDS education, HIV/AIDS, HIV/AIDS policy