Internationalization Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Global forces are changing the dominance of nation-states and expanding the range of factors impacting upon people's lives. Today, an individual can simultaneously be a member of several communities, at local, national and international levels. ASEAN citizenship, although a problematic concept, has been articulated as a necessary attribute for graduates of many universities around the world. ASEAN citizenship invites scholars and educators to think about "citizenship" beyond the national scale. Citizens in a global context have awareness, concerns, rights and responsibilities that transcend into the ASEAN l community.

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- Internationalization

2nd proofs P A G E P r o o f s © J o h n b E n J A m i n s P u b l i s h i n G c o m P A n y English in Nordic Universities 2nd proofs P A G E P r o o f s © J o h n b E n J A m i n s P u b l i s h i n G c o m P A n y Volume 5 English in... more

2nd proofs P A G E P r o o f s © J o h n b E n J A m i n s P u b l i s h i n G c o m P A n y English in Nordic Universities 2nd proofs P A G E P r o o f s © J o h n b E n J A m i n s P u b l i s h i n G c o m P A n y Volume 5 English in Nordic Universities. Ideologies and practices Edited by Anna Kristina Hultgren, Frans Gregersen and Jacob Thøgersen

- by Anna Kristina Hultgren and +1
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- Sociolinguistics, Applied Linguistics, English as a Lingua Franca, Internationalization

A B S T R A C T This study seeks to review the literature on the exporting challenges and problems of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in this era of globalization. Besides, we identify gaps in the literature and provide directions for future research. This review would serve as a basis to understand the research gaps, opportunities, and undertake new research projects based on the propositions and the future research agenda outlined. We synthesize the findings and analyze different dimensions, which in turn would facilitate further research as well as the growth of small firms in the long run.

- by Justin Paul
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- Globalization, International Business, Internationalization, Export-Import

Globalization and virtual economy are external factors that drive companies to approach the global market from start up, giving birth to new studies on internationalization strategy, which represent an evolution of the classical stage models. According to the stage approach, companies start selling products in their home markets and then they sequentially look at new countries. Many firms do not follow incremental stage approach but is often reported that they start their international activities from their birth: they enter different country at once, approaching new markets for both exporting and sourcing. Debate in literature is still trying to define if the born global perspective is a new concept or a new label to indicate an old phenomenon. The study will go through a review and an analysis of the literature on market entry and sourcing strategy. The purpose of this paper is therefore to identify and categorize factors that drive companies’ choice towards the global approach instead of the stage approach.

- by Fabio Cassia
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- Business, Entrepreneurship, Management, Marketing

This article focuses on the impact of international research collaboration on individual research productivity in 11 European countries. Research productivity and international publication co-authorship of “internationalists” and “locals” (or academics collaborating and not collaborating internationally) are compared. The article uses a micro-level (individual) approach and relies on the primary data collected in a comparable format through a survey from 17,211 European academics. In all countries and all clusters of academic fields studied, international collaboration in research is strongly correlated with substantially higher research productions. Internationalization increasingly plays a stratifying role, though: More international collaboration tends to mean higher publishing rates and those who do not collaborate internationally may be losing more than ever before in terms of resources and prestige in the process of “accumulative disadvantage.” The competition is becoming a pe...

- by Marek Kwiek
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- Sociology, Education, Social Studies Education, Internationalization
- by Hiroshi Ota
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- Internationalization, International Higher Education

Firms engaging in foreign direct investment (FDI) face the decision of choosing a host country for their value added activities, together with the degree of control and extent of internalization, while it is impossible to possess complete information about the possible alternatives, or even to consider them all in the evaluation process. The lack of information and the uncertainty experienced in such decisions have stimulated strategic management and organizational scholars to study decision processes to understand how firms take their decisions, how they search and make sense of information, and how they evaluate different alternatives under such conditions. However, research in the international business (IB) literature that investigates the actual decision-making processes underlying foreign direct investment (FDI) is still limited. Dominant explanations of the FDI decision have relied heavily on variance approaches, while assuming that decision-makers are rational and possess su...

The ability of small and medium-sized enterprises, which account for 99 % of all economic entities in the Czech Republic, to involve in the internationalization process is an often discussed topic. Apart from finding the key motives for entering a foreign market, the aim of this paper is to determine whether there is some dependence between motives and characteristics of a company. The results show some differences among sectors. Nevertheless, the key motives for internationalization of Czech SMEs are the foreign demand for products, the lack of demand in the domestic market, the customer portfolio enlargement and the increase in sales.

- by Lea Kubíčková
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- Internationalization, Smes

This paper examines the effects of information technology (IT) adoption on the productivity of multimarket small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The main hypothesis is that IT usage increases efficiency to a higher degree in diversified and internationalized firms compared with singlemarket SMEs. This hypothesis is tested using a large sample of more than 2,000 Spanish SMEs. Overall, intensive use of IT in operations processes is found to be associated with substantial increases in productivity of firms following both related and unrelated diversification. Also, exporting firms with more intensive use of IT have higher productivity. These results are consistent with previous theoretical arguments on the relationship between IT and efficiency of firms and open future research directions related to the role played by IT in the management control systems of both diversified and exporting firms.

- by FRANCESCO SANDULLI
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- Information Technology, Economics, Small Business, Performance

This paper explores motivations for pursuing internationalisation as a strategy in emerging markets. We track the internationalisation paths of six international power producers that are active in developed and emerging markets in our analysis with further focus on diverging modes of entry and the entrepreneurial attitude impacts of top-level management. Key takeaways from this contribution are that firms in highly controlled capitally intensive infrastructure industries are highly sensitive to changes in the regulatory environment and that many firms are capturing extreme growth through a variety of entry modes in emerging markets. We conclude with implications for policy, academia, and managers alike.

- by Oystein Moen and +1
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- International Business, Renewable Energy, Internationalization, Strategy

Higher education has never experienced a moment of crossroads as important as the current one due to the Covid-19
pandemic. Higher education models, based mainly on
face-to-face training, on actions carried out exclusively in the
learning environments and instruction models where the
professor remains the center of mediation, have reached a
dead end that requires urgent changes from policy makers
and the institutions themselves. The impact of the pandemic
on economic, social and educational aspects is unprecedented and one of the most impacted aspects is academic mobility, which has currently been challenged in the face of its
relevance and contribution to teaching and learning.

Internationalization to date has been largely focused on outputs. This is true at the institutional, national, and regional levels. Resources, research, and the media concentrate on the quantitative fluctuations associated with student mobility, scholarly publications, transnational partnerships, international student enrollment, and to a growing extent, the number of international faculty and staff. These factors frequently serve as a proxy for measuring global competitiveness and prestige. However, if we are truly focused on the “common good,” they provide little insight into what I argue is a larger—more expansive and more ambitious—mission for internationalization: to develop a sustainably just, globally connected, and interculturally competent society. For that to happen intelligently, what is “vitally important” (Rumbley, 2019) is a re-centering of our work from internationalization outputs to outcomes. I suggest in this discussion that faculty are not only essential actors in internationalization, but a key constituency for bringing outcomes to the fore, as well as an overlooked opportunity for developing synergies between policy, research, and practice.

This study analyzes the entrepreneurial profile of the individual as a determinant of the speed of internationalization of his business. Four aspects of cognitive profile were taken into
account: tolerance for ambiguity, proactivity, international orientation and perception of
risk. The time elapsed between the creation of the company and the date of first export represents the speed of internationalization. The latter will allow distinguishing between
traditional ventures and New International Ventures. The results obtained from a sample of
152 Tunisian SMEs highlighted several significant relations to explain that speed. This sample was divided into three groups: the non-exporters, the traditional exporters and “international exporters”. The results show that in all three groups, the international orientation of the respondents as measured by the number of languages spoken and level of education significantly influences the perception of risk and therefore the internationalization of SMEs. The proposed managerial implications aim to facilitate the internationalization of
their businesses.

The aim of this study is to analyze possibilities and limitations of the Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL) approach to foster international collaboration between higher education institutions (HEIs) so as to boost their internationalization process. With that aim, a documental meta-analysis of twenty-three case studies carried out in 2012 by the Global Center of the State University of New York (SUNY) were reviewed and discussed in terms of the potential of COIL to foster the development of global learning, social capital, and international academic collaboration between international HEIs. Results of the analysis suggest that COIL is an approach that can promote online academic mobility and international collaboration as well as enhance intercultural competence when combined with the Intercomprehension Approach (IA) to enable the use of different foreign languages.

This paper is aimed to analyze some of the institutional and cultural implications on internationalization analysis of multinational firms. The analysis begins questioning what the main institutional and cultural variables are considered in the involvement of internationalization of multinational firms. To answer this question, firstly it is reviewed the literature on internationalization of multinational firms based on institutional and cultural frameworks to find the main research tendencies. Secondly, these institutional and cultural variables are analyzed to integrate findings. Finally, it is discussed and concluded the need to design a better institutional and cultural balance among the development of a glocal-regional transformation, convergence and governance.

- by José G. Vargas-Hernández
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- Internationalization, Multinational Firms

This study proposes and tests an agency-based organizational model of internationalization through franchising in the hotel sector. Using data obtained from a Franchisor Questionnaire 2001–2008, we analyzed a panel of 117 observations of 17 U.S.-based hotels. Our analysis reveals that a hotel franchisor's decision to internationalize through franchising is positively related to the percentage of franchises, the ratio of franchised units to the total number of units. The article contributes to the literature by empirically modeling international franchising of hotels, which present unique characteristics among franchising companies, with a high investment capital requirement, maturity in the product life cycle, and a high level of standardization and globalization of operations. The unique characteristics of individual chains and their segment in the industry are particularly important, as revealed by both data analysis and expert opinion.► This study proposes and tests an agency-based organizational model of internationalization through franchising in the hotel sector. ► Data based on a panel of 117 observations of 17 U.S.-based hotels were analyzed. ► A hotel franchisor's decision to internationalize through franchising is found to be positively related to the percentage of franchises, the ratio of franchised units to the total number of units.

- by Ilan Alon
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- Marketing, Data Analysis, Internationalization, Hospitality

SMEs in high-technology industries, such as life-sciences, face a fundamental challenge. On the one hand, high product development costs push companies into early internationalization to increase turnover and recover investments. On the other hand, internationalization is constrained, e.g. by financial and managerial resource limitations or the demand to follow local regulations. To date, little is known about how high-tech SMEs actually manage this challenge. This paper presents an in-depth case study of the internationalization process of a Swedish high-tech SME, to develop a better understanding of how the trade-offs related to internationalization are handled in practice. Combining insights from the process theory of internationalization with international new venture theory, our findings outline factors affecting the internationalization process specific to the medical-technology industry, the company and the founding team.

- by Svante Andersson
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- Social Sciences, Internationalization, Medical Technology
- by Jūratė Dabravalskytė
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- Business, Internationalization

Nowadays a bigger interest in Fashion has developed in Colombia, which
is why it can be interesting to study some companies from the fashion
industry, to propose a concept that will allow us to explain the management strategies used through the study of cases like Onda del Mar, Leonisa,and Silvia Tcherassi. Through book consultation and interviews, we get to triangulate the information and determine a contrast between theory and
actual business reality.

- by HUGO-ALBERTO RIVERA-RODRIGUEZ
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- Internationalization, Strategy, Case Study, Fashion Industry

Paper from United Nations University UNU-CRIS

- by Leonardo Mercher and +1
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- Internationalization, Internationalisation of Higher Education

Interest in the international business strategies of mid-sized firms has grown over time and it has seen the rise of concepts like hidden champions, international niche market leaders and Middle Market. In this scoping article the content of 9 topical contributions to a special issue of the Ekonomiaz review on "Internationalization of mid-sized firms and global market leadership" are presented, as well as challenges for the firms in question plus policy recommendations and further research suggestions.

- by Bart Kamp
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- International Business, Internationalization, Niche Marketing, Niche Markets

In recent years, research on higher education has increasingly examined the realities of internationalisation, with a particular focus on international students’ experiences and internationalisation at home programs. These studies have explored the friendships of international students, including their relationships with both locals and internationals from other countries. However, local students’ perspectives and experiences of friendship are largely absent from this literature. The few accounts examining local students’ lives explicitly focus on improving their cross-cultural knowledge and engagement, or on rare cases of local–international student friendships. The overriding assumption in this literature is that the understandings and social practises of local students are major barriers to their relationships with internationals. This paper addresses this gap by exploring local students’ perspectives on the absence of friendships with their international peers. We utilise findings from a research project on internationalisation at home, involving interviews and focus groups with local and international students and staff at an Australian university. Focusing on locals’ discussions of potential friendships with internationals, we propose that these missing friendships are an important area of study. We find that these friendships are missing for several interrelated reasons: local–international friendships are considered unnecessary and are therefore unimagined by locals, who tend to assume that similarity and affinity naturally lead to friendships, and the structures and spaces that might facilitate friendships are absent. Ultimately, uncovering why these friendships are missing sheds fuller light on how relationships might be facilitated, potentially informing and improving universities’ internationalisation initiatives.

- by Lara McKenzie and +1
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- Sociology, Anthropology, Social Anthropology, Cultural Sociology

The paper proposes a reflection on the role of English in the globalized world and its teaching/learning in Brazil. With that aim, the study reviews language policies and internationalization programs in Brazil regarding the role of foreign languages in general and of English in particular. The theoretical framework includes a review of an English language teaching (ELT) approach used mainly in Europe, as a result of globalization and internationalization, the Content and Language Integrated Approach (CLIL). In order to support this reflection, a case study was carried out to examine pre-service English teachers' beliefs on the use of CLIL in Brazil. The results of study show that pre-service English teachers understand the importance of the CLIL approach though they are aware of the various Education and Linguistics Research

The internationalization process has been constantly moving with an exceptional transformation led by the digital era. In order to face the challenges of the internationalization, enterprises need to understand thoroughly the new business environment, including foreign markets and customer insights to offer innovative products and services. Indeed, big data as the new source of knowledge helps enterprises convert business information into competitive advantages in the global market. Although the topic of big data receives much attention from researchers, the adoption of big data in internationalization is still an emerging research interest, especially in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The purpose of this paper is to provide a concept-centric literature review that synthesizes and evaluates recent studies to examine the current state and future research directions of big data adoption in the internationalization process. The result of this paper indicates the status and future research directions of big data adoption in internationalization with the focus on international marketing. The paper finds out that the adoption of big data in international marketing is still in the early stage of maturity. Future research directions are also proposed based on the identified research gaps and the analysis of literature review.

- by Nguyen Anh Khoa Dam
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- Business, Internationalization, Marketing Analytics
- by Charles Manga Fombad
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- Sociology, Law, Constitutional Law, Internationalization

Na conjuntura atual, em um cenário turbulento e competitivo, percebe-se que as empresas nacionais buscam maior competitividade para atender às novas exigências de um mundo globalizado. Este artigo tem por objetivo principal caracterizar o... more

- by Luis André W Fumagalli
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- Internationalization

We study the evolution of the African mobile telecommunications industry from its effective beginning and explore the sources of ownership advantages among indigenous firms, by assembling historical qualitative and quantitative firm-level data. Our historical qualitative findings suggest that a few start-ups gained industry-specific knowledge through their pre-entry experience, directed their postentry development of capabilities toward adaptations to challenging market and operational conditions, and leveraged their adaptive capabilities to enter and compete in other African countries. Using our quantitative panel data, we show that these firms successfully internationalized across the continent. In particular, compared with other start-ups, they had higher rates of foreign entry in African countries that had relatively weaker rule of law, and greater market reach in African countries that had relatively larger low-income consumer segments. These patterns corroborate that their capabilities for overcoming the industry’s challenging market and operational conditions were their key ownership advantages. Through our triangulated analysis, we show that inherited industry knowledge provides a foundation for postentry capability development, and entrepreneurial leadership guides this process to create ownership advantages for regional internationalization.

This book seeks to understand how to internationalize curriculum without imperializing or imposing the old, colonial, and so-called first-world conceptualizations of education, teaching, and learning. The collection draws on the groundbreaking work of Dwayne Huebner in order to invite scholars into conversation with histories of curriculum studies and to posit them within it, opening up new spaces to work in and through curricular issues. This book will appeal to scholars, teachers, and students looking to reconceptualize international curriculum development and theory. (The proof is not representative of final version).

- by Nicholas Ng-A-Fook
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- Curriculum Design, Educational Research, Curriculum Studies, Pedagogy

Exporting represents an entry mode into international markets that is less risky than more direct strategies, therefore, it particularly fits SMEs (small-medium enterprises) that generally have a few resources to invest. In the case of emerging markets because of the high psychic distance, SMEs tend to rely on their distributors for the business operations in the new market. However, even if this type of intermediary allows the access to the foreign distribution channel that is particularly complex in countries such as China, it can limit the control of the market and in some cases, the product expansion. Based on a qualitative research consisting of interviews and secondary data, we will present two original case studies of Italian firms operating in the Chinese market. It will be shown that in emerging markets, since distributors do not really analyze and know consumer expectations and behaviors, they may represent a barrier in the knowledge accumulation of foreign products in the new market. Managerial implications will be discussed on the extent to which SMEs are not able to replicate marketing strategies used in other countries, but they should define a clear strategy that involves their distributors in the process of knowledge accumulation and brand value creation in the foreign market.

- by Tiziano Vescovi
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- Business, International Business, SME, Internationalization

İnternet, uluslararası ticaretteki sınırların çoğunu ortadan kaldırmak için kullanılabilecek muazzam bir teknolojidir. İnternet teknolojisi sayesinde bir alıcının dünyanın herhangi bir yerinde bulunan bir ürünü edinebilmesi kolaylaşmıştır. Öte yandan internet, işletmelerin yabancı pazarlara girişini hızlandırmaktadır. İşletmeler böyle bir imkânı mümkün olduğunca etkin şekilde değerlendirirlerse pazarlama faaliyetlerini arttırabilirler.
Kurumsal web sitesi, bir işletmenin uluslararasılaşma sürecini etkileyen bir unsurdur. Genellikle alıcılar, kendine yakın hissettikleri işletmelerle iletişime geçmektedirler. Bu yüzden kurumsal web sitesindeki dil, kültür, renk, tasarım vb. etkenler önem teşkil etmektedir.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de ihracat yapan işletmelerin kurumsal web sitelerini ne ölçüde uluslararasılaştırdıklarını araştırmak ve ihracat yapan firmaların kurumsal web siteleri arasında farklılıklar olup olmadığını tespit etmektir. Çalışmanın birinci bölümü uluslararasılaşmayla ilgili kavramları içermektedir. İkinci bölümde elektronik ticarete ve kurumsal web sitelerine değinilmiştir. Son bölümde ise ihracat yapan işletmeleri inceleyen bir uygulama yapılmıştır. Uygulamada işletmelerin kurumsal web siteleri içerik analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Çapraz tablo analizi ve ki-kare testiyle ihracat yapan işletmelerin kurumsal web siteleri arasında farklılık olup olmadığı belirlenmiştir.
Yapılan çalışma sonucunda Türkiye’de ihracat yapan işletmelerin kurumsal web sitelerinin uluslararasılaşma düzeylerinin yetersiz olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca geleneksel sektörlerde ihracat yapan işletmeler ile geleneksel olmayan sektörlerde ihracat yapan işletmelerin kurumsal web siteleri arasında kayda değer bir farklılık saptanmamıştır. -
Internet is a wonderful technology that can be used to remove most of borders on international trade. Thanks to internet technology, buying a product that be anywhere in the world have been easy for a person. On the other hand, internet accelerates the entrance of companies into foreign markets. Companies can improve their marketing activities if they evaluate such an opportunity as effectively as possible.
Corporate website is an element that affects an enterprise's internationalization process. Generally, buyers communicate with businesses that they feel close to themselves. Therefore, factors such as language, culture, color and design in corporate websites are important.
The purpose of this study is to explore what is the internationalization level of corporate websites of exporting companies in Turkey and to determine whether there is any difference between corporate websites of exporters. In the first part of the study, internationalization concepts were expressed. In the second part, electronic commerce and corporate websites were mentioned. In the last part, a study was carried out which examines exporters. In research, corporate websites of businesses were analyzed by content analysis method. Whether or not exporters have differences between corporate websites were determined by cross-tabulation analysis and chi-square test.
It has been observed that the level of internationalization of corporate websites of exporting companies in Turkey is insufficient. Furthermore, no significant difference was found between corporate websites of companies that export in traditional sectors and corporate websites of companies that export in non-traditional sectors.

- by Burak Baykal
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- Business, Marketing, International Business, International Trade

The aim of this chapter is to describe how the MNCs can contribute to alleviate poverty and improve the well-being of the workers and communities, focused in two issues: job creation and CSR practices. For this purpose, the authors analyzed the case of the Mexican MNC FEMSA in Latin America. The results show that FEMSA plays an important role in job creation, with around 250,000 direct jobs in 2015 being created with Mexico and Brazil the most benefitiated with around the 84% of
the jobs. In the case of CSR, 40 programs were identified under three main headings: “our people”, “our community” and “our planet”. Most of the programs are focused in “our community” (25) and the major receiver is Mexico with the 31 programs, the results of these programs show some benefits in the level of life and well-being of the people that has used these.

- by isabel ortega ridaura
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- Internationalization, Latin America, Poverty Alleviation, Monterrey

Jabwood International, a well-known wood trading company in the Middle East faces a serious crisis. Due to the unstable political climate in the region, Jabwood's sales have decreased dramatically, with an overall drop of 20%. To further complicate the situation its main supplier informs Jabwood to share their exclusivity rights for one of their most important products, TANITA, with other distributors.
It is not a fortunate situation for Jabwood, but what can they do? A decision has to be made, as the family-owned company needs to act immediately for holding and broadening its market position. Therefore they discuss entering new markets, in this case Saudi Arabian and Chinese market. As both markets offer different opportunities, risks and the success in the new market is essential for the company's surviving, the decision really matters.
In this project we are working as consultants to give Jabwood several recommendations, they could follow for overcoming the crisis.
First the country's attractiveness is evaluated. This analysis has a great focus on all possible factors, which act upon the firm in its business environment. Therefore the firm itself is evaluated with regard to all internal and external factors, while there is a special focus on the two potential markets itself. Employing the CSA/FSA matrix, we outline the international competitiveness of Jabwood and the proprietary elements it can use to its advantage. Consequently, the competition in each country is analyzed with a special focus on the competitive advantages Jabwood possesses for succeeding in the potential environment.
For evaluating the country`s attractiveness the analysis continues with calculation and assumptions in regards to the potential market share, Jabwood could reach when engaging in Saudi Arabia or Chinese market. Considering the experiential knowledge that Jabwood has gathered in all the years, they can successfully enter a market if they would be willing to make the necessary adjustments.
As both markets differ in opportunities and risks, the analysis goes on with a discussion of the possible entry modes Jabwood could choose. By applying theories and frameworks from international business we find the most suitable modes of entry for Jabwood in both Saudi Arabia and China. Considering our analysis, the most appropriate entry modes would be an acquisition, greenfield investment or joint venture on the Saudi Arabian market, while Jabwood should consider a joint venture in China on the long term.
The result of the project represents final recommendations for Jabwood. The firm should focus their efforts and resources on the Saudi Arabian market on which they have previous knowledge and where the firm could successfully re-enter through an acquisition that would not only offer them an increased market share but also the possibility of having full control over its operations. Additionally, our recommendations also anticipate the possibility of entering the Chinese market. Given the larger psychic distance that separates them and the need for Jabwood to act in a fast manner, we advise them to consider entering the Chinese market just on a long-term expansion plan via joint venture.

- by Dimitrios Zygolanis
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- International Economics, Globalization, Internationalization, Joint Ventures

The trajectories of internationalisation followed by family firms can be viewed from several theoretical approaches – phases and models of the internationalisation process; international entrepreneurship, sociological perspective, family business theory. An historical perspective of the internationalised family firms, allowing the integration of these several approaches, is useful to a deep understanding of the internationalisation process of different sectors and countries. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the facilitating and the restricting factors during the internationalisation path of family firms, considering their competitive advantages, ownership structure and management attitudes, innovation and intangible assets and other relevant factors, internal and/or external to the firm. It makes a long run analysis (more than one century) of two companies acting in the cork business in Spain and Portugal: Mundet&C.ª, Lda and Corticeira Amorim. One of these companies

- by José Francisco Rangel Preciado and +1
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- Family Business, Business History, Internationalization, Family Firms

We integrate theories from international business, entrepreneurship, innovation, marketing and
network economics to develop a four-part typology of ‘consumers as international entrepreneurs’. This
broadens the concept of international entrepreneurship and complements the firm-level focus
customary in research on international new ventures and entrepreneurs within those ventures. We
develop our arguments in the context of the new economy and discuss areas for investigation in this
emerging area of inquiry.

- by Yanto Chandra
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- Entrepreneurship, International Business, Networks, Internationalization

The globalization of markets and industries has fundamentally changed the competitive conditions facing firms. Yet, how globalization has influenced the international diversification strategies of firms is an issue largely overlooked in both the strategic management and international business literatures. This paper develops a theoretical framework to understand how industry globalization, foreign competition, and firm product diversification may influence a firm's choice of its degree and scope of international diversification. Utilizing a panel dataset of U.S. manufacturing firms for the period 1987-99, we provide the first empirical evidence that industry globalization and foreign-based competition are statistically significant factors explaining the degree and scope of international diversification by U.S. firms.

- by Margarethe Wiersema
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- Marketing, Globalization, Strategic Management, Internationalization

We investigate the rapid internationalization of many multinationals from emerging economies through acquisition in advanced economies. We conceptualize these acquisitions as an act and form of entrepreneurship, aimed to overcome the 'liability of emergingness' incurred by these firms and to serve as a mechanism for competitive catch-up through opportunity seeking and capability transformation. Our explanation emphasizes (1) the unique asymmetries (and not necessarily advantages) distinguishing emerging ...

This paper introduces a novel application in bibliometrics of the barycenter method. Using places of publication barycenters, we measure internationalization of book publishing in the Social Sciences and Humanities. Based on 2002-2011 data for Flanders, Belgium, we demonstrate how the geographic center of weight of book publishing is different for the Social Sciences than for the Humanities. Whereas the latter still rely predominantly on domestic Flemish and continental European publishers, the former are firmly Anglo-Saxon oriented. The Humanities, however, show a more pronounced evolution towards further internationalization. For the already largely internationally oriented Social Sciences, in most recent years, the share of British publishers has grown. The barycenter method proves to be a valuable tool in the representation of research internationalization of book publications. This is especially the case when applied non-Anglophone countries.

- by Frederik Verleysen
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- Humanities, Social Sciences, Internationalization, Informetrics

Historical and ancestral bonds of the countries in the Middle East have led to similarities in culture and context of their societies. In addition, economical resources, such as the oil industry, have generally been an integrative point in the region. Higher education of a country is influenced by different national and international factors and, regarding the mentioned bonds, it is inviting to study the development of the countries of the Middle East in higher education and draw some practical implications which can be used in the educational policymaking of the region. This review includes a data analysis on the population of international students in the countries of the Middle East. As its second objective, a review study on the successful countries, that is, those which host the highest number of international students, and the strategies they have developed to reach this state among the countries of the region has been conducted. Suggestions are made as to the strategies in higher education systems of these countries which could prove useful and practical in the development of internationalization of higher education in the region, specifically with regard to the recruitment of international students.

- by Ali Arabkheradmand and +1
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- Higher Education, Internationalization, International Students, Globalization And Higher Education

In response to the challenge of global education, St. Paul University Philippines launched its internationalization program prompted by the tagline: Making a Difference Globally. This study aimed to come up with a framework to develop intercultural competence for global education. The results show a framework that illustrates the interplay of the cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions of intercultural competence. Accordingly, the cognitive element comprises of the knowledge, awareness, understanding, study, learning, pre-judgment and bias. The affective element includes the attitudes, values, sentiments, curiosity, openness, care, concern and difficulty. The behavioral aspect encompasses the skills, observable conduct and gestures, countenance and interactions. There are also internal and external outcomes which consist of reflections, insights, and outputs. The development of intercultural competence is facilitated by international experience, global learning and international partnerships and linkages. Internationalization programs and strategies to develop intercultural competence for global education were likewise suggested.

Nowadays, an important role in the world is played by Multinational Corporations
(MNCs). They hire, produce, and influence the international economy, but also,
they exploit, pollute. Their business activities might have a worldwide effect on human
lives. The question of the responsibility of MNCs has drawn the attention of many
scholars, mainly from the study field labelled “Business and Human Rights”. The present
paper does not examine the topic under the same approach. The authors aim at presenting
the issue in a broader perspective, exploring the concept of due diligence both in
international and corporate law. In this paper, authors strategically use the uniformity of
national legislations as a possible and alternative solution to the issue. They are aware of
three fundamental factors: 1) the definition of MNCs needs to be as clear as possible, so
to avoid any degree of uncertainty; 2) the outsourcing phenomenon interacts with that
definition; 3) in case of no possibility to include outsourcing in the definition of MNC,
the original question arises in a significant way.

- by Alessandro Suppa and +1
- •
- Business, European Studies, International Relations, International Business

Lorenzo-Galés, N (2020) "The Educational System in Catalonia. What school do I want for my children?". Barcelona Activa, Ajuntament de Barcelona. Presentation done by Neus Lorenzo at "Barcelona Expat Week", October 19/10/2020, for Barcelona Activa (Ajuntament de Barcelona). Practical information for people who arrive and want to settle in Barcelona, with children, and have a decision-making to be done on education, training and lifelong learning itineraries. More information at: https://barcelonaexpatweek.copernic.tech/en/landing/expatweek

- by Neus Lorenzo Galés and +1
- •
- Education, Catalan Language, Multilingualism, Internationalization

Wpływ strefy euro na konkurencyjność przedsiębiorstw można rozważać na różnych poziomach -od bezpośredniego, wynikającego z konsekwencji mikroekonomicznych, poprzez pośredni, wynikający z konsekwencji mezo-i makroekonomicznych. Problem ten jest aktualny dla Polski, a jego wagę podnoszą ujawniające się w gospodarce światowej, a szczególnie w gospodarkach krajów unijnych, konsekwencje ostatniego kryzysu gospodarczego. Kryzys ten wystawił na poważną próbę całą wspólną strefę walutową, a jego następstwa mogą okazać się kluczowe dla decyzji krajów rozważających przystąpienie do ugrupowania.

- by Marlena Dzikowska and +1
- •
- Economics, Internationalization, European Union, Poland