Intrinsic Value Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Nietzsche frequently describes the individuals he takes to be paradigms of human greatness as being rare; as exceptions to the great majority. This association appears as early as Schopenhauer as Educator in 1874, and continues well into the mature works of the 1880's, where we see an amplified opposition between what is 'noble' and 'exceptional' on the one hand, and what is pejoratively 'common' and 'mediocre' on the other. However, there is an ambiguity to this claim concerning the rarity of great individuals which has not yet been explicitly addressed. It is unclear whether Nietzsche values these exceptional individuals (at least partly) in virtue of their rarity, or whether rarity is merely a consequence or indicator of the presence of other valuable features. In other words, is rarity or distinctiveness constitutive of greatness, or is it merely the properties which make one rare which count? By drawing upon contemporary debates in the theory of value, in this paper I explore the evidence for interpreting Nietzsche to defend the view that rarity—at least under certain qualified conditions—matters for its own sake. I argue that this evidence is compelling, and that many intuitive objections to the view can be deflected by challenging the axiological assumptions which motivate them. The question concerning the value of rarity has significant evaluative implications concerning Nietzsche's famed critique of morality, and in particular the component of equality. While Nietzsche is traditionally interpreted to reject equality in virtue of its 'levelling down' effects upon certain perfectionist values, I claim that if rarity is itself valuable then we are left with a second critique of equality: that it undercuts the value of peculiarity. I explore the extent and significance of this objection in the final section of the paper.

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- Ethics, Friedrich Nietzsche, Perfectionism, Value theory (Philosophy)
- by Ole Martin Moen
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- Axiology, Hedonism, Intrinsic Value

Normally, effectiveness of any object or thing is judged by two values; intrinsic and instrumental. To compare intrinsic value of education with instrumental value, this study has used the following variables: getting knowledge for its own sake, getting knowledge for social status, getting knowledge for job or business endeavor and getting knowledge for both purposes, which is for its own sake and also for job, business or status. For this research quantitative method was used and a questionnaire was deployed to collect responses from 465 bachelor degree students from all over Pakistan (combining all provinces including Gilgit & AJK). It was found that the students gave mixed responses of acknowledging both values of education during the survey. The research has significant relationship between each of its independent and dependent variables, although the strength of those relationships was weak in nature. However, 60% of the respondents when asked whether they will get their first or bachelor's degree even if there is no instrumental value attached with it, responded in affirmative. This concludes that bachelor degree students in Pakistan give more value to intrinsic nature of education than its instrumental value.

- by JoEED IoBM
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- Intrinsic Value, Instrumental Value, Bachelor's Degree, Value of Education
- by Christopher Southgate
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- Sociology, Philosophy, Evolution, Darwinism

Article. Contra standard environmental ethics, a hierarchical model of values is needed.

- by Martin Schonfeld
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- Metaphysics, Complexity Theory, Environmental Ethics, Intrinsic Value
- by Behnam M Fomeshi
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- American Literature, Buddhism, Comparative Literature, Romanticism

I examine the basic logical character of ‘the last man example’ in environmental ethics of Richard Routley, as well as the logical character of one of its more important variants. And much more: about the philosophical foundations of... more

- by Sameer Mittimani
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- Finance, Stock Market, Analysis, Share price

La ética ecológica considera la noción de “valor intrínseco” como un requisito necesario para establecer deberes morales hacia el mundo no humano. En este artículo, sin embargo, se sostiene que las concepciones ecocéntricas del valor intrínseco se traducen generalmente en alguna clase de naturalismo y que el antropocentrismo ético es inevitable. En segundo lugar, se muestra cómo la atribución de valor intrínseco obstaculiza la tarea de jerarquizar deberes ecológicos. Por último, se defiende que las apelaciones al valor intrínseco son traducibles a concepciones ilustradas del valor instrumental que asuman la incertidumbre derivada de la ciencia ecológica y la inconmensurabilidad de valores que subyace a los problemas ambientales. Con ello se afrontan la mayoría de preocupaciones biocéntricas, por cuanto el valor intrínseco de la vida defendido por el biocentrismo puede interpretarse, desde una posición antropocéntrica, como “principio de reversión de la carga de la prueba”.

- by Fernando Arribas Herguedas
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- Environmental Ethics, Biocentrism, Intrinsic Value
- by Daniel Bain
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- Philosophy, Intrinsic Value, Shelly Kagan

Deep personal relationships involve deep mutual understanding and strong mutual affection. This paper focuses on whether having deep personal relationships are one of the elements of well-being. Roger Crisp put forward thought experiments which might be taken to suggest that having deep personal relationships have only instrumental value as means to other elements of well-being. The different conclusion this paper draws is that having deep personal relationships is an element of well-being if but only if the other people involved have qualities that merit affection for these people.

- by Brad Hooker
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- Ethics, Normative Ethics, Well-Being, Moral Philosophy

I shall present three fundamental distinctions among kinds of values discussed by contem- porary axiologists and the way they relate to kinds of affective attitudes. (i) Thin vs. thick values. Some things are good; some things are delicate, fair, graceful... Relatedly, some emo- tions are thin, aimed only at the goodness/badness of things (liking/disliking); some are thick, directed at the thick values of things (pride, contempt, fear...). (ii) intrinsic vs. extrinsic values. Some things are good in themselves, some others are good in virtue of being related to others things of value. Relatedly, some things are appraised/liked/desired... for their own sake, some others only extrinsically. (iii) Personal values vs. impersonal values. Some things are good for some persons only. Some things are good simpliciter. Relatedly, one should distinguish between impersonal affective attitudes and "for someone’s sake" attitudes.

- by Olivier Massin
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- Emotion, Axiology, Value Theory, Desire

In this paper, I argue that the distinction between valuing something intrinsically and valuing something instrumentally (that is, valuing as an end and valuing as a means) is useful because it can further our understanding of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The relationship between value and motivation has strong implications for human well-being, particularly in regards to pedagogy. In response to Shelly Kagan’s claim that the traditional distinction between intrinsic and instrumental value is mistaken, I hold that it is possible and useful to draw such distinction when it comes to assigning value to the activities we engage in. Drawing from Harry Frankfurt’s description of free will and personhood, I then offer an account of motivation as a threshold of internal drive. I further summarize Ryan and Deci’s description of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, including their idea that different kinds of motivation exist along a spectrum according to the levels of self-determination that they entail. I demonstrate how our understanding of what it means to intrinsically or instrumentally value an activity can help us clarify our understanding of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Finally, I explain how these findings can be applied to the practice of education.

- by Gabriel Winter Clark
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- Education, Intrinsic motivation, Intrinsic Value, Extrinsic Motivation
- by David O. Kronlid
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- Philosophy, Ethics, Humanities, Environmental Ethics

Abstract: The valuation of the exchange ratio of banks in mergers entails the use of criteria and valuation methods to determine the intrinsic value of the enterprises concerned. Moreover, the application of several valuation methods, as... more

Depending on the chosen perspective, cryptocurrencies either constitute a unique opportunity to end national patronizing built on debt-based fiat money (currency) or a menace to a well-established financial order that ensures economic stability. A central issue in the heated debate surrounding cryptocurrencies is whether they have any intrinsic value at all. In this conceptual position paper, we briefly summarize existing standpoints and suggest three alternative propositions: (1) to avoid using the term "intrinsic value" for the valuation of cryptocurrencies, (2) to refer to the sum total of all properties that could potentially qualify them as money, and (3) to consider the amount of capital and energy that is needed to create them. These suggestions bear substantial implications for the economic classification of cryptocurrencies.

- by Horst Treiblmaier
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- Token Economy, Bitcoin, Intrinsic Value, Cryptocurrency

The contribution proposes an historical excursus that identifies the common features between the economic model developed by the Franciscan school in the 1300s, the civil economy of Antonio Genovesi in the 1700s and the current model of circular economy. A very rich literature - also recent and of international scope (see the recent document of the European Commission "The Human-Centred City") (European Commission, 2019, 2020) - highlights that Humanism represents a perspective which, evoking the notion of "humanity", refers to a series of values: freedom of choice, responsibility, rationality but also care in solidarity, creativity, dignity of the person.
There are many points in common between the model of circular economy and the notion of civil economy. The Circular Economy is the economy that recognizes the centrality of all forms of capital, from natural to human, which should not be wasted but should be properly valued.
A form of capital as relevant as human capital is social capital, which activates forms of mutual cooperation. Moreover, the circular economy underlines the importance of use (i.e. values of use) with respect to the ownership of goods (and therefore their exchange value).
These are elements common to the civil economy that the various authors, from Genovesi to Galliani and to Filangieri, have repeatedly stressed in their research.
Well, these values give shape not only to the economy of the city but also to the very idea of organization of the city: they give the image of the "city of Civil Humanism", aimed at achieving the good of all, the common good.
The city of the new humanism is first and foremost the incubator city of sinergies/symbiosis.
Just as in nature it is verified that the systems that work best are the autopoietic ones, that is, they have the capacity for self-organization and self-management, so too the cities that best realize humanistic values are those organized in such a way as to imitate natural ecosystems. They are characterized by the paradigm of circularisation which therefore becomes the organisational paradigm of the city of the "new humanism" (Fusco Girard, 2013).

- by Martina Bosone
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- Urban Regeneration, Historic Urban Landscape, Social Empowerment, Circular Economy

The Brazilian equity market is characterized by relatively low liquidity, high cost of capital (low firm valuation), and limited new capital raising. Ownership concentration of corporations is high, with large wedges between control and cash flow rights, leading to large differences in pricing of non-voting and voting shares, reflecting the risks of expropriation by insiders. In recent years, much of

- by Daniela Klingebiel
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- Globalization, Property Rights, Accounting, Transaction Costs

"This thesis introduces and defends the Axiological Theory of Pleasure (ATP), according to which all pleasures are mental episodes which exemplify an hedonic value. According to the version of the ATP defended, hedonic goodness is not a... more

- by Olivier Massin
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- Philosophy of Mind, Max Scheler, Pain, Axiology

The book deals with the circular human-centred regeneration of Matera. Beauty is the general characteristic of the historical landscape of Matera, interpreted as a complex dynamic system that includes the city ancient, the new city and the territory. Around the beauty (maybe even "painful") are articulated the different contributions of the book. How to keep it making it an engine for new development? The general thesis is that such regeneration should be framed in the perspective of the "circular economy", which is an economy where all economic values co-exist and co-evolve with ecological and social/human values. In human-centred regeneration people and culture are at the center of the circular regeneration of the city, European Capital of Culture in 2019. Culture shapes the way people live, work, produce, consumes, transforms, relates to others and to nature by determining choices and behaviors. It is the lens through which to transform every place, even those abandoned and degraded in a living system. The starting point of the above regeneration strategy is the identification of the "intrinsic value" of the urban system of Matera. It should be understood as the essential meaning, the intangible value that represents the foundation of other values, which has shaped the structure of the organizational structure built over many centuries. Today, this "intrinsic value" can offer a coherent and effective direction for development human-centred circular of the Matera system, thus making Matera an exemplary case respect to the paradigm of the circular economy.

- by Martina Bosone
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- Cultural Heritage, Urban Regeneration, Beauty, Historic Urban Landscape

This study focuses on ecofeminist ethical theory. A first aim is to clarify ecofeminist views on five central issues in the field of environmental ethics. These issues are: (1) Views of nature, (2) social constructivism and nature, (3)... more

- by David O. Kronlid
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- Philosophy, Ethics, Humanities, Environmental Ethics
- by Mitzi Vega
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- Ethics, Art, Intrinsic Value, Intrinsic Vs. Instrumental Value
- by Pilvi Toppinen
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- Philosophy, Political Philosophy, Democratic Theory, Egalitarianism
- by Nicolae Morar
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- Ethics, Environmental Philosophy, Applied Ethics, Bioethics

Fifteen signs/attributes of supreme value and the catalogue of those values: Health, Control, Social harmony, Freedom from addictions, Prosperity of a family, Knowledge, Pleasure, Self-realization, Dignity, Victory, Peace, Reflection, Speed, Chaos, Non-Existence; the catalogue is divided on three sections: complementary, borderline/mixed and non-complementary supreme values.

- by Yury Tikhonravov
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- Ethics, Axiology, Human Values, Values

The full text is available here http://kata.petra.ac.id/index.php/ing/article/view/18851/18544 Many similar subjects can be traced in world literature; among them is nature since it belongs to man/nature binary opposition. The American poet and philosopher, Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) employs nature in his works. Throughout his works, the American writer discusses the affinity between man and nature, emphasizing how man takes advantage of it. The contemporary Iranian poet, Sohrab Sepehri (1928-1980), also makes intensive use of nature in his poems; his interest in the subject increases along with his tendency to Buddhism. Sepehri is proficient in using nature either in philosophical or emotional issues. Due to the significance of nature in the works or the two figures, an ecocritical reading of them is not only applicable but unavoidable. This comparative study aims at investigating different approaches towards nature employed by the two poets, emphasizing their points of difference. Although both poets employ nature in their works with romantic tendencies, the postmodern environmental ethics of Sepehri is in direct contrast to the instrumental value viewpoint held by his American counterpart.

- by Farideh Pourgiv
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- American Literature, Buddhism, Comparative Literature, Romanticism
- by Jason Raibley
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- Subjective Well-Being, Well-Being, Value Theory, Happiness and Well Being

This paper considers whether universally—for all (known) rational beings—an argument scheme or pattern can go from being cogent (well-reasoned) to fallacious. This question has previously received little attention, despite the centrality of the concepts of cogency, scheme, and fallaciousness. I argue that cogency has vanished in this way for the following scheme, a common type of impersonal means-end reasoning: X is needed as a basic necessity or protection of human lives, therefore, X ought to be secured if possible. As it stands (with no further elaboration), this scheme is committed to the assumption that the greater the number of human lives, the better. Although this assumption may have been indisputable previously, it is clearly disputable now. It is a fallacy or non sequitur to make a clearly disputable assumption without providing any justification. Although this topic raises critical issues for practically every discipline, my primary focus is on logical (as opposed to empirical or ethical) aspects of the case, and on implications for practical and theoretical logic. I conclude that the profile of vanishing cogency of the scheme may be unique and is determined by a peculiar combination of contingent universality and changing conditions.
Resumen: Este trabajo considera si universalmente –para todos los seres raciona-les– un esquema o patrón argumentativo puede cambiar de ser cogente (bien razona-do) a falaz. Esta pregunta ha recibido poca atención anteriormente, a pesar de la cen-tralidad de los conceptos de fuerza lógica, esquema y falacia. Sostengo que la cogencia ha desaparecido de esta manera para el siguiente esquema, un tipo común de razona-miento impersonal de medios-fines: se necesita X como una necesidad básica o pro-tección de la vida humana, por lo tanto, X debe ser asegurado si es posible. Tal como está (sin más elaboración), este esquema se compromete con la suposición de que cu-anto mayor sea el número de vidas humanas, mejor es el caso. Aunque este supuesto puede haber sido indiscutible anteriormente, es claramente discutible ahora. Es un error o incongruencia hacer de una suposición algo que es claramente discutible, sin dar ninguna justificación. A pesar de que este tema plantea cuestiones críticas para prácticamente todas las disciplinas, mi objetivo principal radica en el problema lógico (en oposición a problemas empíricos o éticos), y en las implicaciones para la lógica práctica y teórica. Llego a la conclusión de que el perfil de la desaparición de la cogen-cia del esquema puede ser único y está determinado por una combinación peculiar de la contingente universalidad y las condiciones cambiantes.

- by Gilbert Plumer
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- Deductive reasoning, Inductive Reasoning, Logical Consequence, Utilitarianism

Together Haydn Washington, Bron Taylor, Helen Kopnina, Paul Cryer and John J. Piccolo developed a statement of commitment to ecocentrism. Those who sign the statement do so because they hold and advocate an ecocentric worldview that finds... more

- by Helen Kopnina and +1
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- Wilderness (Environment), Ecosystem Services, Conservation Biology, Conservation
- by Stijn Claessens
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- Globalization, Property Rights, Accounting, Transaction Costs

- by Martina Bosone
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- Urban Regeneration, Historic Urban Landscape, Social Empowerment, Circular Economy

- by Horst Treiblmaier
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- Electronic Markets, Token Economy, Bitcoin, Intrinsic Value

The development of the world capital market and especially in Indonesia from the beginning of 2020 is very gloomy. It happened because since the end of December 2019 the Covid-19 pandemic occurred which caused panic among capital market players so that the Composite Stock Price Index (JCI) until at the end of March 2020 had fallen by -36.67%. There was a correction of -38,04% for the average share price of 669 issuers. Conditions like this for long-term investors will be an opportunity to buy up shares, while short-term investors or speculators leave the market. The calculation of the intrinsic value of shares in this study uses the Dividend Discount Model (DDM). It will take a sample of 49 companies that distributed dividends regularly during the period 2014 - 2019 and have never suffered a loss. Based on the research results, we can see that there are 42 companies (86%) that are in an undervalued condition, and only seven companies are overvalued (14%). Meanwhile, seen from the Margin of Safety (MOS) using the market price basis as of September 30, 2020, 35 companies are worth buying because their MOS is above 30% and seven companies have MOS less than 30%. Furthermore, from 35 companies that are eligible to be purchased, there are seven companies, namely HMSP, AALI, ASCII, BMRI, BBRI, ITMG and PTBA.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Mos, Intrinsic Value, Ddm, Undervalue and Overvalue

- by Stijn Claessens
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- Globalization, Property Rights, Accounting, Transaction Costs

Deep personal relationships involve deep mutual understanding and strong mutual affection. This paper focuses on whether having deep personal relationships is one of the elements of well-being. Roger Crisp put forward thought experiments which might be taken to suggest that having deep personal relationships has only instrumental value as a means to other elements of well-being. The different conclusion this paper draws is that having deep personal relationships is an element of well-being if, but only if, the other people involved have qualities that merit affection for these people.

- by Brad Hooker
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- Psychology, Ethics, Normative Ethics, Moral Philosophy

- by Martina Bosone
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- Urban Regeneration, Beauty, Historic Urban Landscape, Circular Economy

Two major philosophical movements have sought to fundamentally rethink the relationship between humans and their environment(s): environmental ethics and enactivism. Surprisingly, they virtually never refer to or seek inspiration from each other. The goal of this analysis is to bridge the gap. Our main purpose, then, is to address, from the enactivist angle, the conceptual backbone of environmental ethics, namely the concept of intrinsic value. We argue that intrinsic value does indeed exist, yet its "intrinsicality" does not boil down to being independent of the interests and needs of humans. Rather, it is brought forth by what we call shared enaction of an axiological domain. The latter is built upon such core posits of enactivism as autonomy, enaction, participatory sense-making as well as the most recent concept of loving as knowing proposed by Hanne De Jaegher.

- by Konrad Werner
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- Embodied Cognition, Environmental Ethics, Enactivism, Intrinsic Value

The purpose of this research is to gain insight into how public procurement and contract management (PPCM) officials perceive the value of professional certification in their field. A survey instrument was sent to PPCM officials who are members of PPCM professional associations. Responses to the survey were received from 1809 PPCM officials and included both managers and non-managers. Officials were asked to provide their perceptions of the intrinsic and extrinsic values of certification, their perceptions of the value of certification to PPCM as a profession, and their perceptions of the value of certification to the organisations/agencies that employ PPCM practitioners. The results indicate that compared to uncertified PPCM respondents, certified PPCM respondents have higher intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to seek certification and view certification as more valuable to the profession and the organisation.

- by Morteza Nagahi and +1
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- Public Management, Public Procurement, Certification, Intrinsic Value
- by Philip Cafaro
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- Cognitive Science, Philosophy, Ethics, Conservation
- by Jonathan Beever
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- Philosophy, Ethics, Environmental Philosophy, Applied Ethics
- by Victor Ginsburgh
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- TIME, Picasso, Product differentiation, Intrinsic Value

A New Italian translation of Principia Ethica coming almost 60 years after the 1964 translation by Gianni Vattimo with Nicola Abbagnano’s preface. The new edition makes room for the English text, besides the Italian translation including the 1922 Preface, besides, a complete bibliography of Moore’s ethical writings and the secondary literature on Moore’s ethics, a detailed chronology of Moore’s life and works, and an Index.
The Introduction by Sergio Cremaschi reconstructs the background of ideas, concerns and intentions from which Moore’s Principia Ethica originated. It stresses the role of religious concerns, as well as that of the Idealist legacy. I argue that PE is more a patchwork of incompatible lines of argument than a consistent work. It compares PE with Rashdall’s almost contemporary ethical work, suggesting that the latter defends the same general claims in a different and more plausible way, one that manages to answer decisive objections. I end with the suggestion that the emergence of Analytic Ethics was a more ambiguous phenomenon than the received view would make us believe and that the wheat of this tradition, that is, what logic can do for philosophy, has to be separated from the chaff, that is, the confused, and besides mutually incompatible, legacies of Utilitarianism and Idealism.

- by Sergio Cremaschi
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- Ethics, Idealism, Pleasure, Utilitarianism