LNG Industry Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Due to insufficient level of domestic natural gas production, the European Union countries are forced to import this key energy resource from the third countries. This involves political and economic as well as physical risks. In order to ensure energy security, it is necessary to mitigate the threats that in the case of natural gas supplies are primarily related to various types of dependencies. The dependency grows in the situation of low diversification of energy sources and resources suppliers. The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of LNG imports on the European Union’s energy security, which would not be possible without showing the structure of the regional natural gas market. Implications of LNG trade will be shown in comparison with pipeline gas supplies, which are dominant on this market.

- by
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- European Union (International Studies), Oil and gas, International Energy Security, Europe

Analysis of modern memrane-type CCS of LNG carriers.

- by Leo Ivanov
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- LNG Cargo Containment System, LNG Industry, LNG Carriers
- by Linh Nguyễn
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- LNG, LNG Gas and Pipeline Process Safety, LNG Industry

Only a few modularization concepts have been applied to-date in the LNG industry. The costs of modular units are generally higher than field erected units since modules are designed to withstand the rigors of shipping and require more structural steel. However, higher cost of modularization is often offset by performing the work at the fabrication site instead of the field. It reduces the overall project cost due to lower field construction costs and shorter construction schedule. This paper evaluates LNG modularization options for a grass roots LNG facility vs a base case stick built plant. The topics of discussion include module development, comparison of options, construction schedules and man loading, logistics, and a recommended approach for design and construction. Cost estimates and EPC schedules are compared for each option. An inshore/near shore gravity base structure (GBS) option is also included for comparison.

LNG Custody Transfer Handbook

- by Mulla Shandri
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- LNG Measurments, LNG Cargo Containment System, LNG processing, LNG Industry

The reason behind this work is to study the effects of the variation of the LNG components on the liquefaction cycle, To achieve this objective we used the industrial software «Aspentech HYSYS» to simulate the APCI process used in the GL1K industrial compound of SKIKDA; then we changed the natural gas variation each time to see the changes of events in each part of the unit. In addition to that we have simulated different
fractionation section installations to choose the installation that would be the most efficient.

- by zakarya mermoul
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- Mechanical Engineering, Cryogenics, Distillation Operations, Energy

Aspen HYSYS Dynamics Training Course (English Version)

- by sameh tawfeek
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- LNG, Petroleum, Aspen Hysys, LNG Industry

Aspen HYSYS (DYNAMICS) Training Course ) النسخة العربية

- by sameh tawfeek
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- Cryogenics, LNG, Refrigeration, Natural Science

The maritime industry, in common with many other fields, is currently undergoing a rapid process of digitalization. For some companies, the addition of the required measurement, telemetry and evaluation systems to their fleet requires a level of investment and upheaval for which the tangible benefits are not immediately apparent. This paper aims to illustrate, by reference to a real-world case study, the potential benefits of implementing a big data system with a high sampling resolution (15 s, in line with ISO 19030 recommendations) on the ship performance evaluation of LNG vessels.

- by Carlos Gonzalez and +2
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- Naval Architecture, Maritime, LNG Industry

This papper argues that there is a necessity for the transition from the time to the spot LNG chartering market. It investigates this possibility by examining the market dynamics with reference to the LNG market and the legal background. Particularly, it assesses the effectiveness of the tools, namely, the existing Charter-Party Forms, by means of which the aforementioned transition will be implemented. It also considers the necessity for the creation of a new Charter-Party Form that would cater for the omissions of the already existing ones.

- by Ioannis Mavrokefalos
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- LNG, Shipping/ Transport Logistics, Shipping, Shipping Economics

Canada's federal government has championed the prospect of exporting liquefied natural gas (LNG) to overseas markets. The government of British Columbia is aggressively planning to turn itself into a global LNG-export hub, and the prospect for Canadian LNG exports is positive. However, there are market and political uncertainties that must be overcome in a relatively short period of time if Canada is to become a natural gas exporter to a country other than the United States. This report assesses the feasibility of Canadian exports and examines the policy challenges involved in making the opportunity a reality.

- by Jennifer Winter
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- Southeast Asian Studies, LNG, Energy, Oil and gas

Port and supply chains are closely connected to each other as a port is considered as an important node of the global supply chain. Sothe efficiency level of port has an impact on the performance of supply chain operations. Chittagong port is the principal seaport of Bangladesh and it provides a major gateway to the outside world. The cost of doing business is increasing as a result of the inefficiency in the main seaport of the country. In this paper, an effort has been taken to examine the efficiency of Chittagong Port and the causal factors of inefficiency. The impact of inefficiency at Chittagong port on the supply chain of Bangladesh has also been identified. To do this, at first a relationship has been built between port efficiency and supply chain in respect of Bangladesh. Relevant data has been gathered through extensive review of the literature, field surveys, interacting with top management of different business entities such as shipping agency, freight forwarder, logistics companies, exporter, importer as well as Government regulatory and monitoring bodies using both the structured and unstructured questionnaires. The study has revealed that theinefficiency at Chittagong port causes serious consequences on the supply chain of exporter and importer and lead to loss and disruption of trade and ultimately incur extra costs and time. This paper, therefore, recommends a substantial infrastructure improvement to Chittagong port along with other related measures in order to facilitate the supply chain of exporter and importer.

LNG Technology from Exploration, storage, transportation & commercialization

- by Aestikani Mahani
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- LNG, GAS CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, LNG Industry

Под ред. Климентьев А.Ю., Т.А.Митрова, А.А.Собко Авторы: Митрова Т.А., Климентьев А.Ю., Собко А.А., Конопляник А.А., Родчикин.И.Г, Сульдин А.А., Собко А.А., Марков Б.В., Талипова А.С., Ткаченко М.А., Хауг А.К., Сергаева А.А. Уважаемые... more

The pressing problem of increasing air pollution levels in port cities, as well as the introduction of strict environmental regulations by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) through the relevant changes in the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)-and especially those in Annex VI-made it very crucial for the maritime industry to explore different avenues of improving its environmental impact and even consider the use of alternative fuel sources. This trend is not restricted solely in the maritime domain: other means of transport, such as cars/trucks and the rail industry, are also under continuous scrutiny for their level of gasses emissions; many high level initiatives and regulations are pushing towards a framework of restricting these dangerous emissions and a tighter control on pollution in relation to internal combustion engines. For the time being, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) looks as one of the most promising solutions for this challenge. The "Go LNG" initiative is focused on the development of demand and accessibility of LNG in the Baltic Sea Region (BSR). Activities associated with this strategic-in-nature project aim to promote the implementation of EU's Clean Fuel Strategy and boost LNG usage through the whole transport chain. Among other important tasks, the establishment of a BSR LNG Competence Centre is included. The World Maritime University (WMU), along with its capacity building focus, is playing a pivotal role towards the creation of a dedicated training centre, which will be the epicentre of the analysis in hand. Previous and very relevant experiences from other similar in nature projects, such as the " On The Motorways of the Sea Network (OTMW-N) " one, provide a solid background towards success. During those already concluded research activities, LNG training modules were designed and tested by delivery both in classroom and distance learning modalities; video-streaming of the associated lectures and online tests were integrated in the delivery methods. Furthermore, a potential framework to bring together interested in LNG educational and training institutes with a maritime focus in the wider region, under the notion to materialize this important centre will be discussed. Themes and learning objectives are included, along with a brief explanation of the possible target audience.

En Sudamérica la comercialización de gas natural por gasoductos ha sido un motor de numerosos proyectos de integración bilaterales y multilaterales desde la década de 1970 en tres etapas: geopolítica, neoliberal y post liberal. Sin embargo, la crisis de los acuerdos bilaterales y la falta de concreción de las iniciativas multilaterales condujeron en la última década a una proliferación de terminales de gas natural licuado (GNL) en varios países de la región, que permiten comercializar el fluido con países extrarregionales. Para algunos analistas, el abastecimiento de GNL en detrimento de los gasoductos ha favorecido una desintegración energética a nivel regional. El objetivo de este artículo es discutir en qué medida existe un proceso de desintegración regional a partir de datos oficiales del mercado de gas natural.

- by Ignacio Sabbatella
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- Natural Gas, Oil Natural Gas Energy Geopolitics, South America, Gas Pipelines
- by Attilio Brighenti
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- Performance, Simulation, Simulation Model, LNG Industry

This work aims to describe an empirical method for calculating the fuel and gas consumption on two-strokes dual fuel engines with gas (LNG) injection. The empirical analysis is done by collecting data from 12 engine shop tests report of... more

- by Carlos Gonzalez
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- CO2 emissions, LNG Industry, Dual Fuel Engine

It would be an exaggeration to say that the North-South Gas Corridor alone has, in the short run, strategic meaning for the whole region. Some countries find it more beneficial to gain direct access to West European gas markets; that is why in harsh contrast with vast cross-border capacities in the East-West direction, the connection in the North–South direction is as yet limited. Of primary significance are Russian energy companies’ marketing strategies, the future of the Baumgarten hub in Austria, and even global trends, though NSI has potential to cause geopolitical breakthrough in the region in the long run. All the more reason then that this idea is not only about physical infrastructure but also LNG terminals, UGS facilities and the creation of functional regional market. In this programme, one could include the development of unconventional gas, too. All of these are crucial elements of energy security with no short-term effects in this calculation. Bearing in mind the fact that Central Europe is of key strategic importance to secure safe supplies of natural gas thanks to its location at the East-to-West and North-to-South transportation corridors, in a few decades the region could achieve not only significant independence from sole-source suppliers but also could become a crucial player in the European energy market, even with opportunities to export energy.

Gas flaring is a process used by operators to combust surplus gas at production facilities when there is no infrastructure to capture and transport the gas to market, or to relieve potentially dangerous production pressures. According to... more

- by Tristan S Reilly
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- LNG, Arabian Gulf, Oil and gas, Persian Gulf

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is essentially natural gas in liquid form, having been reduced to a liquid state by a process of cooling to a temperature of minus 162°C. In the course of its transformation to a liquid, the ambient gas undergoes a volume reduction of approximately 600 to oneIt can then be easily loaded aboard specially designed tankers for transportation. While in transit, LNG is maintained in a liquid state by means of highly efficient insulation systems surrounding the cargo compartment.

- by Zeljko Serdar
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- Renewable Energy, LNG, Oil and gas, Croatia

Tart two of the article will summarise some of the features of the modelling solutions adopted and continue the comparison of the simulation results with the data collected during the machine startup, concentrating on the tandem casing... more

- by Attilio Brighenti
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- Performance, Simulation, Simulation Model, LNG Industry

The natural gas became the back bone and the most important fuel for firing in the majority of the combustion system . It is not only used in the domestic applications but also it is used hugely in the industrial ones .
The present research proposes and hence derives some optimum techniques for gathering , treatment and liquefaction , storage , shipping and also the establishment for a new unified base for pricing the natural gas on both the two levels of local and international markets .
The procedures applied in this investigation took place in some of their carried out stages at the site and the processes units existing in Khalda Petroleum Company in the western desert area of Egypt .
The validated proposed techniques in this research can in their turn deliver the LNG to the end user in abundant , purified and cheaper feature . Moreover , the devised bases for pricing the LNG will put an end to the continuous disputes and arguments between seller and buyer for this strategical product

- by Sameh Tawfeek
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- Cryogenics, Petroleum, Petroleum Technology, LNG Industry
- by Mick Peel and +1
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- Government, Public Budgeting and Finance, Fiscal Federalism, Mining
- by Roman Karski
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- Southeast Asian Studies, LNG, Energy, Oil and gas

In recent years, there has been an exponential increase in LNG liquefaction and regasification capacity of many countries. The factors underlying this growth are the use of LNG to produce electricity, a reduction in costs due to technological advances and the current environmental concerns. In Italy, natural gas is transported into pipelines and LNG mainly by road, starting from coastal storage facilities, or from docks. But together with the development of these activities there is also a need to assess and counter the related risks. The handling of tanks offers dispersion scenarios connected to collision or impact, or to leaks during LNG transfer operations. So, there may be a need for emergency LNG transferring, managing the risks of the scenario. Some emergency procedures and safety measures for LNG storage and transport have been studied by the Italian Firefighters. This work offers a brief overview of the risks and safety measures associated with LNG storage and road transport in Italy and Europe.

- by Luigi Palestini
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- Natural Gas, Fire safety, Firefighters, LNG Gas and Pipeline Process Safety

The uncertainty of Coriolis mass flowmeter (CMF) has been investigated for liquefied natural gas (LNG) mass flowrate measurement. The expanded uncertainty of the Young's modulus of stainless steel 316 measured by NIST is evaluated to be 1.90%, taking into consideration the lot-to-lot variability of the material. We have shown that the corrected Young's modulus value at cryogenic temperature (120 K) has a smaller expanded uncertainty of 0.47%, through calibration of the CMF using traceable water calibration facility and a correction term to compensate the Young's modulus change from ambient to cryogenic temperature of 120 K. We have evaluated other mass flowrate measurement uncertainty factors including thermal expansion, pressure correction effect, temperature measurement, zero stability and meter repeatability. The expanded uncertainty of a CMF for LNG flowrate measurement is estimated to be 0.50% with the uncertainty coverage factor k=2. The dominating component is from the uncertainty of the corrected Young's modulus for stainless steel at cryogenic temperature. This uncertainty analysis shows that a CMF can provide very accurate mass flowrate measurement for LNG custody transfer.

- by Thomas Y WU
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- Cryogenics, Energy, Two Phase Flow, Mechanical Behavior Of Materials

The objective of the project is focused to design a Business model for LNG containers to replace the LPG cylinders. This project report on above stated topic and area contains all the detailed information and data for this business model.
The project is focused on 4 main segments (i.e. Industrial, Domestic, Commercial & Small Scale Industries based in G.I.D.C area Dahod). The very first step of the project is to take the finding the detailed demand of various Industries, Hotels and Hospitals each of the segments through the market survey. Report contains the process & methodology adopted in order to calculate the demand & changing that current fuel utilized in industries and all other sectors into equivalent gas requirement. Based on such demand estimation, a detailed estimation and distribution of natural gas is prepared.
Demand calculation was done through questionnaire which focused on technical parameters and based on their basic consumption level.
The project gives a detailed view and description of project estimation and the process to follow the project in successful manner.

- by manpreet singh
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- LPG AND LNG, LNG Industry
- by michal moore
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- Southeast Asian Studies, LNG, Energy, Oil and gas

Статья для журнала "Газовая Пробышленность" Современный мировой газовый рынок стремительно меняется. Особенно динамично развивается торговля сжиженным природным газом. В связи с ростом неопределенности, вызванной прежде всего ценовой волатильностью и увеличением доли спотовых контрактов, концепция плавучего завода/терминала сжиженного природного газа становится востребованной. Несмотря на ряд несомненных преимуществ таких мобильных решений, существуют значительные технические, операционные, правовые и коммерческие риски, которые на данный момент ограничивают инвесторов. Минимизация этих рисков достигается путем оптимального структурирования проекта в рамках многостороннего сотрудничества экспортеров, импортеров, инвесторов, сервисных компаний, государственных органов и международных организаций.

- by Инна Кирилкина and +1
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- LNG, Natural Gas, Oil and Gas,LNG, LPG AND LNG

We have proposed new methods to reduce the LNG mass flow measurement uncertainty using Coriolis mass flowmeters (CMF). Since the uncertainty in the corrected Young's modulus of meter tube is the dominating contribution factor, it is proposed to derive the Young's modulus at LNG temperature using the calculated LNG density and the natural bending frequency measurement. The expanded uncertainty of the calculated Young's modulus is evaluated to be 0.071%, which enables the LNG mass flow measurement uncertainty of a straight-tube CMF to be reduced from 0.50% to 0.20% (k=2). This approach has the potential to provide more accurate LNG mass flow measurement in comparison to conventional methods which use corrected Young's modulus at LNG temperature. We have analysed the error in flow measurement using a U-tube CMF. An extra mass flow factor is shown to be the dominating mass flow measurement uncertainty factor due to high uncertainty in the measured Poisson's ratio of the tube. A new method is proposed to calculate the Poisson's ratio from torsional frequency and bending frequency measurements, with expanded uncertainty of 0.14%, which is 13 times lower than that of measured values. The LNG mass flow measurement uncertainty of a U-tube CMF is estimated to be to 0.24% (k=2) using the calculated Poisson's ratio and Young's modulus. Our theoretical analysis shows that accurate estimation of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio using the proposed method can significantly reduce the LNG mass flow measurement uncertainty using CMF.

- by Thomas Y WU
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- LNG, Flowmetering, LPG AND LNG, LNG Industry

Η ΕΘΝΙΚΗ ΜΑΣ ΟΥΤΟΠΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΤΟ ΠΑΡΑΜΥΘΙ ΜΕ ΤΟΥΣ ΥΔΡΟΓΟΝΑΝΘΡΑΚΕΣ

- by Dimitrios Plataras
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- Petroleum, HYDROCARBONS, LNG Industry

STRATEGIES FOR LNG PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
Arif Habibullah, P.E.,
Technical Advisor, Los Angeles, California Yoshitsugi Kikkawa,
Dr. of Engineering, a Fellow Member of AIChE Yokohama, Japan
ABSTRACT
As a result of the world’s growing supply of LNG, a looming projected glut and weaker energy pricing, marginal projects will be deferred but will continue to be evaluated for improved economics in the future. In addition, due to cost overruns and delays in recent LNG projects, unique conceptual design strategies are needed to assess new projects to improve their economic viability and rate of return.
This paper highlights conceptual design strategies for improving total project economics for all areas from sub-sea, to offshore and onshore development. Strategies are presented to identify areas for reducing costs and enhancing project definition, supported by selective benchmarks derived from recent LNG projects. The goal is to enhance project rate of return and improve total project definition to avoid cost overruns and schedule delays, and help make marginal projects viable.

- by Arif Habibullah
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- LNG Industry

The GHG footprint of LNG is worse than this of the current conventional fuels, argues Mr. Panos Zachariadis, Technical Director of Atlantic Bulk Carriers Management. With this respect, LNG should be viewed only as a SOx and NOx compliant fuel and those that invest in it 'should proceed on these grounds', he noted. Panos Zachariadis | Opinions | 29/06/18 LNG as marine fuel can comply with the new IMO requirements for sulfur oxides and NOx tier III emissions without the use of messy scrubbers and NOx reducing catalysts, both of which immensely increase the size and complexity of ships' engine-rooms as well as the crews' workloads. Not to mention the nasty inputs (e.g. urea) and outputs involved. However, with regards to its global warming effect, LNG-knowingly or not-has been credited with Global Warming reducing capability which is simply false. There are enough inconvenient truths in the maritime regulations already, but this one is the most important of all: it relates to our continued survival. I submit the stakes are higher with LNG and those of us who " know " should stop pretending, while those that don't should educate themselves. Most have heard the claim that LNG shipboard use as fuel results in " about 20-25% less CO2 " and that methane is, pound for pound, 25 times worse than CO2 in warming the atmosphere. Well, none of the previous two figures is really accurate. LNG is 95-98% methane, a very potent greenhouse gas. How potent? If we look toward a 100 year future time span, LNG is 34 times worse than CO2 (not just 25 times)*. But 100 years is erroneously used in this case. That time horizon started being used because this is the lifespan of CO2 in the atmosphere. But this is irrelevant. We should care what LNG does to the atmosphere for the next few years. Plus, our

- by Panos Zachariadis
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- LNG, Shipping/ Transport Logistics, Shipping Management, Shipping

In the custody transfer of fuels such as Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), energy measurement accuracy is critical. The important elements in calculating transferred energy are the volume, density and the superior calorific value (SCV). In this paper we have used a new approach to carefully study the various uncertainty factors contributing to two of these elements: the density and SCV. For density, six methods were evaluated, namely the method of extended corresponding states (ECS), Hiza method, revised Klosek-McKinley method (RKM), Groupe Européen de Recherche Gazière method (GERG-2004), GERG-2008 method, and EOS-LNG method, to estimate the modeling error in density calculation. Other factors affecting LNG density estimation (LNG composition, reference densimeter, temperature and pressure) have also been investigated to derive the total uncertainty in LNG density estimation. For SCV, the uncertainty has been analysed with consideration of uncertainties in the composition and the SCV of LNG components. The expanded uncertainty in LNG energy during custody transfer is estimated to be 0.58% (k=2) after considering the uncertainties due to Membrane-type tank's unloaded LNG volume, SCV, density and their correlation effect.

- by Thomas Y WU
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- Cryogenics, Thermodynamics, LNG, Chemical thermodynamics

As a result of the world's growing supply of LNG, a looming projected glut and weaker energy pricing, marginal projects will be deferred but will continue to be evaluated for improved economics in the future. In addition, due to cost overruns and delays in recent LNG projects, unique conceptual design strategies are needed to assess new projects to improve their economic viability and rate of return. This paper highlights conceptual design strategies for improving total project economics for all areas from sub-sea, to offshore and onshore development. Strategies are presented to identify areas for reducing costs and enhancing project definition, supported by selective benchmarks derived from recent LNG projects. The goal is to enhance project rate of return and improve total project definition to avoid cost overruns and schedule delays, and help make marginal projects viable.

- by Arif Habibullah
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- LNG Industry

- by Arif Habibullah
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- LNG Industry

Sander Kaart, Wiveka Elion, Barend Pek and Rob Klein Nagelvoort, Shell Global Solutions International BV, the Netherlands, introduce a design for 10 ― 12 million tpy LNG trains.

- by sander kaart
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- Design, LNG, Performance, Liquefaction