CO2 emissions Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

- by
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- Hydrogen, Energy efficiency, GHG Emissions, Global Warming

Corrugated package designers are focused on balancing the need for product protection, material use efﬁciency and the packaging material’s impact on the environment in the supply chain. The purpose of this pa- per is to develop a conceptual sustainable packaging model that integrates the variables of technical design, supply chain systems and environmental factors and then use the model to identify to improve upon corru- gated container design. A model was developed, from the extant literature, and a case study was performed on a corrugated container. This is believed to be a unique integrated model of most relevant agents related to the design and im- plementation of a corrugated box through a supply chain from design to potential post-consumer reuse. From this study, we found opportunities to improve the environmental design of the corrugated container through four ex ante design stages, and two ex post facto supply chain stages. Further, research can evaluate and reﬁne this model via a ‘live supply chain’ for use in guiding corrugated box material selection design and reuse/recycling. Integration of the design criterion for a unit
load in the supply chain creates opportunity to observe the packaging system holistically. Waste in the manufacturing process and CO2 emissions are traced along the material ﬂow until the end of its useful life to provide an overall picture of the packaging system.

- by Chris Dominic and +2
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- Waste recycling, Sustainable Packaging Design, Corrugated Board, Supply Chain

A controllable composition and morphology AuAg/ZnO catalyst, prepared by an easily scalable method, was, for the first time, explored for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO 2. It was found that the composition of the bimetallic alloy contributes to the overall CO 2 reduction performance. In particular, as also demonstrated by density functional theory calculations, CO production increases, decreasing the Au content in the catalyst alloy. The experimental investigation reveals that the products are H 2 and CO, which production rate increases in the presence of ZnO, up to a Faradic efficiency of 94.7 % at 0.4 V. On the other hand, controlling the oleic acid covering it is possible to modulate the surface properties allowing to obtain, at 0.6 V, H 2 /CO ratios equal to 1.1 and 1.9 for nanocatalysts thermally treated for 2 and 5 h, respectively.

- by Eleonora PONTICORVO
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- Electrochemistry, Nanomaterials, Nanotechnology, CO2 capture and storage

Industrial control systems are nowadays exposed in environments with rapid and unstable parameter changes and uses measuring equipments with critical output sensitivity. In the case of thermal gas analyzer, measurement errors are contributed by temperature, gas flow, and pressure. Error compensation is a key problem for these control systems. In recent years, it has been proven in the literature that artificial neural network (ANN) is a reliable and low cost solution to manage errors. Among all the algorithms of ANN, the back propagation is commonly used because of its simplicity and learning methodology is easy to realize. However, it has two notable drawbacks: (a) it is likely to run into local minimum, and (b) convergence is slow. Thermal conductivity gas analyzer often works in adverse surroundings, which requires fast and accurate measurements. Therefore, a strong learning network is needed. This paper proposes a novel thermal gas analyzer using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. The effectiveness and validity of the proposed method is verified by simulation studies using MATLAB. Fuzzy membership rules are created to allow regulation of learning parameters. Further, the fuzzy adaptive network model is constructed to train large data samples while the high precision compensation of sensor error is realized by the improved flow. Simulation results reveal that the convergence speed and output accuracy is improved and the learning parameters in thermal gas analyzer are automatically corrected by the proposed method in comparison with the back propagation algorithm of artificial neural network.

This paper employs two-stage input–output structural decomposition analysis (SDA) to identify the factors responsible for changes in Japan’s hboxCO2\hbox {CO}_{2}hboxCO2 emissions for two periods: 1995–2000 and 2000–2005. First, the study decomposes the total change in hboxCO2\hbox {CO}_{2}hboxCO2 emissions for each period to obtain the contribution of change in hboxCO2\hbox {CO}_{2}hboxCO2 emissions per unit output (hboxCO2(\hbox {CO}_{2}(hboxCO2 emissions coefficient), change in technology (technology effect), and change in final demand. The study observed from the first-stage decomposition that emissions coefficient and final demand drive the change in the first period (1995–2000) while the technology effect drives the change in the second period (2000–2005). The high contribution of the technology effect is driven by activities of iron and steel; coke, refined petroleum and gas; road transportation; and electricity sectors. Having observed the trend of the technology effect across the two periods, the study carried out a second-stage decomposition on technology effect in the second period to examine the contribution of each sector and observed that chemical and pharmaceuticals; iron and steel; road transportation; and construction sectors are mainly responsible. In conclusion, improvement in technical efficiency especially at the industrial process level of each industry will help Japan achieve greater level of hboxCO2\hbox {CO}_{2}hboxCO2 emissions reduction.

- by Uduak Akpan
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- Japan, Input-Output Analysis, CO2 emissions, Structural Decomposition Analysis

Introduction All studies dating back 100 years have shown we need to drastically reduce waste from leaching, off-gassing, or stockpiling manure on our streets and lands. Horse manure is yet difficult to quantify as ”horse manure" is usually the total cleaned stall or “stall residuals.” Stall residuals combine manure, stall bedding wood shavings, feed and hay which today is disposed of by spreading, stockpiling for compost, or burning. Is FAOSTAT data based on stall residuals or pure manure? As data is about spreading, leaching and off gassing it is suggested we interpret “horse manure” as “stall residuals.” To effectively benefit from spreading, composting or using AD digestate as a viable source of Co2/Nitrogen/ Potassium we must separate the manure buns/apples from the bedding and repurpose the shavings. HiPoint recycles residual stall shavings through the HPAB Process 2019 © as the only effective way to deal with stall residuals. “Horse Manure” Data is on emission levels 2010-2016 from horses. FAOSTAT

- by paul cross
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- Bioleaching/ Bacterial Leaching, Waste recycling, Energy and Environment, Phosphorus

An overview of regulations relating to emissions with relevance for countries with as little attention as little attention to climate change regulation as used to be typical for Russia until now. For instance variants of the event triggering the border tax and it’s amount are discussed as well as the effect of corporate carbon reduction programs, and conclusions are drawn for companies.

- by Max Gutbrod
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- Russian Studies, Climate Change, CO2 emissions, Paris Agreement 2015

The black liquor is a byproduct of the kraft pulping process that contains more than half of the exergy content in the total woody biomass fed to the digester, representing a key supply of renewable energy to the pulping process. In this work, the conventional scenario of the black liquor use (i.e., concentration and combustion) is compared with the black liquor upgrading (via) gasification process for ammonia production in terms of economics, exergy efficiency and environmental impact. The combined energy integration and exergy analysis is used to identify the potential improvements that may remain hidden to the energy analysis alone, namely, the determination and mitigation of the process irreversibility. As a result, the exergy efficiencies of the conventional and the integrated cases average 40% and 42%, respectively, whereas the overall emission balance varies from 1.97 to −0.69 tCO2/tPulp, respectively. The negative CO2 emissions indicate the environmental benefits of the proposed integrated process compared to the conventional kraft pulp mill.

- by Daniel Flórez-Orrego and +1
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- Thermodynamics, Biorefinery, Biomass gasification for thermal and power application, Exergy

Greenhouse gas emissions from transportation primarily come from burning fossil fuel in cars, bikes, buses, trucks, ships, and planes. When a liter of gasoline is burned, about 2.3 kg of CO2 is released, For IC engine two-wheelers, fuel cycle CO2 emissions are projected to rise from 6.68 to 111.63 million metric tons in 2021. In order to minimize CO2 from two wheelers, this work deals with development of a prototype which is constructed and tested to measure CO2 absorption compared with theoretical predictions. Titanium dioxide coated layer is used in a conventional catalytic converter which demonstrates the Photo Catalytic Effect of Titanium dioxide for reducing CO2.

- by satish sathanadam
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- Surface Coatings, CO2 emissions, Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Michael Schmidlehner, geboren 1964 in Wien, lebt seit über 20 Jahren in Rio Branco Acre. Er ist Mitbegründer des Informationsportals Amazonlink und unterrichtet an der staatlichen Hochschule Instituto Federal do Acre Philosophie. Schmidlehner ist Spezialist für Entwicklungspolitik und Grüne Wirtschaft. Im Interview spricht er darüber, warum CO-Zertifikate nichts bringen und wie dem Wald besser geholfen werden kann.

- by Sandra Weiss
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- Brazil, Ecology, Amazonia, Rainforests

Various physiological and biochemical responses of two good biomonitor plant species i.e. Datura alba and Ricinus communis were studied along two roads in the Punjab, Pakistan. Chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophylls, carotenoids, total free amino acids, total soluble proteins, total antioxidant activity, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, internal CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, and water use efficiency of D. alba and R. communis were examined at different sites along both roads. Photosynthetic rate of both plant species was found to be affected. Reduced transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were also noted. However, elevated internal CO2 concentration and water use efficiency were recorded. Total soluble proteins got reduced, but, we found a tremendous increase in total antioxidant activity and total free amino acids in both plant species. D. alba was found to be more affected by the adverse effects of roadside air borne pollutants. Although R. communis was also affected but it showed minimal variation in all parameters compared to the control. Hence, our results suggest that R. communis is more resistant to urban roadside air pollution compared to D. alba and would be a good choice as phytoremediator of traffic borne pollutants, whereas, D. alba could be a better biomonitoring plant.

- by Muhammad Qasim and +1
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- Air pollution, Carotenoids, Chlorophyll, CO2 emissions

Recently, alternative energy based vehicles have drawn the attention of engineers specifically on the production of fully electric powered vehicles due to increased environmental awareness and fuel cost. As a result of difficulties in commercializing the vehicles, electric powered cars find an application area in public transportation. One of the solutions for public transportation is to use trolleybus system. This paper gives a comparison of Trolleybus system and existing Metrobus system in Istanbul, Turkey in terms of energy costs and CO2 emissions. The simulation results show that using Trolleybus system instead of Metrobus is much more economical based on the current prices. As for the emissions, the amount of CO2 for city centers and overall environment is evaluated.

- by Andrew Jorgenson
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- Environmental Sociology, Globalization, Climate Change, Political Ecology

Carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions related to spectator's transportation to collegiate football events is a significant consideration in the overall carbon footprint of collegiate sporting events. Transportation mode affects CO 2 emissions per spectator and stadium location, specifically on-and off-campus locations affect the transportation mode chosen by spectators. The quantity of CO 2 emissions generated from spectators' transportation to collegiate sporting events at an on-campus university stadium is compared to off-campus stadium. The transportation modes and miles traveled by spectators were modeled with GREET 2016 to estimate CO 2 emissions. Significant differences were found between the two stadium locations regarding the spectators' choice of transportation mode and distance traveled. Implications are presented for environmental sustainability and planning.

This paper reports on the use of carbon multiwalled nanotubes
as additive to the diesel fuel and the effects of their operational
characteristics and performance, emission and combustion characteristics
of the CRDI system assisted diesel engine. In this study, the tested fuels
were prepared by dispersing carbon multiwalled nanotubes into the
diesel fuel at the mass fraction of 25 and 50 ppm with the help of a
mechanical homogenizer and an ultrasonicator. Experimental results
showed that the flash points and cetane number of the fuels dispersed
with carbon multiwalled nanotubes have increased with higher
concentration of carbon multiwalled nanotubes. Based on the
experimental results, NOx emissions and smoke noticeably decrease,
while CO emissions dramatically increase with increasing the dosing
level of carbon multiwalled nanotubes. At the full load, the magnitude
of NOx and smoke emission for the neat diesel was 1282 ppm and
69HSU, whereas it was 910 ppm and 49HSU for the CMNT50 fuel,
respectively. The results also showed a significant enhancement in
brake thermal efficiency and heat release rate due to the influence of the
carbon multiwalled nanotubes addition in diesel blend.

- by Syed Aalam
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- Emission reduction, IC ENGINES, CO2 emissions, Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCN)

This paper reviews the sustainability (through its carbon footprint) of the rail infrastructure project I am currently working on: Crossrail.
Crossrail is a new east-west rail link for London and the southeast, which will use some existing rail corridors in outer areas and includes the building of a new tunnelled section under central London.
A project of this type has an important environmental impact both locally, in terms of its impact on local areas and communities, and globally, in terms of climate change and overall economic benefits. Rail projects in the long term are likely to cause a reduction in emission through increased patronage and modal shift away from private cars. However, they can also generate substantial CO2 emissions through construction and operation. Therefore, I have included in this paper an explanation of the project’s main activities and components, a review of its impact through the project’s carbon footprint and a brief discussion on some rail related aspects of sustainability.

- by Nikhil Mohan
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- Railway Transport, Sustainable Development, Carbon Footprint, CO2 emissions

Many experimental investigations on carbonated water injection (CWI) have shown an increase in oil recovery which CWI is defined as the process of injecting CO 2-saturated water in oil reservoirs as a displacing fluid. In every enhanced oil recovery method, the potential formation damage of the injected fluid is considered. This is due to the fact that the injection of incompatible fluids often causes clay swelling and fines migration and thus impairs the formation permeability. Permeability reduction by clay particles mostly depends on its distribution which can be pore lining, pore bridging, dispersed or combination of these causing pore blocking or pore-throat diameter reduction. Besides, fine migration is considered as an important mechanism of recovery improvement during injection of low-salinity water in sandstone oil reservoirs. The present paper investigates the impact of injection of carbonated water and brines with the different salt concentrations on oil recovery and formation damage focusing on permeability variation. The investigation has been done on 12 relatively homogeneous clay-containing sandstone cores, while the compositions of the injection water were varied from 40,000 to 1000 ppm, at 176° F and 2000 psi. The amount of recovery improvement and permeability drop recorded in all tests and the fine effluent of two experiments were analysed using XRD, one for CWI and one for WF (water flooding). In all salinities, CWI has shown more oil recovery improvement than conventional water. CWI of 40,000 ppm showed the minimum permeability reduction of 6 percent, while the highest permeability was obtained by injection of water with 1000 ppm. Maximum ultimate oil recoveries of 61.2% and 42% were achieved by 1000 ppm both for CWI and WF, respectively. In comparison with brine injection, CWI resulted in more permeability drop in salinity above critical salt concentration (CSC), while below CSC, WF has caused more formation damage than CWI. Experimental results also showed that fine migration was the main reason behind formation damage. It was also revealed that permeability was significantly reduced due to fine production in the effluent.

- by Ehsan Yazdani Sadati and +1
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- Oil and gas, Enhanced Oil Recovery, CO2 emissions, Low Salinity Waterflooding

The present study investigates the influence of melting furnace on power demand and CO2 emissions. Cupola and induction furnaces are widely used for melting in Indian foundries. Over past decade the use of induction furnace for melting has increased exponentially. Induction furnace technology claims to have lower CO2 emissions compared to cupola, not factoring in the local industrial needs and grid emission factor in India. The difference in grid emission factor is factored in to analyze the overall CO2 emissions per tonne of production in Indian scenario and compared to few other developed and developing nations. Also, the country is likely to experience energy shortage of 2.1% and peak shortage of 2.6% in 2015-16, which implies, it would be difficult to cater to the increase in power demand for induction furnace based foundry. The analysis is supported through a case study from Coimbatore cluster to showcase the need for assessment and selection of furnaces.

- by Nand Gopal
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- Climate Change, Energy, Environmental Sustainability, Energy efficiency

Rapid growth of urban population in India has led to equally fast increase in the consumption of water and consequently to generation of wastewater. Presently, about 30% of the wastewater generated from major cities of India is being treated. Untreated wastewater leads to various environmental problems including pollution of air, water and land resources. This paper especially addresses the issue of methane emission from wastewater, which is a major contributor to climate change. The main aim of the paper is to document and analyse a climate change mitigation action so as to identify and disseminate innovative urban practices that can be replicated at other places. The paper presents a case study of methane recovery and power generation from Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) in Surat city of Gujarat in India. Direct benefits of projects namely, methane extraction and electricity generation are quantified based on the data on total methane production and electricity generation from the STPs. Before implementation of the project, annual baseline Carbon Dioxide equivalent (CO 2 e) emissions from each STP were between 19,000 and 27,000 tonnes. After implementation of the project, the annual emissions are in the range of 3000e5000 tonnes from each plant. Thus, a total of 80,000 tonnes of CO 2 e emission reduction per year is estimated from the four STPs in Surat. These plants are also generating 1.5 to 2.5 million kWh electricity for captive use every year. Taking a co-benefit approach, in addition to the reduction of greenhouse gas emission, associated multiple benefits of the project are also quantified. Co-benefits such as production of useful bi-products and water pollution reduction were found to be significant. Many other social benefits have also been documented; however, these could not be quantified due to non-availability of suitable data.

- by Paulose N Kuriakose
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- CO2 emissions, Sewage management

Climate change is a serious threat to the environment and socioeconomic globally. Climate change is caused by natural processes and due to human activities that have resulted in long-term climate fluctuations and even globally over the past few decades, the climate has experienced a fairly rapid rise in average temperatures. Climate change is mainly caused due to ozone depletion which results in changes in greenhouse effect conditions. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has adopted standards to reduce sulfur pollution from ships. The majority of naval warships today use conventional mechanical propulsion systems where the power from the main propulsion is transmitted to the propeller through gearboxes. The ships owned by the Navy almost all still use conventional thrust systems with diesel engine starters. With a conventional support system. The latest innovation in the support system that has been carried out, namely on the United States Navy warship TAKE-1 (the destroyer ship), whereby changing the support system from conventional to electricity with the concept of Integrated Fully Electric Propulsion (IFEP) can reduce fuel use by 10% to 25%. IFEP application if applied to ships of the Navy, will obtain a very large benefit in overcoming environmental problems namely reducing air pollution.
Keywords: Integrated Fully Electric Propulsion (IFEP); Concept on Navy ships

- by Antariksa Sudikno
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- Mechanical Engineering, Propulsion, Electricity, CO2 emissions

A major challenge for humankind is to reduce global carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions to avoid the most harmful impacts of climate change. The transport sector is responsible for almost 1/4 of the world's energy-related emissions, with road transportation representing around 1/5 of the fuel consumption. Electric vehicles (EVs) may help to reduce CO 2 emissions, but their diffusion is uncertain due to market barriers. This paper investigates the electric vehicle (EV), which has a smaller ecological footprint, as an alternative capable of meeting the needs of personal transport in Brazil. To carry out this evaluation, the study considers socio-techno-economic and political-environmental innovation aspects to assess the challenges and opportunities facing the adoption of electric vehicles. The analysis was carried out based on a survey administered to a wide range of stake-holders. A SWOT analysis was performed to understand the most critical factors affecting the future of EVs in Brazil, which is a top-ten automotive manufacturer worldwide and a leader in sugar cane ethanol production. The results suggest light-duty electric vehicles (LDEV) as a first option for low-carbon passengers' mobility and that EVs expansion will require market regulation, incentive policies and adequate charging infrastructure. Both consumers and society in general will benefit most from the expansion of EVs due to low emissions and total cost of ownership (TCO). The results show where decision-makers should focus their attention. ARTICLE HISTORY

- by Evaldo Costa and +1
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- Climate Change, Transportation Studies, Economics of Innovation, Environmental Policy (Political Science)

Analysis of fuel consumption in a large surface mine, during more than 5000 cycles of material transportation , revealed considerable variability in the data. Truck fuel estimation based on the mining truck manufacturers' manuals/estimates is not capable of capturing this variability in the fuel consumption data. Partial least squares regression and autoregressive integrated moving average methods were employed to examine the effect of cyclic activities on fuel consumption, and to recommend relevant remedies for consumption reduction. Proper modifications of the operation can result in improved cycle times. Consequently, minimizing some cyclic activities would enhance energy efficiency. The truck " empty idle time " was a major contributor to unnecessary fuel consumption. Since the truck queues at shovels are a major component of the " empty idle time " , decisions should be reviewed to reduce the truck queues at loading points. Improved dispatching strategies, optimal muck pile shape and size distribution , and improved shovel/loader operator skills are effective preventive measures to minimize truck flow bottlenecks at loading points, and thus to improve energy efficiency at mines.

- by Saeid R Dindarloo and +1
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- Mining Engineering, PLS (Partial Least Squares) Methods, Mining, Time series analysis

Despite significant efforts to improve traffic emission models, limited attempts have been made to include the road gradient effect on light vehicles emissions. This study aims to analyze this effect on carbon footprint of light vehicles under different traffic and alignment conditions. To this end, the study includes the results of on-board emission measurements using a gasoline Light-Duty Vehicle (LDV) along selected routes of the
Spanish road network. The findings show up the relationship between the road gradient and CO2 emissions in LDV. Outcomes show that hilly stretches with more than 3% slope produce an increase of emissions by 60% when comparing to flat sections. Conclusions highlight the importance of considering road alignment when modeling traffic emissions

- by sara hernandez
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- Environmental Sustainability, Carbon Footprint, Traffic Management, CO2 emissions

Flare gas recovery is one of the most attractive methods to improve energy efficiency in oil refineries to decrease greenhouse gas emissions. The recovered gas is used to feed refinery processes, granting advantages in terms of fuel economy and flare stress. This paper presents the results obtained by a feasibility study of a flare gas recovery system in a real refinery; the work focused on: i) the choice and the design of the flare gas recovery system; ii) the gas treatment and reuse; iii) the economic feasibility, and the payback period. An experimental campaign has been performed to evaluate both the composition and the flow rate of the flare gas. Results showed that the flare gas had a strongly variable flow rate and composition due to the different gas species processed in refinery. A methodology for the system selection is presented: a 400 kg/h liquid ring compression device is chosen; its basic design is described as well as the chemical treatments of inert gases and hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S). The yearly energy recovery was estimated to be 2900 TOE, corresponding to 6600 tons of CDE (Carbon Dioxide Equivalent). Finally, an economic evaluation was carried out, showing a payback period of about 2.5 years.

- by Gabriele Comodi
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- Energy, Energy efficiency, Oil Refining, Energy Recovery Systems

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between income and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions in the context of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), which posits the existence of an inverted U-shape relationship between environmental degradation and economic development. For this purpose, two empirical models are examined. For both models, the relationship between per capita income and per capita CO2 emissions and the relationship among per capita income, per capita energy use, and per capita CO2 emissions are analyzed respectively between 1980 and 2010, using the panel data estimation techniques with the application of Driscoll-Kraay Standard Errors. Yet, for the first model, data are analyzed for 26 OECD countries with high income levels, while for the second model, data are examined for 52 emerging countries. The results of both models show that N-shape and an inverted N-shape relationship for cubic functional form are observed. Thus, the results do not support the EKC hypothesis, which implies that environmental degradation cannot be solved automatically by economic growth.

- by Selin Ozokcu
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- CO2 emissions, Panel Data Analysis, Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC)

Road traffic congestion has become an everyday phenomenon in today's cities all around the world. The reason is clear: at peak hours, the road network operates at full capacity. In this way, growing traffic demand cannot be satisfied, not even with traffic-responsive signal plans. The external impacts of traffic congestion come with a serious socioeconomic cost: air pollution, increased travel times and fuel consumption, stress, as well as higher risk of accidents. To tackle these problems, a number of European cities have implemented reduced speed limit measures. Similarly, a general urban speed limit measure is in preparatory phase in Budapest, Hungary. In this context, a complex preliminary impact assessment is needed using a simulated environment. Two typical network parts of Budapest were analyzed with microscopic traffic simulations. The results revealed that speed limits can affect traffic differently in diverse network types indicating that thorough examination and preparation works are needed prior to the introduction of speed limit reduction.

- by Mánuel Gressai and +1
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- Traffic Simulation, CO2 emissions, Speed limits

High CO emissions from industry and the burning of fossil fuels could cause the world's
average temperature to rise by 1.5°C. by 2030. Faced with the threat of drastic climate
change, countries around the world, including Brazil, have pledged considerably
reduce carbon dioxide emissions from its activities. When it comes to “CO2 emissions”,
the cement industry stands out as the second gas emitter. The high emissions are
generated by the decomposition of limestone, cement raw material, and the burning of
fossil fuels for heat generation in clinker kilns. Even though it is a highly polluting
product, cement is the basis for making possible the way of life of modern society, its
use and applicability occurs on a large scale. Given this gap between development
and sustainability, this research went out of its way to look for solutions that could be
adopted by the cement industry without the end product losing its properties or
encumbering it. The research reviewed the bibliography and found the state of the art
of the problem. The results of the work lead to the conclusion that it is possible to make
the cement less polluting with the use of clean energy sources in conjunction with the
use of clinker substitutions.

- by C. Cornell Evers
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- Climate Change, Fire Ecology, Amazonia, Carbon Cycle

Aircraft emissions and the environmental impact have been studied by many. It is important to consider not only the current pollution status but the pollution growth into the foreseeable future. The common census is that it is a phenomenon which will grow in the future and that new technologies should be studied to minimise the effects. The engines in the aircraft have a major part to play since it is the largest contributor to emissions in an aircraft. All major engine manufacturers have recognised the importance of the issue and have implemented many programmes to research and implement methods of reducing emissions and increase the fuel efficiency.
The A-9 ‘box wing’ aircraft (fig 1), a project of Aerospace Vehicle Design MSc in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at Cranfield University, has been designed to serve as a medium range airliner with a focus on the impact of aviation, on the environment (Jemitola & Smith, 2009). The design focuses on reducing emissions thereby trying to reduce the negative impact aviation has on the environment. The A9 aircraft’s primary driver is the aircraft performance and the environmental friendliness hence, open rotor engines were studied as an alternative to the baseline turbofan.
This paper outlines the many results and observations found during the study of the open rotor. The results are mainly of a performance nature but also include results obtained from initial sizing calculations. Certain parameters were assumed due to the availability of data and the engines were designed to provide the required thrust.
The objective of the paper is to study the potential of the open rotor concept in aiding to build better environmentally friendly aircraft in the future.

This study examines the relationship between CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth
in Italy over the period 1970–2006. Results of unit root tests show that all variables are non-stationary
in their level form, but stationary in first differences form. The causal relationship between variables
is examined using causality test in a vector autoregressive framework. Our empirical results show that
CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth are not cointegrated. Moreover, the Toda
and Yamamoto Granger non-causality test shows a bidirectional causality between CO2 emissions and
economic growth, as well as between CO2 emissions and energy consumption. Forecast error variance
decompositions evidence that the errors in real per capita GDP are mainly due to uncertainty in GDP itself,
while the errors in predicting the energy consumption and the CO2 emissions are sensitive to disturbances
in the other two equations.

- by Cosimo Magazzino
- •
- Energy Economics, Energy, Energy Consumption, Italy

Deutsche Übersetzung Version 1.00-de7 (01. Mai 2015)
der englischen Version 1.00 (December 1, 2010)

- by Ralf D. Tscheuschner
- •
- Physics, Atmospheric Physics, CO2 emissions, Greenhouse Effect

CubeSat is a type of miniaturized satellite with at least 10x10x10 cm in cubic units for its volume and has less than 1.33 kg per unit for its mass based on the CubeSat standard. Currently, CubeSat technology is mostly used for earth observation purposes. In this paper, a CO2 Detection payload for the CubeSat was proposed, it is expected to be able to detect the CO2 concentrations from 400 km of altitude. CO2 is one of the greenhouse gasses emitted by human activities or by natural produces, CO2 molecules can absorb infrared radiation and trap some energy from it in the atmosphere which can trigger global warming, therefore it is important to be observed. To achieve the mission, an InGaAs Photodiode sensor will be used in this payload. This sensor will measure the power of infrared radiance in the atmosphere, and the final output from this payload module is an analog signal in voltage magnitude. By measuring this parameter which is the power of infrared radiance in the atmosphere, it is expected for the payload to be able to estimate the CO2 concentrations. This paper will also show the performance of the integrated amplifier circuit to amplify the produced signal from the InGaAs Photodiode sensor since this sensor will produce an analog signal in a very small magnitude.

Biomass pyrolysis is a promising renewable sustainable source of fuels and petrochemical substitutes. It may help in compensating the progressive consumption of fossil-fuel reserves. The present article outlines biomass pyrolysis. Various types of biomass used for pyrolysis are encompassed, e.g., wood, agricultural residues, sewage. Categories of pyrolysis are outlined, e.g., flash, fast, and slow. Emphasis is laid on current and future trends in biomass pyrolysis, e.g., microwave pyrolysis, solar pyrolysis, plasma pyrolysis, hydrogen production via biomass pyrolysis, co-pyrolysis of biomass with synthetic polymers and sewage, selective preparation of high-valued chemicals, pyrolysis of exotic biomass (coffee grounds and cotton shells), comparison between algal and terrestrial biomass pyrolysis. Specific future prospects are investigated, e.g., preparation of supercapacitor biochar materials by one-pot one-step pyrolysis of biomass with other ingredients, and fabricating metallic catalysts embedded on biochar for removal of environmental contaminants. The authors predict that combining solar pyrolysis with hydrogen production would be the eco-friendliest and most energetically feasible process in the future. Since hydrogen is an ideal clean fuel, this process may share in limiting climate changes due to CO 2 emissions.
Keywords Sustainable and renewable energy source; Fossil-fuel alternatives; Biomass pyrolysis; Biofuel (bio-oil, biogas, biochar); Charcoal (activated carbon); Hydrogen fuel

- by Prof Dr Yehia Fahmy and +2
- •
- Environmental Engineering, Environmental Science, Development Economics, Environmental Economics

This paper examines the relationship among carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions, GDP, and energy in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries by using a Responsiveness Scores (RS) approach. Empirical results over the period 1971-2013 suggest that GDP per capita and energy consumption show positive RSs, while trade and urban population negative ones. Moreover, energy consumption and urban population reveal moderate increasing returns to scale, while GDP per capita exhibits decreasing positive returns. Furthermore, three-way factors analysis sets out that most of the countries lays on regions with moderate negative Total Responsiveness Scores (TRS). This means that when all factors are jointly increased, CO 2 emissions have a moderate decrease. In addition, some GCC countries present a different pattern compared to the average pattern of MENA countries. Finally, radar plots indicate that, overall, RS pattern over factors is moderately heterogeneous within GCC countries, with larger variability appearing in the response to urban population and GDP. ARTICLE HISTORY

- by Cosimo Magazzino
- •
- Energy Economics, Environmental Studies, Energy, Energy and Environment

Climate change is not so linear as people think (include very much scientists). The high number of factors made absurd the reduction to only someones. Slowly we want to introduce all the principals and the relationship between them,... more

- by Carlos Fernández
- •
- CO2 emissions, Solar Wind, Paleoclimatologie, Cosmic Radiation
- by Andrew Jorgenson
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- Sociology, Environmental Sociology, Human Ecology, Climate Change

+57 (2) 3212100 Ext 8411, 2441; +57 (2) 6675859 Resumen-Este trabajo presenta la evaluación económica y ambiental de la potencial migración de un porcentaje de flota de vehículos de transporte público hacia flotas con vehículos eléctricos. Se describen en detalle los escenarios e indicadores evaluados, así como las herramientas y métodos utilizados. Los resultados muestran cómo el costo de adquisición de un vehículo eléctrico, que hoy se consideran elevados respecto a los de uno convencional, puede dejar de ser un impedimento para su incorporación en nuestros escenarios de movilidad. Esto, asociado con los beneficios sociales, ambientales y económicos, presentados en este documento, presentan al vehículo eléctrico como una alternativa importante en las nuevas agendas de movilidad de las ciudades del país. Palabras Claves: Emisiones de CO2 Movilidad, Transporte Público, Vehículos Eléctricos. Abstract-This paper presents an economic and environmental assessment of potential migration of a percentage of the public transport fleet to electric vehicles. The evaluated scenarios and indicators are described in detail, as well as tools and methods used. The results show how the cost of acquiring an electric vehicle, which today are considered quite high compared to a conventional one, can no longer be an impediment to their incorporation in our mobility scenarios. This, associated with the obvious social, environmental and economic benefits presented in this document, show the electric vehicle as an important alternative in the new mobility agendas of the cities.

- by Eduardo Caicedo and +2
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- Electric Vehicles, CO2 emissions, Movilidad y Transporte, Redes Electricas Inteligentes

Save fuel by 30% or more and reduce carbon emissions

- by Habibur Rahman and +1
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- Hydrogen, Air pollution, Air Pollution and Health Effects, Automobile

The art industry has commercialised and popularised non-fungible tokens (NFTs), with the volume and value of NFT transactions rapidly growing to US$ 10.7 billion in Q3 2021. The increase in NFT transactions has drawn the attention of the art market to the consequent carbon emissions resulting from verifying transactions in proof-ofwork blockchains supporting NFT transactions. With CO 2-related deaths attributable to NFT transactions, social pressure from the art market has helped to progress the switch away from the deliberately polluting proof-ofwork blockchains to more sustainable consensus protocols. Nonetheless, many popular types of blockchain have resisted the pressure to decrease their environmental impact, including Bitcoin, whose attributed 2021 annual emissions will produce emissions responsible for around 19,000 future deaths. In response, recent global policy interventions have employed legal and fiscal tools to reduce the carbon impact of some or all types of blockchains. Linking the damage caused by proof-of-work blockchains to climate change and human mortality, this study examines the recent policy interventions designed to motivate a shift in blockchain consensus protocols and promote miners' energy efficiency to mitigate environmental damage. This article further explores available policy intervention options that are currently not utilised.

- by Rafael D Brown and +2
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- Climate Change, CO2 emissions, Carbon Emissions, Bitcoin
- by Mohammed Dahiru Aminu
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- Energy, Nigeria, CO2 emissions, Carbon Capture and Storage

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have been continuously escalating in recent years. The escalating trend is consistent with the current economic activities and other uncertain variables such as demand and supply in businesses and energy needs. Linear model is one of the most commonly used methods to explain the relationship between CO2 emissions and the related economic variables. The conventional linear regression model has a disadvantage in describing the relationships due to the variables' uncertainty and vague information. To address this problem, the fuzzy linear regression model has been proposed for explaining the relationships. However, the performance of the two linear models for predicting CO2 emissions is not immediately known. This paper presents a comparative study of conventional linear regression model and linear regression with fuzzy numbers model for predicting CO2 emissions in Malaysia. Twenty five years data from 1981 to 2005 of CO2 emissions, fuel mix, transportation, gross domestic product, and population have been used to develop the model of possibilistic fuzzy linear regression (PFLR) and multiple linear regression (MLR). The criteria of performance evaluation are calculated for estimating and comparing the performances of PFLR and MLR models. The performance comparison of PFLR and MLR models due to mean absolute percentage errors, root mean squared error criteria; indicate that MLR performed better on CO2 emissions prediction. A considerable further work needs to be done to determine the flexibility of fuzzy numbers in enhancing the performance of PFLR against the MLR.

- by JOAE Editor
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- CO2 emissions, Error Analysis, Multiple Linear Regression, Predictive Modeling