Shipping Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Thesis Title: Careers and Labour Market Flexibility in Global Industries: The Case of Seafarers
The flexibilisation of labour in the global labour market has been a bone of contention among scholars from different disciplines over the past four decades. On the one hand, such employment is seen as a detrimental practice to employees, who might lose their occupational identity as well as constantly experience job insecurity and uncertainty. On the other hand, flexible employment is perceived as the pillar of freedom, enabling individuals to fulfil their potential through increasing labour market opportunities. In an attempt to assess these competing views within the context of a global industry where flexible employment is commonplace, the shipping industry has been chosen as the basis of an investigation to answer the following research questions:
1. To what extent are flexible employment arrangements perceived as beneficial to employers?
2. What are the perceived implications of flexible employment arrangements for employees?
3. What is the relationship between the flexibility of employment and the occupational identities of seafarers?
To answer these research questions, qualitative research methods were used to speak to over 70 participants. The methods included mostly semi-structured in-depth interviews and informal conversations conducted aboard a cargo ship.
The findings of the thesis can be largely divided into three main aspects. First, the thesis sheds light on the complexities of flexible employment in the shipping industry (i.e. the perceived negative and positive implications of such employment) for employers and employees. Secondly, using the shipping industry as an example, the thesis challenges current widespread views about the benefits of flexible employment to employers. Thirdly, the thesis presents the idea of a ‘double occupational identity’ to describe the often-complex occupational identity of seafarers related to differences in perceived labour market power.
Several strengths, limitations, and recommendations for policy and also for major stakeholders in the shipping industry are raised at the end of the thesis.
Key words: Career; Employment; Flexible Labour; Global Labour Market; In-Depth Interviews; Job; Occupational Identity; Precarious Work; Qualitative Research Methods; Seafarers; Seafaring Career; Shipping; Work.

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- Sociology, Globalization, Qualitative Methods (Sociology), Qualitative methodology
- by Pedro Meneses Serrano
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- Shipping

Οι ναυτιλιακές επιχειρήσεις, ιδιαίτερα όσες δραστηριοποιούνται στις παγκόσμιες ναυλαγορές, αποτελούν ένα συναρπαστικό αντικείμενο μελέτης. Είναι πολύπλοκοι οργανισμοί, που καλούνται να λειτουργήσουν σε ένα σύνθετο και δυναμικό επιχειρηματικό περιβάλλον, το οποίο δεν έχει γεωγραφικά όρια. Οι ιδιαιτερότητες αυτού του περιβάλλοντος προσανατολίζουν τις επιχειρήσεις σε επιλογές που συμβάλλουν στην ενίσχυση της ανταγωνιστικότητάς τους, όπως η διαφοροποίηση του τόπου λειτουργίας πλοίων και γραφείων, αλλά και του θεσμικού πλαισίου τους, και η απασχόληση σε αυτές πολυπολιτισμικού ανθρώπινου δυναμικού. Όλοι αυτοί οι παράγοντες οδηγούν, αναπόφευκτα, σε προσαρμογές όσον αφορά την οργάνωση και τη διοίκηση των επιχειρήσεων, προκειμένου να αναζητηθούν λύσεις για τη βελτίωση της αποτελεσματικότητας και της αποδοτικότητάς τους.
Στην παρούσα μελέτη εξετάζεται η ναυτιλιακή επιχείρηση σε συνάρτηση με το περιβάλλον στο οποίο κινείται, αναλύονται οι λειτουργίες της, η οργάνωσή της και οι παράγοντες που την προσδιορίζουν, καθώς και η τμηματοποίησή της, ενώ αναπτύσσονται θέματα σχετικά με το ανθρώπινο δυναμικό της, τη διοίκηση ασφάλειας, την εξωτερίκευση λειτουργιών και την Εταιρική Κοινωνική Ευθύνη. Το θεωρητικό πλαίσιο συμπληρώνεται με μελέτες περιπτώσεων και αναφορές σε επιτυχημένες πρακτικές ναυτιλιακών επιχειρήσεων από την Ελλάδα και το εξωτερικό. Ιδιαίτερη έμφαση δίνεται στις επιχειρήσεις της χύδην φορτηγού ναυτιλίας, γιατί όχι μόνο αποτελούν την αγορά με τη μεγαλύτερη πολυμορφία και τις περισσότερες ιδιαιτερότητες, αλλά, επιπλέον, σε αυτήν δραστηριοποιούνται με απόλυτη επιτυχία οι περισσότερες ελληνόκτητες επιχειρήσεις.

- by IOANNIS THEOTOKAS
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- Management, Shipping Management, Shipping, Outsourcing

Countries may utilize a long coastline in relation to their landmass as a resource to develop their maritime economy. This paper argues that ASEAN countries differ in utilizing their maritime potential. As a basis for further comparative studies the Center for Policy Research and International Studies (CenPRIS) in Penang developed a set of indicators to measure the maritime potential of nations, the state of their maritime industries, and the degree to which the maritime potential has actually been utilized.

- by Hans-Dieter Evers
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- Geography, Economics, Political Economy, Southeast Asian Studies

The Avontuur recently completed a sail-powered transatlantic cargo voyage. Timbercoast May 28, 2018 5.58am AEST On May 10, the 43.5-metre schooner Avontuur arrived in the port of Hamburg. This traditional sailing vessel, built in 1920, transported some 70 tonnes of coffee, cacao and rum across the Atlantic. The shipping company Timbercoast, which owns and operates Avontuur, says it aims to prove that sailing ships can offer an environmentally sustainable alternative to the heavily polluting shipping industry, despite being widely seen as a technology of yesteryear. Read more: The urgency of curbing pollution from ships, explained Similar initiatives exist across the world. In the Netherlands, Fairtransport operates two vessels on European and transatlantic routes. In France, Transoceanic Wind Transport sails multiple vessels across the English Channel and Atlantic Ocean, and along European coasts. The US-based vessel Kwai serves islands in the Pacific. And Sail Cargo, based in Costa Rica, is building Ceiba, a zero-emission cargo sailing ship. These initiatives have an environmental objective: transporting cargo without generating greenhouse gas emissions. But are they really a viable alternative to today's huge fossil-fuelled maritime cargo transport industry? Shipping emission targets?

- by George K Vaggelas
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- Shipping, Clustering, Piraeus Maritime Cluster
- by Daniel Castillo Hidalgo
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- Economic History, Geography, African Studies, Graph Theory

Hats are very popular wear during the winter; they keep your head covered and warm. There is a broad range of hats in the market, but fur hats have been over the years a new winter trend. Apart from keeping you warm, these are very fashionable and comfortable to put on. The hats are made from mink fur, fox fur, rabbit fur, which is the real deal. Faux fur has also been in the spotlight for some time in the fashion world. Real hats look very stylish and add glamor to one's outfit. The hats have been there for a long time, mostly worn by wealthy Russian women in the past. This looks very feminine; thus many women from young to old have fallen in love with them. In Russia, there are different types of fur hats, such as the truth; a round fur hat made from sheepskin. It also has large flaps that cover the neck and shoulders, and two smaller ear flaps with straps to tie up under the chin. Ushanka is a most recognized Russian winter hat which is thick and warm with ear flaps. The ear flaps are much longer than those on the truth and can be tied up under the chin for more warmth. When it is not so cold one can put the ear flaps on top of the head to avoid distraction. The hat has been a part of the Russian winter military uniform. The hats come in different colours and styles to suit every person's taste. Kubanka is another famous Russian hat, an extremely fashionable accessory. It is a round hat with a flat top, made of soft karakul lambskin. Others are made from long furs, such as black fox. The hat remains fashionable to this day, and many Russian women have inherited them from their mothers. They can be worn with classical or flared overcoats, so long as the coats do not have a fur collar.

- by Russian Fur Store
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- Shipping
- by Michael A Becker
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- International Law, Weapons of Mass Destruction, Law of the Sea, Shipping

A new car distribution hub in SE Med emerges with the help of multimodal transport.

- by Alkis John Corres
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- Marketing, Economics, International Business, Leadership

Este trabajo, trata de realizar, a partir de la literatura existente sobre la materia y las estadísticas generales de tráfico portuario, una primera reflexión general sobre la evolución en el largo plazo del sistema portuario español y el papel de los puertos en el desarrollo económico de las regiones que los albergan desde el último tercio del siglo XIX hasta la actualidad.

- by Jesus Valdaliso and +1
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- Economic History, Maritime History, Shipping, Ports

This article discusses the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) theme for 2013, namely, “Sustainable Development: IMO’s Contribution beyond Rio+20.” The theme will serve for the World Maritime Day, coinciding on 26 September 2013. The article highlights some of IMO's more salient achievements in its 55 years of existence in the quest for sustainability. Challenges and limitations in IMO's governance paradigms are also emphasised, pointing to measured expectations.

- by Aref Fakhry
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- Management, Supply Chain Management, Climate Change, International Business
- by Hermes Pacamias
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- Shipping

Dès 1793, alors que la guerre intérieure et extérieure fait rage, des centaines de navires américains commencent à approvisionner Bordeaux en céréales, riz et denrées coloniales. En dépit des efforts des deux gouvernements, l’indépendance des Etats-Unis, reconnue dix ans plus tôt, n’avait pas suscité un courant commercial significatif entre la France et l’Amérique du Nord. C’est donc bien les guerres révolutionnaires et la neutralité américaine qui donnent une impulsion fondamentale pour que les négociants du principal port français entrent en relation avec les armateurs américains. S’appuyant sur un large éventail de sources, souvent inédites, ce livre montre comment ils ont su éviter l’asphyxie du port girondin. Pour ce faire, il reconstitue les nouveaux courants d’échanges qui se mettent en place et le fonctionnement des réseaux marchands qui, du moins jusqu’en 1807, se jouent d’un conflit franco-britannique de plus en plus âpre, et du blocus continental.

- by Silvia Marzagalli
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- History, French History, Maritime History, International Trade

Il paper esamina - con aggiornamento al 2007 - i fenomeni di cooperazione portuale o di coopetition in atto. Successivamente l'autore è stato coinvolto - anche dal punto di vista operativo - nella costituzione del NAPA (North Adriatic... more

- by Luca Antonellini
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- Shipping/ Transport Logistics, Shipping, Cooperation, Maritime

Maritime transportation sector has been derived subject to the volume of international trade; thus, the fluctuations in international trade have direct impacts on the volume of maritime trade. Global trade volume narrows periodically subject to various developments. A positive difference is observed in ship supply depending on the narrowing in the demand for maritime transportation. The decrease in the demand for maritime transportation forces some of the ships to be laid-up. Whereas the ships are operated by the shipowners in very competitive environment. The freight rates decrease in this environment resulting in continuously decreasing margins of profit. Competition between maritime companies increase during such periods and reduction of fuel costs become critical for attaining the competitive edge. Fuel costs are among the highest cost items in shipping. Reducing the fuel consumption of the ship and attaining energy efficiency are critical for the shipowner to gain a competitive advantage regardless of the type of chartering contract. The shipowner company is directly affected by the profit obtained via energy efficiency in transportation contracts in which the fuel is paid by the shipowner (e.g. voyage charter).While from the perspective of shipowner companies working on the charter principle (e.g. time charter), fuel costs are generally paid by the charterer. However, the daily fuel consumption of the ship is one of the most important criteria for the charterer companies. Hence, shipowners may be preferred more by cargo owners due to shipping operations focused on energy efficiency. In addition, rules and regulations on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions that have recently went into effect generate a pressure on shipowners to make investments in methods that provide energy efficiency to ensure the continuity of their business. The purpose of the present study was to examine the methods of energy efficiency for in-service ships in order to reduce the operational costs of shipping companies (Kaya, 2019). The limitations of the study were as such; methods that can be applied on in-service ships were included in the study. Energy efficiency methods applied at new buildings were not included. Methods for improving energy efficiency in ships will be taken into consideration with regard to issues such as energy efficiency potential for cost reduction and costs. Moreover, the adverse aspects of the aforementioned methods regarding the businesses and the shipping market will also be discussed

Earlier studies have highlighted the importance of maritime transport as a main contributor of air pollutants in port area. The authors intended to investigate the effects of shipping emissions on the enhancement of PM10 bounded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and mutagenic substances in an industrial area of Rayong province, Thailand. Daily PM10 speciation data across two air quality obser- vatory sites in Thailand during 2010e2013 were collected. Diagnostic binary ratios of PAH congeners, analysis of variances (ANOVA), and principal component analysis (PCA) were employed to evaluate the enhanced genotoxicity of PM10 during the docking period. Significant increase of PAHs and mutagenic index (MI) of PM10 were observed during the docking period in both sampling sites. Although stationary sources like coal combustions from power plants and vehicular exhausts from motorway can play a great role in enhancing PAH concentrations, regulating shipping emissions from diesel engine in the port area like Rayong is predominantly crucial.

- by A. Ketratanakul and +2
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- Shipping, Risk Assessment & Risk Management, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

We quantify the concentration changes and Radiative Forcing (RF) of short-lived atmospheric pollutants due to shipping emissions of NO , SO , CO, NMVOCs, BC and OC. We use high resolution ship emission inventories for the Arctic that are more suitable for regional scale evaluation than those used in former studies. A chemical transport model and a RF model are used to evaluate the time period 2004–2030, when we expect increasing traffic in the Arctic region. Two datasets for ship emissions are used that characterize the potential impact from shipping and the degree to which shipping controls may mitigate impacts: a high (HIGH) scenario and a low scenario with Maximum Feasible Reduction (MFR) of black carbon in the Arctic. In MFR, BC emissions in the Arctic are reduced with 70 % representing a combination technology performance and/or reasonable advances in single-technology performance. Both scenarios result in moderate to substantial increases in concentrations of pollutants both globally and in the Arctic. Exceptions are black carbon in the MFR scenario, and sulfur species and organic carbon in both scenarios due to the future phase- in of current regulation that reduces fuel sulfur content. In the season with potential transit traffic through the Arctic in 2030 we find increased concentrations of all pollutants in large parts of the Arctic. Net global RFs from 2004–2030 of 53 mW m−2 (HIGH) and 73 mW m−2 (MFR) are similar to those found for preindustrial to present net global aircraft RF. The found warming contrasts with the cooling from his- torical ship emissions. The reason for this difference and the higher global forcing for the MFR scenario is mainly the reduced future fuel sulfur content resulting in less cooling from sulfate aerosols. The Arctic RF is largest in the HIGH scenario. In the HIGH scenario ozone dominates the RF during the transit season (August-October). RF due to BC in air, and snow and ice becomes significant during Arctic spring. For the HIGH scenario the net Arctic RF during Spring is 5 times higher than in winter.

- by Ray Minjares
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- Shipping, Arctic, Emissions, Black Carbon

Creating a CSR strategy and preparing a sustainability report has become more and more popular among a wide range of branches including the blue economy. The aim of the paper is to identify joint maritime industry initiatives promoting socially responsible shipping companies and to point out areas of interest for Corporate
Social Responsibility raised by shipowners. The research question was asked about the identification of possible ways of understanding and implementing sustainable ideas in shipping companies operating in container market. In order to answer that question the multi-case study of container shipowners was prepared.
Significant disparities in the approach to CSR are evident. They depend on the specificity of the company, primarily on the size of tonnage at disposal and market presence strategies. Leading shipping companies in the field of CSR are shipowners with significant market shares. They refer to CSR standards, participate in sustainable shipping initiatives, create coherent strategies that skilfully combine environmental, social and business goals.

- by Natalia Wagner
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- Shipping Management, Shipping, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
- by Anna Basta
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- Maritime Law, Shipping, Slow Steaming, Charter Parties
- by Emrah Bulut and +1
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- Service Quality, Shipping Management, Shipping, Maritime

City of Izmir as the third largest city of Turkey, is the opening gate of Anatolia to the world through Aegean Sea. The city with its great volume of cargo capacity plays crucial role both in international and domestic sea trade. The Port of Alsancak located at the inner part of the bay is the largest seaport of Aegean Region in terms of annual loading capacity. The main objective of this research is to find the root-causes of accidents that have resulted in the groundings in Bay of Izmir. To do this, the Root Cause Analysis methodology was carried out on the accidental data provided by Turkish Main Search and Rescue Coordination Center (TMSRCC). Between 2001 and 2016, a total of 24 ships grounded at the entrance of Yenikale due to shallow water conditions, which is regarded as the riskiest point in terms of groundings. In this study, the Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) method which is the one of the most preferred root cause analysis methods was used. As a result, it was found that equipment failures and geographical factors are the main reasons of grounding accidents in Bay of Izmir. In order to eliminate these causes, necessary precautions have been offered and suggestions for further studies have been made.

- by Burak Köseoğlu
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- Shipping, Root Cause Analysis, FTA, Grounding
- by Noni Z . P Smallwood
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- Shipping, General Shipping Knowledge

This paper is a chapter of the collective monograph "Ukrainian Dignity Revolution, Russian Agression and Intertational Law" (Kiyv, 2014). The chapter is devoted to the problem of legal status of the property that was withdrawed illegaly in Crimea by separatisit regime and by occupational Russian authorities in 2014. Much examples of illegal usage of state Ukrainian property in maritime industry is given. Some parts of this chapter, devoted to the theory of property statute in conditions of foreign occupation are made by Kuzmenko Lydia R., Ph. D. (Law), l.r.kuzmenko@gmail.com

- by Borys Babin
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- International Law, Property Law, Ukrainian Studies, Shipping

Until the 1950’s much of the goods and produce moving to and from the south coast of NSW were transported by ship. Except for Jervis Bay and Twofold Bay shipping to the south coast was handicapped by a lack of safe harbours. Shipping had to make do with small man-made harbours like Wollongong, Kiama and Ulladulla, river ports such as Batemans Bay Narooma and Moruya, all with dangerous sand bars at their entrances and make-shift harbours in the lee of any headland that gave shelter from dangerous southerly storms. One such makeshift harbour was Broulee Harbour in the lee of Broulee Island. Today Broulee is a sleepy tourist town on the NSW south coast between Batemans Bay and Moruya, approximately 260km (140NM) sea miles south of Sydney but it was not always so unimportant.

- by Greg Jackson
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- Archaeology, Landscape Archaeology, Shipping, Timber

For a high probability of avoiding dangerous interference with the climate system, all sectors must decarbonise over coming decades. Although shipping is an energy efficient transport mode, its emissions continue to grow. Compounding this, the sector's complexity, exclusion from emission inventories and slow progress towards a mitigation strategy, limit drivers towards meaningful change. Whilst there remains a preference within the industry for global mitigation policies, the urgency of required emission cuts necessitates exploration of complimentary sub-global measures. The debate surrounding such measures tends to focus on apportioning global shipping emissions to nations. To explore the policy implications of apportionment, the UK is used in this paper to illustrate how available apportionment regimes produce a wide range of emission estimates. Moreover, in the absence of transparent fuel consumption and freight data, they have limited sensitivity, rendering them currently obsolete for monitoring purposes. Nations, regions and organisations influence shipping, particularly in relation to operations, yet debate surrounding apportionment has arguably delayed consideration of sub-global polices and indicators. This paper makes a case for putting the apportionment debate aside in the short-term to open out the full span of options, consider influence over aspects of the shipping system, and how to monitor success.

- by Alice Larkin (aka Bows)
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- Climate Change, Climate change policy, Carbon Dioxide, Shipping

This paper examined the shipping marketing strategies within the framework of complexity theory. Then using prevailing models in both services marketing and complexity theory, core elements like dynamic life cycle of products and industries, strategy, leadership, team-work as well as safety and security culture are presented. Shipping industry is in this paper contrasted and compared with other service industries for peculiarities that exist and make this industry unique for business-to-business marketing. Analysis is based on case studies of leading
shipping companies of bulk and liner markets.

- by Dr. Evi Plomaritou
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- Shipping

1
CREATING SHARED VALUE WITH ECO-EFFICIENT AND
GREEN CHEMICAL SYSTEMS IN SHIP OPERATIONS
AND IN BALLAST WATER MANAGEMENT
Konstantinos Aravossis1 and Yanna Pavlopoulou1,*
1 2 National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) , School of Mechanical Engineering, Sector of Industrial Management and Operations Research,
Enviromental Economics and Sustainability Unit, 9, Iroon Polytehniou Street, 15780 Zografou, Athens, Greece
Presented at the 3rd International Symposium on Green Chemistry for
Environment, Health and Development, October 3-5, 2012, Skiathos island, Greece
ABSTRACT
Green systems in ship operations and in ballast water
management are needed to enhance marine sustainability.
There is a challenging debate between regulators and the
shipping business over the pragmatism of forthcoming environmental
legislation. This is an overview study of arguments
over the sustainability transition to actual „shared
value‟ growth of global stakeholders. Re-ballasting in the
high seas currently provides the best-available measure to
reduce transfer risk of harmful aquatic organisms, but is
subject to serious ship-safety and other practical and financial
concerns. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
strategy could assist the shipping sector in tackling operational
issues, re-conceiving innovative methods, despite
global financial crisis. According to European Commission‟
s renewed strategy on Corporate Social Responsibility
for 2011-2014, enterprises should integrate social, environmental,
ethical and consumer concerns into their business
operations, shifting focus from “values” to “value”
(from a morals-driven to a business-driven approach). At
a global scale the issue at stake is how to maximize the
creation of shared value (CSV) for the marine business,
stakeholders and society at large. In times of serious downturn,
shipping may endorse shared value solutions, linking
eco-efficiency in ship treatment operations (e.g. discharges
of wastewater and ballast water), with strategic social partnerships.
Aligned to its economic and environmental objectives,
the industry may support scientific research and
development of alternative treatment systems that serve
local communities & emerging societal needs e.g. water
shortage. The shipping community could proactively lead
social progress, beyond regulatory and administrative
global efforts, as a collective effective response to global
sustainable growth.

- by Yanna Pavlopoulou and +1
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- Shipping, Ballast water treatment, Chemical, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

Barcelona´s Port has been overtaken by its competitors in the last years. This paper offers a complete analysis of Port of Barcelona with a comparison to Port of Rotterdam, Port of Valencia and Port of Marseille to detect its weaknesses and strengths, focusing on future strategies. Moreover, the sustainability of the shipping sector has become an important matter at the current time. A clear example is the project Horizon 2020 that needs now to focus on future goals, as the introduction of the Polar Code, which produces new opportunities for shipping lines. However, in the near future Port of Barcelona can offer a good shipping time to the different continents (through Suez Canal, Strait of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean). Furthermore, it could act as a hub for Southern Mediterranean, offering excellent connections by railway (contributing to Horizon 2020), avoiding the unnecessary risks of the Northern Sea Route and taking profit of the scales economies.

- by Dr. Jesús E. Martínez Marín and +1
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- Shipping/ Transport Logistics, Shipping, Shipping Economics, Ports and Harbours
- by Hercules Haralambides
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- Business, Management, Economics, Transport Economics

Hasta ahora, la formación en Logística ha venido siendo un eslabón desconocido para las familias y en general para gran parte de la sociedad. Incluso en el propio entorno de las redes sociales, día a día se descubren nuevas oportunidades de negocio, nuevas tendencias y profesiones, y no se tiene en cuenta que detrás y para que todo eso funcione es necesario elaborar una gran cantidad de transacciones logísticas sin las que sería imposible llegar a ningún público, ni vender ningún producto y, en muchos casos, ofrecer ningún servicio.

In this study, an index of root causes underlying technical factor in maritime accidents is introduced. A detailed analysis is conducted after investigating 81982 cases of 31412 unique maritime accident reports in which the data for occurrences from 1993 and reported to Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB) by the end of April 2012. Several deductive and inductive approaches are implemented for risk, safety, and reliability analyses of the system failures. However, especially in the maritime sector, there is limited comprehensive statistics for the system failure analysis. Researchers mostly apply expert judgments in their computations instead of considering/comparing the data of past occurrences, and they tend to structure the root cause relationships in any form rather using the real cases. Empirical studies for electrical system failures of motors/starters and failures of navigation/communication equipment are conducted by using fault tree analysis method. Findings prove the applicability of the proposed approach.

- by Bekir Sahin and +1
- •
- Shipping/ Transport Logistics, Shipping, Maritime, Maritime/mechanical Engineering

The iconic images heralding an age of connectivity are the plane and the trace of digital flows bearing information. However, not far behind has been the cumbrous yet essential 'big box' of containerisation, shipping all manner of goods across the planet on great vessels remorselessly circling the globe. Critiques of global trade have latched upon the counter image of these mighty ships' ruinous carcasses beached and being broken in South Asia. Here then is the antipode of globalisation - ships, once carrying cargoes now themselves sold around the globe for scrap and ending up broken up according to the very logics of cheap locations that their routes made possible. This paper interrogates these counter-images of global capitalism. Looking at the works of various photographers it examines how waste ships are made to work aesthetically. It examines the photodocumentary and traditions of the industrial sublime to find ‘time-images’ that speak to the material and labour worlds of global capital.

- by Michael Crang
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- Globalization, Recycling, Sociology Of Waste, Waste recycling

Merchant Shipping Ordinance, 2001 is consolidated law relating to merchant shipping of Pakistan. The second edition includes Pakistan Merchant Shipping (Seaman’s Employment) Rules, 1961, Territorial Waters and Maritime Zones Act, 1976, Pakistan Merchant Marine Policy, 2001 and revised International Labour Seafarers’ Identity Documents Convention, 2003 (Convention No; 185) ratified by Pakistan.
The author in the second edition comments on latest changes in shipping industry due to rapid advancements in technology; role of manning agents in facilitating seafarers; replacement of Continuous Discharge Certificate (CDC) by Seafarers Service Book (SSB); requirements for joining foreign flag ships by Pakistani seafarers and cadets; introduction and issuance of Seafarers Identity Document (SID); benefits provided to seafarers in the light of latest International Conventions and policies.

The primary objective of the article is to analyse the ILO's Maritime Labour Convention (MLC) 2006 and bring into light, a few of the problems faced by the seafarers. Before the intervention of the MLC 2006 , a lack of a relevant body to uphold labour rights and standards in the shipping industry was undeniably observed, the MLC convention, through its regulations, has prescribed a firm set of guidelines for the intensely globalized shipping sector, with some exemptions, of course. The article provides a brief overview of the convention and, shipping industry and the crew that runs it. A few loopholes or favouring circumstances that are being used by shipping companies and flag states to reduce the burden of implementing some clauses of the convention are identified. Data from various published sources are collected along with personal experience and views to gain an overview of how the implementation of MLC 2006 has affected the seafarers. A brief review of the predicaments faced by the seafarers in this industry is also covered and concludes on the statement that although adoption of MLC 2006 is a historic achievement, without the proper implementation it won't take long for the convention's reputation to go downhill.

- by Deepak Mantoju
- •
- Shipping, Maritime, Mlc 2006, Maritime Labour Convention
- by Arie Vin
- •
- Shipping
- by Nikolaos Zahariadis
- •
- Critical Theory, Business, Entrepreneurship, Organizational Behavior