Learning Model Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

The teaching of chemistry calls upon two opposing educational trends, which are the goal-oriented pedagogy and the skill-based approach. The objective of this article is to make a comparative analysis of these two pedagogical approaches. To do this, a theoretical method is used, using the works of previous authors on these two topics. On the one hand, goal-oriented pedagogy is based on hierarchical classification of pedagogical objectives and Bloom's taxonomy. Its aim is to achieve different levels of pedagogical objectives by focusing on the act of teaching. On the other hand, the skill-based approach seeks to develop the skills of the learner. This trend aims to fill the gaps in goal-oriented pedagogy by focusing the act of teaching on learning activities. However, these approaches appear to be complementary, both at the conceptual level and in their implementation, especially when they are applied to teach chemistry. While goal-oriented pedagogy allows obtaining a product which meets a precise set of instructions, and mobilizes clearly identified knowledge and know-how, skill-based approach allows developing disciplinary skills, insofar as the knowledge and skills are mobilized and integrated to solve a contextualized problem-situation. Thus, a model combining these two pedagogical approaches could serve as a steering process contributing to the viability of a learning system designed by pedagogical development and pedagogical innovation.

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- Learning and Teaching, Learning theories, Learning Model

Obtaining accurate system models for verification is a hard and time consuming process, which is seen by industry as a hindrance to adopt otherwise powerful modeldriven development techniques and tools. In this paper we pursue an alternative approach where an accurate high-level model can be automatically constructed from observations of a given black-box embedded system. We adapt algorithms for learning finite probabilistic automata from observed system behaviors. We prove that in the limit of large sample sizes the learned model will be an accurate representation of the data-generating system. In particular, in the large sample limit, the learned model and the original system will define the same probabilities for linear temporal logic (LTL) properties. Thus, we can perform PLTL model-checking on the learned model to infer properties of the system. We perform experiments learning models from system observations at different levels of abstraction. The experimental results show the learned models provide very good approximations for relevant properties of the original system.

- by Brian Nielsen
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- Model Checking, Embedded Systems, Probabilistic Logic, Computer Model

The problem and the solution. An important and somewhat neglected level of analysis in human resource development research and practice is learning and development that occurs within a team. Increasingly, teams are required to make important decisions in organizations. Employees must learn to be team members and to function not merely as a collective of individuals, but rather as a cohesive team that learns to learn. A key component of team learning concerns metacognitive processes. Although metacognition has been established as an important aspect of individual level learning, there is a paucity of research exploring how metacognition can impact learning at a team and collective level. We propose a conceptual model of team learning and metacognition and discuss the implications for research and practice.

- by Thomas Garavan and +1
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- Human Resource Development, Team Learning, Business and Management, Learning to learn

We synthesize new human body motions from existing motion data. We divide the body of an animated character into several parts, such as to upper and lower body, and partition the motion of the character into corresponding partial motions. By combining different partial motions we can generate new motion sequences. We select the most natural-looking combinations by analyzing the similarity of partial motions using techniques such as motion segmentation, dimensionality reduction, and clustering. These new combinations can dramatically increase the size of a motion database, allowing more score in selecting motions to meet constraints such as collision avoidance. We verify the naturalness and physical plausibility of the new motions using an SVM learning model and by analysis of static balance.

- by In-Kwon Lee
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- Cognitive Science, Character Animation, Human Body, Human Motion

We present a computational approach to predicting operons in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms. Our approach uses machine learning methods to induce predictive models for this task from a rich variety of data types including sequence data, gene expression data, and functional annotations associated with genes. We use multiple learned models that individually predict promoters, terminators and operons themselves. A key part of our approach is a dynamic programming method that uses our predictions to map every known and putative gene in a given genome into its most probable operon. We evaluate our approach using data from the E. coli K-12 genome.

- by Joseph Bockhorst
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- Machine Learning, Learning Model, Prediction Model, Theoretical Models

The article develops an approach to the study of modular political phenomena (action based in significant part on emulation of the prior successful example of others), focusing on the trade-offs between the influence of example, structural facilitation, and institutional constraints. The approach is illustrated through the example of the spread of democratic revolution in the post-communist region during the 2000-2006 period, with significant comparisons to the diffusion of separatist nationalism in the Soviet Union during the glasnost' era. Two models by which modular processes unfold are specified: an elite defection model and an elite learning model. In both models the power of example is shown to exert an independent effect on outcomes, although the effect is considerably deeper in the former than in the latter case. The elite defection model corresponds to the institutional responses to separatist nationalism under glasnost', while the elite learning model describes well the processes involved in the spread modular democratic revolution among later risers in the post-communist region, limiting the likelihood of further revolutionary successes. The article concludes with some thoughts about the implications of the power of example for the study of modular phenomena such as democratization, nationalism, and revolution.

- by Adrian Karatnycky
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- Political Science, Learning Model, Soviet Union

A distance-based outlier detection method that finds the top outliers in an unlabeled data set and provides a subset of it, called outlier detection solving set, that can be used to predict the outlierness of new unseen objects, is proposed. The solving set includes a sufficient number of points that permits the detection of the top outliers by considering only a subset of all the pairwise distances from the data set. The properties of the solving set are investigated, and algorithms for computing it, with subquadratic time requirements, are proposed. Experiments on synthetic and real data sets to evaluate the effectiveness of the approach are presented. A scaling analysis of the solving set size is performed, and the false positive rate, that is, the fraction of new objects misclassified as outliers using the solving set instead of the overall data set, is shown to be negligible. Finally, to investigate the accuracy in separating outliers from inliers, ROC analysis of the method is accomplished. Results obtained show that using the solving set instead of the data set guarantees a comparable quality of the prediction, but at a lower computational cost.

- by Clara Pizzuti
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- Data Mining, Data Analysis, Information Extraction, Sensitivity Analysis

Mixed strategies are widely used to model strategic situations in diverse fields such as economics, marketing, political science, and biology. However, some of the implications of asymmetric mixed-strategy solutions are counterintuitive. We develop a stylized model of patent race to examine some of these implications. In our model two firms compete to develop a product and obtain a patent. However, one firm values the patent more because of its market advantages, such as brand reputation and distribution network. Contrary to some intuition, we find that the firm that values the patent less is likely to invest more aggressively in developing the product and will also win the patent more often. We argue that the reason for these counterintuitive results is inherent in the very concept of mixed strategy solution. In a laboratory test, we examine whether subjects' behavior conforms to the equilibrium predictions. We find that the aggregate behavior of our subjects is consistent with...

- by Wilfred Amaldoss and +1
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- Experimental Economics, Political Science, Management Science, Decision Analysis

We describe initial experiments using meta-learning techniques to learn models of fraudulent credit card transactions. Our experiments reported here are the first step towards a better understanding of the advantages and limitations of current meta-learning strategies on real-world data. We argue that, for the fraud detection domain, fraud catching rate (True Positive rate) and false alarm rate (False Positive rate) are better metrics than the overall accuracy when evaluating the learned fraud classifiers. We show that given a skewed distribution in the original data, artificially more balanced training data leads to better classifiers. We demonstrate how meta-learning can be used to combine different classifiers and maintain, and in some cases, improve the performance of the best classifier.

- by Wenke Lee
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- Machine Learning, Learning Model, Fraud Detection, Learning Strategies

This paper reviews recent philosophical debate surrounding the future role and activities of universities in a technological society. In this text, an argument is put forward for academics to take a proactive role in the development and use of technology in the teaching process. For a large segment of the population (working adults) traditional universities have designed, or will need to design, new learning models in order to meet consumer demands. This paper presents the demand-driven learning model (DDLM) as one response to this need. The DDLM was developed as a collaborative effort between academics and experts from private and public industries. A significant contribution of the DDLM is that it provides an explicit statement of a high-quality standard of Web-based learning (WBL); this is defined as Superior Structure. The DDLM is founded in customer demands for quality content, delivery, and service that lead to desired learner outcomes. Prior to presenting this model, a critical review of the pertinent literature in the field of WBL will be presented.

- by Martha Gabriel
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- Educational Technology, Higher Education, Online Learning, Adult learning

The term e-learning embraces the use of a variety of electronic delivery media to facilitate and enhance learning. Examples of various delivery media are online (web-supported), stand-alone multimedia, interactive television, virtual classrooms, video conferencing, etc. This paper focuses on web-supported learning (WSL), as a subset of e-learning. The term web-supported learning is preferred over web-based learning (WBL) or online learning, since the learning model under consideration is a blended one, including varying components of contact time and electronic learning opportunities. Although the domains of quality assurance in higher education and web-supported learning are extremely topical, they seldom overlap (Reid, 2003). The purpose of this study was to investigate factors to promote excellence in web-supported learning (WSL) in higher education institutions. The outcome is a taxonomy of critical success factors, as well as a mapping of the taxonomy onto a cognitive model in ...

Most learning models assume players are adaptive (i.e., they respond only to their own previous experience and ignore others' payoff information) and behavior is not sensitive to the way in which players are matched. Empirical evidence suggests otherwise. In this paper, we extend our adaptive experience-weighted attraction (EWA) learning model to capture sophisticated learning and strategic teaching in repeated games. The generalized model assumes there is a mixture of adaptive learners and sophisticated players. An adaptive learner adjusts his behavior the EWA way. A sophisticated player rationally best-responds to her forecasts of all other behaviors. A sophisticated player can be either myopic or farsighted. A farsighted player develops multiple-period rather than single-period forecasts of others' behaviors and chooses to ''teach'' the other players by choosing a strategy scenario that gives her the highest discounted net present value. We estimate the model using data from p-beauty contests and repeated trust games with incomplete information. The generalized model is better than the adaptive EWA model in describing and predicting behavior. Including teaching also allows an empirical learning-based approach to reputation formation which predicts better than a quantal-response extension of the standard type-based approach. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72, C91.

- by colin camerer
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- Economic Theory, Incomplete Information, Learning Model, Net Present Value

This study aims to determine the implementation of the design thinking learning model in entrepreneurship education, especially in marketing media competencies. The experimental method was used in this study with 120 vocational school students in Surakarta as research objects. The data were obtained by distributing questionnaires to students. The data is processed using SPSS Statistics 23 application. The results of N-Gain shows that students' creativity and entrepreneurial alertness in the experimental class has increased after receiving entrepreneurship education with Stanford D School's design thinking model. In the category of high creativity has increased by 7% while in the category of high entrepreneurial alertness has increased by 10%.

- by laurensia claudia pratomo
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- Entrepreneurship, English Literature, Education, Design

Cheating reportedly affects most of the multiplayer online games and might easily jeopardize the game experience by providing an unfair competitive advantage to one player over the others. Accordingly, several efforts have been made in the past years to find reliable and scalable approaches to solve this problem. Unfortunately, cheating behaviors are rather difficult to detect and existing approaches generally require human supervision. In this work we introduce a novel framework to automatically detect cheating behaviors in Unreal Tournament III by exploiting supervised learning techniques. Our framework consists of three main components: (i) an extended game-server responsible for collecting the game data; (ii) a processing backend in charge of preprocessing data and detecting the cheating behaviors; (iii) an analysis frontend. We validated our framework with an experimental analysis which involved three human players, three game maps and five different supervised learning techniques, i.e., decision trees, Naive Bayes, random forest, neural networks, support vector machines. The results show that all the supervised learning techniques are able to classify correctly almost 90% of the test examples.

- by Daniele Loiacono and +1
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- Machine Learning, User Interface, Neural Network, Competitive advantage

Recent psychological studies have strongly suggested that humans share common visual preferences for facial attractiveness. Here, we present a learning model that automatically extracts measurements of facial features from raw images and obtains human-level performance in predicting facial attractiveness ratings. The machine's ratings are highly correlated with mean human ratings, markedly improving on recent machine learning studies of this task. Simulated psychophysical experiments with virtually manipulated images reveal preferences in the machine's judgments that are remarkably similar to those of humans. Thus, a model trained explicitly to capture a specific operational performance criteria, implicitly captures basic human psychophysical characteristics.

- by Amit Sain
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- Psychophysics, Algorithms, Artificial Intelligence, Aesthetics

A number of low and middle income countries (LMICs) are considering social health insurance (SHI) for adoption into their social and economic environment or striving to sustain and improve already existing SHI schemes. SHI was first introduced in Germany in 1883. An analysis of the German system from its inception up to today may yield lessons relevant to other countries.

- by Rainer Sauerborn
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- Sociology, Anthropology, Poverty, Developing Countries
- by Francine Girard and +1
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- Nursing, Leadership, Cognition, Learning

The aim of all education is to apply what we learn in different contexts and to recognise and extend this learning to new situations. Virtual learning environments can be used to build skills. Recent research in cognitive psychology and education has shown that acquisitions are linked to the initial context. This provides a challenge for virtual reality in education or training. A brief overview of transfer issues highlights five main ideas: (1) the type of transfer enables the virtual environment (VE) to be classified according to what is learned; (2) the transfer process can create conditions within the VE to facilitate transfer of learning; (3) specific features of VR must match and comply with transfer of learning; (4) transfer can be used to assess a VE's effectiveness; and (5) future research on transfer of learning must examine the singular context of learning. This paper discusses how new perspectives in cognitive psychology influence and promote transfer of learning through the use of VEs.

- by Cyril Bossard
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- Cognitive Psychology, Cognitive Science, Virtual Reality, Virtual Environment

The aim of this study is to propose a practical, theory-based framework that can be applied in analyzing the modeling of quality physical education based on kinesthetic perception as a socio-technical entity, and in identifying potential improvements. Physical education learning in elementary schools is one of the important stages for optimizing the development of a child's fundamental movement, stimulating motor abilities and physical activities that stimulate intelligence optimization. However, kinesthetic perception is the feeling of muscle that directs the movement correctly, without using the eyes. Method of this research used Modeling Process and Mingers' sequential type multi-method research design. Since there is no single model, this study consolidated a hybrid model (motor learning Model, sport education model, Tactical Games Approach model and VARK learning model). Research process (Constructing thematic questionnaires, web-based data collecting and analyzing data) and this article presents the results of the first stage i.e. theory adaptation as resilient arguments about the need to develop a quality physical education learning model based on kinesthetic perceptions for elementary school students.

In today's society, following the exponential development of ICT, the classical method of learning has undergone numerous changes. The emergence of the Internet has accelerated these changes due to its capacity to offer multiple possibilities of access to information, instruction, all based on dynamic technologies, transparency and open dialogue. It can be well said that the Internet is turning into an arbiter for the access to education and culture, while eLearning is a new form of education that suggests itself as an alternative with a view to the needs of continuing training and knowledge. The most widely known results of this change are obvious in two learning models mediated by ICT: eLearning and Computer-assisted learning. As well as the classical models, these models imply an efficient learning process based on well-grounded cooperation and communication activities. Moreover, these models require appropriate technology and equipment. It is also important for the eLearners to have knowledge of the new technologies.

- by Miruna Marinescu
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- Higher Education, Access To Information, Informatica, New Technology

- by Wenke Le
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- Machine Learning, Learning Model, Fraud Detection, Learning Strategies

We are in the early stages of a learning revolution. New learning pathways have been forged by intense competition from organizations whose sole purpose is to deliver learning (anytime and anywhere) and by rapid advances in information technology. Forged by expediency, these paths no longer lead automatically to institutions of higher education. Instead they lead most directly to learning opportunities that are intensely focused and are populated by learners and employers who are chiefly interested in the shortest route to results. In this paradigm, learning products are defined explicitly, delivery options are multiple, and a level of granularity not captured by traditional student transcripts (which display only credit hours and course titles) drives assessment. Most postsecondary institutions have been slow to accept these emerging realities, preferring instead to continue to package curricula in the standard lengths of the academic term and in traditional delivery formats. The bridge between the traditional paradigm, which depends on traditional credit hour measures of student achievement, and the learning revolution can be found in competency-based approaches. At a minimum, the shift in how potential students view their expanded learning optionsespecially issues connected to convenience-should cause most institutions to examine the menu of their current offerings. There is, however, often a considerable gap between intentions and actions. The difference creates an emerging field in which institutional researchers can play a major role.

- by Richard A. Voorhees
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- Higher Education, Models, Learning Model

ÖZET: Yıllar boyunca pek çok araştırmacı ve eğitimci tarafından, farklı öğrenme yaklaşımları geliştirilmiş ve öğrenmenin nasıl gerçekleştiği açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu öğrenme yaklaşımlarını hayata geçirebilmek için, bu yaklaşımları temel alan öğrenme ortamları geliştirilmiştir. Bu makalede, matematik konularındaki öğrenmeleri açıklamaya daha uygun görülen iki öğrenme yaklaşımı, "Buluş Yoluyla Öğrenme" ve "Anlamlı Öğrenme" yaklaşımları, tanıtılmış ve karşılaştırılmıştır. Daha sonra bu iki öğrenme yaklaşımının sınıflara nasıl taşınabileceğine örnek oluşturmak amacı ile "İki Terimin Toplamının Karesi" konusu üzerine, bu yaklaşımları temel alan ders planları sunulmuştur.

- by Yasemin Kara
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- Mathematics Education, Teaching Methods, Learning Model, Discovery Learning

Literature shows that character and physical educations, to enhance students' fitness and growth through physical activity, have a vital role in the learning process. A character-based physical education learning model is required to integrate the two educational ideas. A study on the development of research on this topic is required for the model's application and development. Therefore, this study aims to find and analyze articles in Scopus indexed journals of the last decade (2011-2020) related to character-based physical education learning models. In this study, a bibliometric analysis was employed to explore the roadmap for character-based physical education learning. This bibliometric study has four steps: (1) finding related articles, (2) filtering, (3) validating and completing the article information, and (4) carrying out a bibliometric analysis. This study discovered eight findings, including: (1) publication trend of the physical education learning model in 2011-2020; (2) citation number of the article; (3) author collaboration; (4) the most used keywords by the authors; (5) abstract analysis; (6) institutional collaboration; (7) country analysis; and (8) analysis of character values promoted in the bibliography. Based on these eight findings, this study concludes that academics and researchers pay insufficient attention to character-based physical education learning models. This also suggests that in the context of physical education learning, their attention is more concentrated on the cognitive and psychomotor domains. On the other hand, academics have not paid much attention to character as an effective area. This finding needs to be highlighted because, in education, besides knowledge, an educator has a duty to transfer values. Therefore, more publications on the integration of character education into physical education are required. This study can assist in mapping future research directions that will encourage further research on physical education.

As a part of IBM movement from Pb-rich solders to Pbfree solder, a new low cost process has been developed to deposit the solder to a capture, or under bump metal (UBM) pad, with Suss MicroTech Inc as the equipment partner. The controlled collapsed chip connection new process (C4NP) has moved, over the last 2 years, from development into manufacturing for 300 mm wafers. During this transition, a great number of process improvements have resulted in high fabrication yields. Manufacturing robustness has been achieved by clearly identifying the processes which affect the C4 structural integrity. The solder composition has been optimized to improve its mechanical properties as well as low alpha emission rate requirement.

- by Eric Perfecto
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- Structural Integrity, Process Improvement, Learning Model

Pembelajaran merupakan salah satu unsur dalam pendidikan. Unsur lainnya ialah kurikulum, pendidik, tenaga kependidikan, peserta didik, sarana dan prasarana, dan unsur lainnya. Setiap unsur tersebut mestinya dilihat dan atau dipahami sebagai kesatuan yang saling terkait antara yang satu dengan yang lain. Pendidik tidak berdiri sendiri. Ia amat terkait dengan kurikulum, peserta didik, dukungan sarana dan prasarana, dan unsur yang lain. Demikian juga halnya dengan pembelajaran. Ia terkait dengan unsur yang lain sebagaimana pendidik tadi. Oleh karena itu, dalam memikirkan, memilih, dan merumuskan model pembelajaran juga amat penting mempertimbangkan keseluruhan unsur tersebut. Aspek lain ialah bahwa konteks juga turut mempengaruhi dalam mendesain model pembelajaran. Misalnya dalam era postmodern, keragaman merupakan salah satu cirinya. Itulah sebabnya, istilah pluralitas cukup menguat dewasa ini. memang cukup populer ketika bicara tentang agama, tetapi diferensiasi masyarakat tetap merupakan ciri masyarakat postmodern. Masyarakat postmodern ibaratkan masyarakat eksperimen, suatu masyarakat yang tidak memiliki model baku. Sebaliknya keragaman model justru dilihat sebagai kekuatan. 1 Internet merupakan salah satu media pendukung keragaman itu. Globalisasi membuat dunia terasa sebagai desa. itulah generasi remaja atau pemuda saat ini yaitu generasi internet. Internet membuat manusia termasuk remaja dan pemuda di dalamnya terjalin atau terhubung dengan manusia dari berbagai belahan dunia. Konsekuensinya jelas bahwa ia dihadapkan dengan ragam warna budaya dunia yang sedikit banyak mempengaruhi cara berpikir dan bertindak nya. Dengan kata lain, Internet turut mempengaruhi manusia dalam cara ia memandang dan membangun dunianya. 2 Jika hal itu diterima, maka cara berpikir postmodern tentu berpengaruh juga dalam dunia pendidikan termasuk dalam hal pemilihan model pembelajaran di kalangan remaja dan pemuda. Hal terpenting dalam pembelajaran ialah mencapai kompetensi pembelajaran dalam rangka mencapai tujuan pendidikan nasional dan pendidikan kristiani. Itu berarti, bagaimana model pembelajaran efektif yang mampu mencapai tujuan pendidikan pada umumnya dan kompetensi belajar khususnya. Demikian juga halnya dengan pembelajaran pada remaja dan pemuda. Beberapa catatan di atas cukuplah kiranya menjadi gambaran kecil dalam memilih model pembelajaran di kalangan remaja dan pemuda. Remaja dan pemuda sebagai generasi internet itu, sedang ada dalam dunia yang kompleks dan dinamis. Bahkan amat kompleks dan amat dinamis. Oleh karena itu, memahami dunia remaja dan pemuda kontemporer juga tentu pilihan bijak dalam mendesain model pembelajaran. Lingkungan sosial budaya merupakan aspek lain yang perlu dipertimbangkan. Dengan membatinkan catatan pendahuluan di atas, maka tulisan ini fokus pada model pembelajaran pada remaja dan pemuda kontemporer. Namun sebelum sampai kesana, akan dijelaskan secara singkat tentang fungsi, tujuan dan prinsip pendidikan. Bagian ini lebih baik dilihat sebagai catatan

- by sanon sanon
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- Education, Learning and Teaching, Learning Model, Junior High School
- by Patricia Stokes
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- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Creativity, Problem Solving

Blended learning has become an increasingly popular form of e-learning, and is particularly suitable to the process of transitioning towards e-learning from traditional forms of learning and teaching. This paper describes the use of the blended e-learning model, which is based on a mixture of collaborative learning, problem-based learning (PBL) and independent learning, in a course "Teaching Methods in Information Science," given at the University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia. This model is realized as a combination of a face-to-face environment and online learning, using a proprietary learning management system (LMS) named adaptive hypermedia courseware (AHyCo). AHyCo is based on adaptive hypermedia and in addition to supporting learning and testing, introduces completely new constructivist and cognitivist elements to education. By supporting collaborative and project-oriented activities AHyCo promotes students' motivation for learning and establishes learning as an active and interactive process. This paper describes both the technology for, and the methodological approach to, course design and development which is aimed at supporting the evolution from traditional teaching to active learning, and raising interest in the topics of e-learning and Web courseware development among IT students. A survey conducted in the end of the course showed that students were satisfied with the pedagogical approach, and their academic achievements were also better than expected. Particularly important is that the dropout rate was greatly diminished, which could be related to students' satisfaction with the support they received from the instructor and the system. Index Terms-Blended learning, collaborative learning, e-learning, learning management system (LMS), problem-based learning (PBL).

- by Natasa Hoic-Bozic
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- Engineering, Education, Adaptive Hypermedia, Learning and Teaching
- by Tobias Low
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- A Priori Knowledge, Image Classification, Learning Model, Mobile Robot

Developing a Culture-Based Integrated Learning Model to Improve Students' Appreciation of Local Culture. This study aims to develop a social study learning model for elementary school students that can help them master subject matters as an effort to improve their appreciation of local culture, using an R & D approach consisting of three steps: preliminary study, model development and model validation. The subjects were teachers and students of elementary schools in Bengkulu Province, Sumatra. The results show that the Culture-Based Integrated Learning Model (CBILM) is an appropriate learning model to help students master subject matters as an effort to improve their appreciation of local culture. CBILM is more capable of significantly improving students' appreciation of local culture and their mastery of subject matters than the currently existing learning model.

- by ady putra
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- Learning Model, Culture Appreciation

Accurate probability estimation generated by learning models is desirable in some practical applications, such as medical diagnosis. In this paper, we empirically study traditional decision-tree learning models and their variants in terms of probability estimation, measured by Conditional Log Likelihood (CLL). Furthermore, we also compare decision tree learning with other kinds of representative learning: naïve Bayes, Naïve Bayes Tree, Bayesian Network, K-Nearest Neighbors and Support Vector Machine with respect to probability estimation. From our experiments, we have several interesting observations. First, among various decision-tree learning models, C4.4 is the best in yielding precise probability estimation measured by CLL, although its performance is not good in terms of other evaluation criteria, such as accuracy and ranking. We provide an explanation for this and reveal the nature of CLL. Second, compared with other popular models, C4.4 achieves the best CLL. Finally, CLL does not dominate another wellestablished relevant measurement AUC (the Area Under the Curve of Receiver Operating Characteristics), which suggests that different decision-tree learning models should be used for different objectives. Our experiments are conducted on the basis of 36 UCI sample sets that cover a wide range of domains and data characteristics. We run all the models within a machine learning platform -Weka.

- by Harry Zhang
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- Machine Learning, Decision Tree, Learning Model, Support vector machine

The development of new models, methods and tools to support distance learning, in particular asynchronous learning environments and "Virtual classrooms", has been significant over the last ten years. During this period many new standards have been defined, with those related to learning objects, such as IEEE LOM and IMS, having a major influence on this development. As part of research work being carried out for a funded research project on workplace learning and for a PhD project on novel e-learning models, a survey of current state-of-the art support for lifelong learning was carried out by the authors. This paper describes the outcomes of that survey, with particular reference to the embedding of learning in social context through the use of the variety of tools, techniques and methods identified. The paper concentrates on the areas of distance learning, asynchronous learning environments, virtual classrooms and virtual labs, and learning objects. Intended to provide background reference for researchers in this field, the paper also identifies the current main research topics and future directions in this rapidly-developing and changing field.

- by Lachlan Mackinnon
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- Computer Science Education, Art, Engineering Education, Lifelong Learning

This volume is the culmination of more than a year of planning and effort on the part of both the local organising committee and the conference chairs. However, we were not working alone. Without an active community of researchers doing quality research and writing papers, a conference like Koli has no function or purpose. Consequently, a large part of the success of Koli Calling lies in its vibrant research community. It is your submissions that have made it possible for us to select this year's crop of interesting and thought provoking contributions.

- by Tony Clear and +3
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- Global Software Development, New Zealand, Tablet PC, Learning Model

Abstrak : Tulisan ini menjelaskan mengenai penerapan pembelajaran sejarah melalui pemanfaatan materi sejarah lokal (local history) Geger Cilegon 1888 dalam mengembangkan nilai patriotisme di kalangan siswa. Penulisan ini dilatarbelakangi permasalah yang terjadi di lapangan dalam pembelajaran sejarah ialah anggapan yang mengatakan bahwa sejarah adalah pembelajaran yang menjenuhkan, membosankan, model pembelajaran yang monoton, dan kemampuan guru yang tidak optimal dalam melakukan pengembangan. Salah satu model pembelajaran sejarah lokal yang bisa di terapkan adalah sejarah dari lingkungan sekitar (Living History). Pembelajaran dengan menggunakan materi sejarah lokal mengenai peristiwa heroik di sekitar siswa dapat dijadikan sumber belajar dan mengembangkan nilai-nilai perjuangan para pahlawan lokal.

- by Rikza Fauzan
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- Local History, Living History, Teaching & Learning of History, Learning Model
- by Arnim Wiek
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- Teaching and Learning, Education, Organizational Learning, Higher Education

If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please... more

- by Kit Pun and +1
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- Information Systems, Information Technology, Knowledge Management, System Integration

Faculty cannot ensure that educational program objectives and course learning objectives are being met unless both students and faculty become involved in the process of assessment and evaluation. In two senior-level courses, we are addressing these issues through course learning models that directly involve students via reflection, discussion, empowerment, and ownership in the course. The relevance of the learning model to real-life, industrial experiences is underscored as well. Our approach includes a student journal, an engineering workbook, a self-assessment report, and a student management team, as well as periodic surveys throughout the semester. These various instruments form a set of selfassessment tools that provide documentation related to the following issues. Do students have the correct background and preparation for the course? Do students understand the course learning objectives? Are students fulfilling these learning objectives? Are there ways to improve the course during the current semester? Are there ways to improve the course in future semesters?

- by Diane Rover
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- Learning Object, Learning Model, Assessment and Evaluation, Assessment Tool

Classification problems have a long history in the machine learning literature. One of the simplest, and yet most consistently well-performing set of classifiers is the Naïve Bayes models. However, an inherent problem with these classifiers is the assumption that all attributes used to describe an instance are conditionally independent given the class of that instance. When this assumption is violated (which is often the case in practice) it can reduce classification accuracy due to "information double-counting" and interaction omission.

- by Helge Langseth
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- Cognitive Science, Machine Learning, Latent variable, Classification

The potential of Information and Communications Technology in all forms of education has been well demonstrated. In this paper we examine how ICT can improve the education of students with learning disabilities (LD). We will begin by examining the nature of learning disabilities and discussing the different approaches to schooling for students with LD. Learning models have evolved over recent years in response to many factors including the advent of technology in education. This is particularly important in this arena where technology can make a significant difference to educating these students, but only if it is used appropriately. The paper then looks at a case study of use of ICT in a school catering for students with LD.

- by Magdalena Mok
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- Physical Activity, Problem Solving, Language Learning, Primary School

We introduce learning based on genetic algorithms in a principal-agent model of optimal contracting under moral hazard. Applications of this setting abound in finance (credit under moral hazard), public finance (optimal taxation, information-constrained insurance), development (sharecropping), mechanism design, etc. It is well known that optimal contracts in principal-agent problems with risk averse agents, unobserved labor effort and stochastic technology can

- by Alexander Karaivanov
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- Public Finance, Mechanism Design, Social learning, Genetic Algorithm

A nomadic collaborative partnership model for a community of practice (CoP) in Design for Learning (D4L) can facilitate successful innovation and continuing appraisals of effective professional practice, stimulated by a 'critical friend' assigned to the project. This paper reports on e-learning case studies collected by the JISC-funded UK eLIDA CAMEL Design for Learning Project. The project implemented and evaluated learning design (LD) tools in higher and further education within the JISC Design for Learning pedagogic programme (2006-07). Project partners trialled professional user evaluations of innovative e-learning tools with learning design function, collecting D4L case studies and LD sequences in post-16/HE contexts using LAMS and Moodle. The project brought together learning activity sequences within a collaborative e-learning community of practice based on the CAMEL (Collaborative Approaches to the Management of e-Learning) model, contributing to international D4L de...

Based on the authors experience in applying different approaches of active learning and student-centered teaching, the main problem that prevented the achievement of the full advantages of these approaches is the lack of motivation of students for self-centered learning. A new model for a student-centered learning is presented in this work. This model is of teaching integrative thinking, based on existing models of creativity and synthesis. In this model, the student is put at the heart of a bigger learning process that includes instructors, specialists and the public. Usually students who are in the final year of their study will be the target of the application of this model as a part of a capstone course or final year project. This model promotes the research and thinking skills of the students as well as the gained motivation of self-learning as a result of being in contact with the specialists who might be their potential future employers. A prototype web-based system based on this model was developed. Although it is applied on a sample of students from the Biology department, the system is readily expandable to any number of other disciplines without any complications or programming overheads. The results achieved from the application of this model were very encouraging.

- by Mihyar Hesson
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- Active Learning, Multidisciplinary, Learning Model, Learning Process
- by Paul Kim
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- Educational Technology, Mobile Learning, Rural, Mobile Technology

One of problem faced our education is the weakness of learning study. In course of study, child less pushed to develop ability to think. One of the approach can be used is to determine the quality of education process is through approach of system. Through approach of system study of us can see various aspects able to influence efficacy and process. In this case approach of study base on problem can become choice of metodik to all lecturer and also teacher.

- by Muhammad Nurtanto
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- Algebra, Chemistry, Instructional Design, Southeast Asian Studies