Paphlagonia Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

A bronze coin of king Pylaimenes (Paphlagonia) kept at the Brussels Coin cabinet has been countermarked with the letters BA surrounded by an ivy wreath which makes immediately think to the king (Ba[sileus]) Mithridates Eupator. The last... more

A bronze coin of king Pylaimenes (Paphlagonia) kept at the Brussels Coin cabinet has been countermarked with the letters BA surrounded by an ivy wreath which makes immediately think to the king (Ba[sileus]) Mithridates Eupator. The last days of the history of the kingdom of Paphlagonia are evoked. Another bronze of Pylaimenes has been countermarked (British Museum) twice with monograms which both could be found on the royal series struck about the same time in Pontus and in Bithynia.

The ancient city of Amastris, about which little is known archaeologically, is situated on the southern shore of the Black Sea, between the important settlements of Heraclea Pontica in the west and Sinope in the east. With its location,... more

The ancient city of Amastris, about which little is known archaeologically, is situated on the southern shore of the Black Sea, between the important settlements of Heraclea Pontica in the west and Sinope in the east. With its location, the city is an indispensable part of Black Sea archaeology, but scholarly activity has, for the most part, lagged behind. In this respect, the archaeological surveys that started in 2017 aim to reveal the role as well as the history and cultural heritage of the city which. The work has been conducted by experts from many universities and in an interdisciplinary context. The findings and determinations contain important additions and modifications to what was known and also reveal new observations. At the same time, these studies, which provide an infrastructure for the archaeological excavations planned to be started in the near future, also make an internationally important contribution to regional archaeology. Our work on the northern coasts of Anatolia contributes to the maintenance of the cultural heritage and its transfer to future generations through identification of the evidence of public and civil architectural in ancient Amastris.

The Pontic area was monetized much later than the neighbouring Bithynia. To realize how much it was the case, we need to go further than to consider the simple existence of monetary issues. We need to observe what kind of coins were... more

The Pontic area was monetized much later than the neighbouring Bithynia. To realize how much it was the case, we need to go further than to consider the simple existence of monetary issues. We need to observe what kind of coins were issued, what kind of hoards were recovered and not to forget the testimony of Xenophon

Özet Malazgirt Zaferi'nin ardından Selçuklularla Bizans arasındaki çekişmelere sahne olan Kastamonu bölgesinin fethi, Çobanoğulları Uc Beyliği zamanında tamamlanmıştır. Anlaşıldığı üzere, bu bölgede Bizans'ın son direniş merkezi Gideros... more

Özet Malazgirt Zaferi'nin ardından Selçuklularla Bizans arasındaki çekişmelere sahne olan Kastamonu bölgesinin fethi, Çobanoğulları Uc Beyliği zamanında tamamlanmıştır. Anlaşıldığı üzere, bu bölgede Bizans'ın son direniş merkezi Gideros kalesi olmuştur. Bugünkü Cide ilçesinin Karadeniz kıyılarında bulunan Gideros koyu üzerinde yükselen bu kale, o zamanlar Kastamonu sahillerindeki önemli bir limanı kontrol altında tutmaktaydı. Yürüttüğümüz araştırmalar sonucunda, Gideros kalesinin 683 senesinin Recep / 1284 yılının Eylül-Ekim ayları içinde Çobanoğulları Uc beyi Muzaffereddin Yavlak Arslan tarafından fethini konu alan bir fetihnâmeye ulaşmış bulunuyoruz. Adı geçen yöneticinin hizmetinde münşî görevini yürüten Hüsameddin Hasan b. Abdülmü'min el-Hôyî tarafından kaleme alınmış olan bu belge, makalemiz kapsamında Farsçadan Türkçeye çevrilmiş ve değerlendirilmiştir. Ele aldığımız bu belge, öncelikle Kastamonu bölgesinin fethini konu ederek günümüze ulaşmış olan tek fetihnâme olması ve Çobanoğulları Beyliği tarihine ışık tutması açısından dikkat çekmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra bahsi geçen vesika, XIII. yüzyılda Selçuklu – Bizans ilişkilerinin, o dönem kale kuşatma tekniklerinin ve Selçuklularda fetihnâme yazma geleneğinin incelenmesi bakımından da önem arz etmektedir.
Anahtar kelimeler: Selçuklular, Sultan II. Mesud, Yavlak Arslan, Kastamonu, Cide, Hasan el-Hôyî, Bizans
Abstract
The conquest of Kastamonu region, which is became a scene of tensions between the Seljuqs and the Byzantines after the Malazgirt Victory, was completed at the time of the Chobanoghlu Border Emirate. As it turns out, Gideros fortress was the last center of Byzantium resistance in this area. Rising above Gideros Cove on the Black Sea coast of today's Cide district, this fortress took in its control a important port of Kastamonu region.
As a result of our researches, we have reached a victory announcement about the conquest of Gideros in Rajab of 683 / September-October of 1284 by Muzaffar al-Din Yavlak Arslan, the ruler of Chobanoghlu Border Emirate. The announcement, which was writen by his secretary Husam al-Din Hassan b. Abd al-Mumin al-Khoyi, has been translated from Persian to Turkish and evaluated within the scope of current article.
This document, which we deal with, draws attention first of all from these view points: it is the only conquest announcement on Kastamonu region, that has reached to our days and it sheds light on the history of the Chobanoghlu Principality. In addition to these, the betting document is also important for the investigation of Seljuq - Byzantine relations in the XIII century, the fortress siege techniques of that period and the tradition of victory announcement writing among the Seljuqs.
Key words: Seljuqs, Sultan II. Mesud, Yavlak Arslan, Kastamonu, Cide, Hassan al-Khoyi, Byzantine

Özet: Paphlagonia Hadrianoupolis’i olarak adlandırılan antik kent bugün Karabük ili, Eskipazar ilçesi sınırları içerisinde yer almaktadır. Hadrianoupolis antik kentinin, Paphlagonia, Bithynia ve Galatia bölgeleri sınırında yer alan bir... more

Özet: Paphlagonia Hadrianoupolis’i olarak adlandırılan antik kent bugün Karabük ili, Eskipazar
ilçesi sınırları içerisinde yer almaktadır. Hadrianoupolis antik kentinin, Paphlagonia, Bithynia ve
Galatia bölgeleri sınırında yer alan bir Güney Paphlagonia kenti olduğu söylenebilir. Karabük ili ve
çevresi erken dönemlerden beri iskân edilmiş olup; Roma’nın İmparatorluk döneminde bölgede
kurduğu en önemli yerleşim Hadrianoupolis’tir. Paphlagonia bölgesinin kaya mezarları açısından
zengin bir bölge olduğu bilinmektedir. Hadrianoupolis antik kentinde 2003 yılından günümüze
kadar yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda çeşitli mezar tipleri ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Hadrianoupolis’in
çekirdek bölgesindeki gömüler dört noktada yoğunlaşmaktadır. Paphlagonia bölgesinde bilimsel
araştırmaların ve sistemli arkeolojik kazıların henüz yeni başlamış olmasından dolayı bölgenin ölü
gömme gelenekleri konusunda bilgiler oldukça azdır. Fakat bölgede halen gözlemlenen kaya
mezarları ve tümülüsler Paphlagonia bölgesinde ölü gömme geleneklerinin içerisinde yaygın
olarak kullanıldığına işaret etmektedir. Hadrianoupolis’in çekirdek bölgesi içerisinde yer alan
nekropol alanında şu ana kadar gerek kaçak kazılar gerekse bilimsel kazılar sonucunda çeşitli tipte
mezarlar ortaya çıkmıştır. Kaya mezarları ön odalı ve tek odalı basit kaya mezarları olarak farklı
tipler göstermektedir. Özellikle Hadrianoupolis ve çevresinde Roma İmparatorluk kentlerinden
farklı olarak bazı ölü gömme gelenekleri bakımından değişik uygulamalar görülmektedir.
Kentte var olan basamaklı sunu alanı ile birlikte kayaya oygu niş genellikle Phrygia bölgesindeki
ritüellerde kullanılan unsurlardır. Hadrianoupolis’in Phrygia bölgesinden Galatia ve Bithynia
bölgeleri aracılığıyla çok daha erken dönemlere ait bazı ritüelleri kendilerince yorumlayarak
uygulama ihtimalleri söz konusudur. Roma İmparatorluk dönemine tarihlendirilmiş kayaya
oygu niş, Hadrianoupolis’in çevre kültürlerde görülen ritülleri yorumlayarak Roma dönemine
uyarladığı düşüncesini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Yine Phrygia bölgesinde sıklıkla görülen ve MS 2-3.
yüzyıla tarihlendirilen mezar stelleri Hadrianoupolis’te de mevcuttur. Ön odalı khamosorion
tipindeki mezar ve ön odalı kaya mezar bu noktada anlam bulmaktadır. Her iki tipteki mezar
işlevsel olarak Phrygia bölgesinde sıklıkla görülen dromoslu bir tümülüs mezar odası ile büyük
benzerliklere sahiptir. Mezarlar tümülüs mezar geleneğini yaşatmaya yönelik olarak yapılmış
olmalarına rağmen, Hadrianoupolis’in yerel ve bölgesel geleneği sentezleyerek kendine özgü bir
mezar tipolojisi oluşturduğu söylenebilir.--------------------------------------------
Abstract: Paphlagonian Hadrianoupolis is located modern town Eskipazar near to Karabük.
Hadrianoupolis is located. It lies basically in Roman western Paphlagonia and on the borderline
of Galatian, Bthynian and Paphlagonian. Hadrianoupolis is most important city in Paphlagonia
region at Roman Imperial period while Hellenic settlements focused in Efl ani and its round.
Surveys and excavations carried out up to date in the antic ruins of Hadrianoupolis since 2003
have shown that Hadrianoupolis was established in the ages of Early Hellenistic, Rome and Early
Byzantium, and it had a centre and a chora that centralizes around there like in the other sites of
the city in Paphlagonia. Due to the fact that archaeological researches and systematic excavations
have just begun in the Paphlagonia region, there is little information about the burial traditions
of the region. But the rock-cut tombs and tumulus have still been observed in the area indicate
that there had been widely used in burial customs in the Paphlagonia region. Until now, various
types of rock-cut tombs have emerged in the necropolis is located in centre of Hadrianoupolis
both illegal excavations and as a result of scientific excavations. Hadrianoupolis; as a southern
Paphlagonia city has rock-cut tombs and knitted tombs in accordance with the burial tradition
of the region. The rock-cut tombs are divided into two groups as overground and underground
rock-cut tombs. It presents a diff erent type with two parts, which have underground rock-cut
tombs that especially contain the subject of the issue. It is seen that there are diff erent types
of burial customs especially in Hadrianoupolis and around compared to Imperial Roman cities.
The niche which is engraved into the rock is generally one of the rituals seen in the region
of Phrygia along with the stepped presentation area which exist in the city. It is possible that
Hadrianoupolis may have interpreted the some of the rituals which belong to earlier periods in
their own way by means of Galatia and Bithynia regions from Phyrgia region. The niche which
is engraved into rock dates to Roman Imperial period indicates that Hadrianoupolis must have
interpreted the rituals which were seen in the nearby regions and adapted them to Roman
period. It is also possible to see the grave stelas which dates to A.D 2-3. Centuries and which are
widely seen in Phrygia region in Hadrianoupolis. The fore-chambered grave in the shape of a
khamosorian and the fore-chambered rock grave gain meaning at this moment. It can be said
that both graves have great functional similarities between the tumulus burial chamber with
a dromos which is commonly seen in Phrygia region. Although the graves were built to keep
tumulus grave tradition alive, it can be said that Hadrianoupolis have created an exceptional
grave typology synthesizing the local and the regional tradition

Although Paphlagonia is not as rich in tumuli as Phrygia, Lydia, or Trakhia, the region is still home to a considerable number of tumuli. Many of the tumuli are located in the the Taşköprü District of Kastamonu Province in Northern Turkey... more

Although Paphlagonia is not as rich in tumuli as Phrygia, Lydia, or Trakhia, the region is still home to a considerable number of tumuli. Many of the tumuli are located in the the Taşköprü District of Kastamonu Province in Northern Turkey where the ancient city of Pompeiopolis was established. Apart from Taşköprü, the Safranbolu, Eflani, Ovacuma, Daday, Çankırı and Sinop-Boyabat surroundings are among the places where such tumuli can be intensely seen. Paphlagonia differs from other regions in terms of the tombs and the burial chambers under the tumuli. There are many different types of burials and burial chambers in the region. The layout of burial chambers of Paphlagonian tumuli, especially in those dated to the Late Classical and Early Hellenistic periods, are quite similar to the Trakhian
and Bithynian tumuli. There are two dominant architectural plan types that can be seen in the tombs of southern Trakhian tumuli, namely round and rectangular plans. These types of sepulchres were very common in the Paphlagonian region. However, it should be noted that the architecture of burial chambers and tomb types differ depending on the periodic and cultural differences in both regions. In Paphlagonia, especially in the districts of Yenice, Safranbolu, Eflani in Karabük and in the Daday district of Kastamonu Province, a very important part of the tumuli in the villages of these districts are burial chambers that are contemporaneous and
quite similar to the architecture of Trakhian tumuli. The emergence of tumulustype burial monuments in the region is dated between the end of the Bronze Age
and the beginning of the Iron Age. In particular, the findings obtained as a result of rescue excavations carried out in the Daday district of Kastamonu seem to confirm this view. The Paphlagonians, who were one of the tribes that came to Trakhia and Anatolia with migrations during the Early Iron Age period, are thought to have brought the tradition of tumulus-type tomb monuments to the region. However, the tumuli related to the Phrygian culture were also found in the Safranbolu district and its surroundings.

Paphlagonian Hadrianoupolis

Pompeiopolis 2016 excavation report

As a result of the epigraphic studies carried out since 2007 in the “Karadeniz Ereğli Museum”, numerous Greek and Latin inscriptions from the Roman and Byzantine periods have been recorded and added to the literature. The inscriptions are... more

As a result of the epigraphic studies carried out since 2007 in the “Karadeniz Ereğli Museum”, numerous Greek and Latin inscriptions from the Roman and Byzantine periods have been recorded and added to the literature. The inscriptions are all from the Zonguldak (Eastern Bithynia) region where the ancient cities of Herakleia Pontike and Tieion/Tios were located. In the present paper, five new inscriptions are presented; four of them were found in different parts of central Ereğli, which is within the borders of Herakleia Pontike, while one was found on the banks of the Filyos (ancient Billaios) River in the village of Kayıkçılar in Çaycuma district, which is within the southern borders of Tieion/Tios. The first one is a dedication for an unknown God and the following three are new grave inscriptions from the Roman period and finally is a building inscription from the Byzantine/Christian period. Those inscriptions are given alphabetically below:
1. With good fortune! I, the Hieropoios (sacrifice maker) Aur(elius) Zeuxios, son of Theodosios, inscribed (this) for god.
2. Alexandros, son of Alexandros, died at the age of 61. Farewell! Marciane, daughter of Marcus, the wife of Alexandros, died at the age of 45. Farewell!
3. Quintus Vetina Palatinus Rufinianus (or the son of Rufinus) Onesimos (died) at the age of 75 made this heroon (= tomb) both for himself and his wife Antylla and for (his) children who lived blameless for ... years. Farewell O passer-by!
4. [Ask]lapis, daughter of Kalas, [(died) at the age of ?)…] …
5. Building inscription on an arch of a ciborium: … (made) this construction / work...

Abstract: This article discusses fourteen coins found during the Hadrianoupolis excavation in 2010-2014. Although the number of coins seems to be low for a study of fi ve years as the works in these years were mostly based on restoration... more

Abstract: This article discusses fourteen coins found during the Hadrianoupolis excavation in 2010-2014. Although the number of coins seems to be low for a study of fi ve years as the works in these years were mostly based on restoration and conservation, the coins represent a long date range from Late Roman Period to Middle Byzantine Period. Dating back to the period between Licinius I and Michael Ducas VII, the six of these coins belong to the Late Roman Period and the remaining eight ones belong to Byzantine Period. Regarding the distribution of the coins according to mints, while the mint of Constantinople had seven samples, the highest representation rate, there are two coin samples belonging to the mints of Heraclea and Nicomedia. In this study, it was aimed not only to catalogue and evaluate the coins found between 2010 and 2014, but also to reach new numismatic and historical data about the city by using the coin data published in the city and surrounding cities in previous years. To conclude, this study discussed the signifi cance of the city in the region, the place of Hadrianoupolis coin fi nds in Anatolian numismatics, the effects of invasions conducted in the city on the coin fi nds, the clues given by numismatic data about the abandonment date of the city and the fact that Hadrianoupolis, known as a Byzantine city, actually witnessed a period when the Roman Empire was powerful.

Hadrianoupolis 2019 ve 2020 yılı çalışmaları, Kastamonu Müze Müdürlüğü başkanlığında, Karabük Üniversitesinden Doç. Dr. Ersin Çelikbaş’ın bilimsel danışmanlığında ve Arş. Gör. Ercan Verim, restoratörler; Melike Dikmenli, Bengisu Yılmaz,... more

Hadrianoupolis 2019 ve 2020 yılı çalışmaları, Kastamonu Müze Müdürlüğü başkanlığında, Karabük Üniversitesinden Doç. Dr. Ersin Çelikbaş’ın bilimsel danışmanlığında ve Arş. Gör. Ercan Verim, restoratörler; Melike Dikmenli, Bengisu Yılmaz, arkeologlar; Sinan Ekinci, Erdem Tunç, Cansu Duman, Buket Gündüz’den oluşan bir ekip ile 15.06.2019 tarihinde başlayıp 24.11.2020 tarihinde sona ermiştir1. 2019-2020 yılı kazı sezonlarında Hadrianoupolis’in çekirdek bölgesinde yer alan Hamam A, Hamam B, Chora Kilisesi, Dört Nehir Kilisesi, Kuzeybatı Nekropol Kilisesi’nde restorasyon-konservasyon ve bitki temizliği yapılmasının
ardından Kuzeybatı Nekropol Kilisesi, martyrium (?) ve Güney Nekropol’de kazı çalışmalarına başlanmıştır. Arazi çalışmalarının yanı sıra, ortaya çıkarılan eserlerin belgeleme, düzenleme ve eser deposunda tasnif çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir.

»Paphlagonia Hadrianoupolis« today covers an area extending from »Viranşehir«, which is located 3 km west of the Eskipazar province and the towns of Karabük, Budaklar, Büyükyayalar, Çaylı and Beytara which are distributed across the... more

»Paphlagonia Hadrianoupolis« today covers an area extending from »Viranşehir«, which is located 3 km west of the Eskipazar province and the towns of Karabük, Budaklar, Büyükyayalar, Çaylı and Beytara which are distributed across the periphery of the area. One city in southwest Paphlagonia, namely Hadrianoupolis, was occupied throughout the Late Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine periods. Like in other Paphlagonian cities, Hadrianoupolis used to have a vibrant khora
and core region. In a broader sense, Hadrianoupolis reflects many of the city characteristics of the Late Roman-Early Byzantine period. Although epigraphic studies in Hadrianoupolis point to 1st–3rd cent. CE, excavations conducted so far have not confirmed this dating architecturally. Local characteristics have been observed in
some of the structures in the city. Structures which were situated along a valley were built in accordance with the region’s topography. Baths are situated on top of two separate terraces. Moreover, local marble and travertine were used in the construction of all structures in the city. Hadrianoupolis, which is a city in the south of Paphlagonia, is located in the middle of the Bithynia, Galatia and Pontos regions.
There is, however, some compelling evidence that shows that Hadrianoupolis was influenced by the Phrygian culture despite the fact that it did not share any borders with the Phrygian region.
Many burial mounds have been found in Hadrianoupolis and some of which have even been excavated. The Çeştepe and Kıranköy Tumuli are among the most beautiful representations of Phrygian (burial) traditions. »Rock-cut tombs« revealed during the excavations can be seen as a common feature of these cultural interactions. The city’s necropolis houses some unique examples of rock-cut tombs and
khamosorion type tombs. All rock-cut tombs and khamosorion tombs were built into the limestone outcrop. Khamosorion tombs have a front chamber and they were different from the common Anatolian examples. These structures can be considered to be an imitation of the tumuli with a dromos that are found in Paphlagonia. The open-air sanctuary niche in the southern part of the necropolis is decorated
with steps resembling the stepped altars seen in Phrygia. It can be said that the stepped altar tradition was interpreted and applied to the rock-cut tombs in Hadrinaoupolis. Another spectacular example of this cultural interaction is a doorshaped grave stele found in the vicinity of the city that dates back to the 2nd–3rd cent. CE. Additionally, some details that have been observed in mosaics and ceramics of Church B also display Phrygian influence. Architectural structures and small finds that have been recovered from excavations have so far shown that despite
the fact that it is a city in the Paphlagonian region, Hadrianoupolis displays many inland characteristics rather than influences from the coastal regions.

The ancient city called Paphlagonia Hadrianoupolis is located within the borders of Eskipazar district of present-day Karabük province. The first excavations were carried out in 2007 in the structure called Church C, which is one of the 3... more

The ancient city called Paphlagonia Hadrianoupolis is located within the borders of Eskipazar district of present-day Karabük province. The first excavations were carried out in 2007 in the structure called Church C, which is one of the 3 churches of Hadrianoupolis, which is the subject of the study. Initially, only the apsis part of the structure was exposed, and it was called Yapı Structure with Apsis nedeniyle because of its inability to determine its function. In 2017 and 2018, the east and northeast sides of the building were excavated and it was discovered that the building was dated to the Early Byzantine Period. Based on the remains and finds obtained as a result of the excavations in Church C, the church was originally built in the 5th-6th centuries AD. thought to have been built between the centuries. Based on archaeological data, archaeological data suggesting that the building was damaged and rebuilt due to an earthquake or invasion in the region or nearby geography has been obtained. An important group of these archaeological data is the coins recovered during the excavations. The earliest coin finds dating to the earliest Constantius II Period (332-335 AD) during the Heraclius Period (610-641 AD) suggest that the building probably suffered a major destruction at the end of the first hâlf of the 7th century AD. Within the scope of the study, information on the coins finds of the Church C structure of Hadrianoupolis will be presented and new suggestions and opinions will be put forward by making use of other archaeological remains and finds about the destruction phases of the structure. Keywords: Paphlagonia, Hadrianoupolis, Early Byzantine, Church, Coin.

Kursunlu Conference Program December 2021

Paphlagonian Hadrianoupolis is 3 km west of the area called “Viranşehir” in Eskipazar district, Karabük province and it is spread out over the villages of Budaklar, Büyükyaylalar, Çaylı and Beytarla. The archaeological remains are mostly... more

Paphlagonian Hadrianoupolis is 3 km
west of the area called “Viranşehir” in Eskipazar
district, Karabük province and it is
spread out over the villages of Budaklar,
Büyükyaylalar, Çaylı and Beytarla. The archaeological
remains are mostly in the Hacı
Ahmetler district of Budaklar village. It lies
basically on the Roman Southwestern Paphlagonia
and on the borderline of the Galatian,
Bithynian and Paplagonian territories. Considered
to be founded during the Late Hellenistic
period, Hadrianoupolis lived its golden
age in the Late Roman period. Especially between
the 4th-6th centuries AD. It is reported
in ancient sources to be the pilgrimage center
of an ancient city where therewere many
Christian structures, that were architecturally
important. Scientific works first started in
2003, with the salvage excavation done by
Karadeniz Ereğli Archeological Museum, continued until today. At the end of the excavations,
remains from a total of 6 structures
were discovered in the city and many archeological
materials were identified. The most
important finds from the Hadrianoupolis excavation
are the glass because they were recovered
in great numbers. Previous works in
Hadrianoupolis, focusing on the glass, highlight
this importance. The material that is the
focus of this study consists of finds that were
discovered in the structure called the Late
Roman House. These glass finds include
tableware, lamps and decorative items that
cover a wide time period between the 5th-7th
centuries AD. The majority of glass finds include
variations of vessels and in addition,
bowls, beakers, bottles, lamps and bracelets.
In this study, the daily life in Hadrianoupolis,
which is one of the most important settlements
in the area, between 5th-7th centuries
AD will be examined through the glass finds excavated in Paphlagonian Hadrianoupolis,
Late Roman House in order to shed light on
the structures and those periods of this city.
Also by utilizing scientific methods, these
glass finds will contribute to glass studies.

The paper considers some terracotta lamps from recent rescue excavations by the Sinop Archaeological Museum in ancient Sinope, classifying them by types and chronological groups, from the 2nd century BC to the 7th century AD. The lamps... more

The paper considers some terracotta lamps from recent rescue excavations by the Sinop Archaeological Museum in ancient Sinope, classifying them by types and chronological groups, from the 2nd century BC to the 7th century AD. The lamps represent part of the local lamp-making tradition, which is underinvestigated although equally important as the amphora production industry in this eastern Paphlagonian city

Abstract: The author presents a milestone which is now lost, but was photographed in Havza in 1999. Owing to its famous thermal springs Havza is called by Strabo Thermai of Phazemonites, situated in the district of Phazemonitis. It was... more

Abstract: The author presents a milestone which is now lost, but was photographed in Havza in 1999. Owing to its famous thermal springs Havza is called by Strabo Thermai of Phazemonites, situated in the district of Phazemonitis. It was located at the crossroads linking the poleis of Neoclaudiopolis to the northwest, Amaseia to the south, Amisus to the north, and Neocaesarea to the east. Thirty nine milestones found in the territory of Neoclaudiopolis indicate the routes of these roads. The find spot of the new milestone suggests that it stood on the road to Neoclaudiopolis, which was frequently used by Roman expeditionary forces on their way to the Eastern frontier; and is mentioned in the Tabula Peutingerina (Peutinger Table). The milestone is of great interest, as it documents a new legate of Galatia under Maximinus Thrax: C. Aradius Rufinus. Probably the
successor of M. Domitius Valerianus in the fasti of Galatia, he is one of the last legates of Galatia whose term in office can be dated exactly. Through family alliances with the Roscii, the Furcilii and the Aiacii, the gens of the Aradii, which had its origins in Bulla Regia (Africa Procos.), flourished from the first quarter of 3rd century AD and had eminent members who held the post of praefectus urbis Romae by the end of the 4th century AD (s. infra IV. Aradii and the stemma). Two sons of the first known member of the gens, Q. Aradius Rufinus Optatus Aelianus and P. Aradius (Roscius) Paternus Rufinianus Aelianus, held the legatio of Galatia (225–228 AD) and Cappadocia (231 AD) respectively at approximately the same time, which suggests that C. Aradius Rufinus
may be either the brother or the cousin of these two men. The new milestone shows him with the title of legatus Augusti pro praetore, which suggests that Paphlagonia remained under the jurisdiction of the legate of Galatia after the creation of the province of Pontus, governed by an
equestrian praeses. Inner Paphlagonia including the territory of Neoclaudiopolis was added to Pontus only under the praeses M. Iunius Valerius Nepotianus in 250 AD.

Parthenios River (Bartin Cayi) constituted a natural border between Paphlagonia and Bithynia regions in ancient times. His name is mentioned frequently in ancient sources from 8th Century B.C. Parthenios, as a river god, depicted on coins... more

Parthenios River (Bartin Cayi) constituted a natural border between Paphlagonia and Bithynia regions in ancient times. His name is mentioned frequently in ancient sources from 8th Century B.C. Parthenios, as a river god, depicted on coins of Amastris
which is the formal center of the region. These descriptions emphasize that Parthenios was important for transport of commercial productions from inside of region to Black Sea. Parthenius that seen on mile Stones from Roman Period and Parthenia
Kome that mentioned in Early Byzantine Period, sign the same city in connection with Parthenios River. This study aim firstly to find the source of Parthenios name and the secondly to prove the presence of Parthenius or Parthenia Kome settlement.

Paphlagonia was an ancient region on the Black Sea coast of north central Anatolia, bordered by Bithynia to the west, Pontus to the east and Galatia to the south. Between 2005 and 2008 an archaeological team from the Dokuz Eylül... more

Paphlagonia was an ancient region on the Black Sea coast of north central Anatolia, bordered by Bithynia to the west, Pontus to the east and Galatia to the south. Between 2005 and 2008 an archaeological team from the Dokuz Eylül University in Izmir carried out archaeological field surveys and excavations in the southwestern part of Paphlagonia. In this extensive report coarse ware of the Roman and Late Roman-Early Byzantine periods discovered during these fieldworks will be presented in detail. In its first part this paper a short description of the deposits, typologies of each groups and their fabric will be given. A comprehensive catalogue with each examples follows. This study is the first extensive Roman and Late Roman-Early Byzantine coarse ware report of Turkish Black Sea area.

The subject of this article is Roman colonial coins of Pisidian Antioch, which are in the inventory of the Museum of Çankırı. A study on the 5958 Roman coins at the Çankırı Museum in 2019 revealed that 64 of them were Roman Provincial... more

The subject of this article is Roman colonial coins of Pisidian Antioch, which are in the inventory of the Museum of Çankırı. A study on the 5958 Roman coins at the Çankırı Museum in 2019 revealed that 64 of them were Roman Provincial coins. An examination of the distribution of Roman Provincial coins in museums generally shows that the majority of them consist of coins belonging to the city where the museum is located or to surrounding cities. It is also observed that almost half of the Roman Provincial coins belong to Pisidian Antioch, a Roman military colony far from the region. Within the scope of the article, it is primarily aimed to introduce the thirty Pisidian Antiochia coins to the scientific world, which are in the inventory of the Çankırı Museum, which were brought to the museum at various times through donations, purchases and seizure. In this context, the coins were catalogued and the distribution of the coins according to the emperors, the obverse and reverse types were examined in detail with tables and graphics. For this purpose, the coins were catalogued and the distribution of the coins according to the emperors, obverse and reverse types were examined in detail with the help of tables and charts. Although the Pisidian Antioch coins at the Çankırı Museum are dated between the periods of Caracalla and Claudius II, they mostly appear to have been created as battered coins in the second and third quarters of the 3rd century AD. In the distribution of the coins according to the reverse type, it is noteworthy that the majority of them are military types with a vexillum between the two standards. In addition, the article mentioned the circulation of Pisidian Antioch coins within the region. In this context, the excavation finds in Çankırı and the surrounding cities and the published Roman Provincial coins in the museum inventory were also examined.

Wie die Forschung nachweisen konnte, sind die in Pontos verehrten Gottheiten das Ergebnis ei-nes hochinteressanten und komplexen Synkretismus 1 , in welchem anatolische, griechische und iranische Elemente zu finden sind. Leider fehlt bis... more

Wie die Forschung nachweisen konnte, sind die in Pontos verehrten Gottheiten das Ergebnis ei-nes hochinteressanten und komplexen Synkretismus 1 , in welchem anatolische, griechische und iranische Elemente zu finden sind. Leider fehlt bis heute eine umfassende Monographie, in der das religiöse Leben dieser Regionen ausführlich untersucht wird und die literarisch-dokumen-tarischen Quellen zusammengestellt und ausgewertet werden 2. Diese Aussage trifft vor allem für ein Territorium zu, das in vielerlei Hinsicht bisher vernachläs-sigt wurde: Paphlagonien. Nach einer synthetischen Rekonstruktion der historischen und religiösen Entwicklung dieser Region hat die vorliegende Arbeit das Ziel, durch vergleichende Betrachtungen epigraphischer und numismatischer Testimonia den Charakter der in hellenistischer wie römischer Zeit sowohl in den Poleis aber auch in den ländlichen Regionen verehrten Gottheiten zu untersuchen und dabei die beachtenswerten Parallelen mit den lokalen ruralen Kulten Phrygiens und Lydiens aus der Kaiserzeit zu verdeutlichen.

In this study, a portrait found in Heraclea Pontica and exhibited in Karadeniz Ereğli Museum is discussed. In the inventory record, it is written that the portrait was found in Kayabaşı and it was delivered to the museum by the... more

In this study, a portrait found in Heraclea Pontica and exhibited in Karadeniz Ereğli Museum is discussed. In the inventory record, it is written that the portrait was found in Kayabaşı and it was delivered to the museum by the authorities of Alemdar Primary School in 01.09.1999. The head, which was carved from highquality white marble, was made separately to be placed on a statue. There are fractures and deficiencies in the portrait.
The hair and beard of the person depicted almost from the front, and especially the wrinkles on the eyebrows, eyes and forehead, show that the person portrayed is of mature age. In addition to the physiognomic appearance of the portrait, the shape of the hair-beard, facial and forehead skin wrinkles show that a person who has lived (privat) is portrayed. Because, the portrait of Heraclea is depicted differently from the ideal appearance of the heads of the gods statues, such as Zeus, Hades and Poseidon. When the portrait is viewed from the front, the left side of the face is wider and more protruding than the right, and this should be related to the display of the sculpture and its main aspect. In other words, the owner of the portrait was probably portrayed as facing slightly to his right and looking to his right.
In order to better understand the style characteristics of the portrait preserved in the Ereğli Museum, it was compared with the contemporary examples, and the parallels and interactions in the Roman portrait art were determined. In this direction, chronologically similar examples of the portrait were examined in detail, the similarities and differences between the Ereğli portrait and its contemporary examples were discussed, and a suggestion was made for the date of the portrait. In addition, the portrait was evaluated in terms of its physiognomic features, and the person it could belong to was tried to be determined.

In this paper an account will be given to the presentation of archaeological data associated with Mithridatic presence in northern Anatolia during the 1st cent. BC. Considered media will be architectural finds, ceramic and sculptural... more

In this paper an account will be given to the presentation of archaeological data associated with Mithridatic presence in northern Anatolia during the 1st cent. BC. Considered media will be architectural finds, ceramic and sculptural evidences, numismatic datas and the rest of archaeological finds in Middle and Late Hellenistic northern Asia Minor. Most important find spots will be Pontic and Paphlagonian poleis, such as Amisus, Sinope, Amaseia, Amastris, Heraclea Pontica and Trapezous.

In this study, a late Roman mosaic from Edessa and some mosaics depicting animals from various parts of Anatolia and Syria will be Examined. The mosaics mentioned in this paper are the animal and Orpheus mosaics from Edessa in Şanlıurfa;... more

In this study, a late Roman mosaic from Edessa and some mosaics depicting animals from various parts of Anatolia and Syria will be Examined. The mosaics mentioned in this paper are the animal and Orpheus mosaics from Edessa in Şanlıurfa; Salkım, Koçlu and Sulumağara mosaics from Zeugma mosaic museum in Gaziantep and the animal chase mosaic in Apamea. Animal struggles, Hexaemeron, Paradise, Peaceable Kingdom, Noah's Ark, the struggle between good and evil and some earthly themes were frequently depicted in mosaics of Anatolia and Syria during the 5th and 6th centuries. The purpose of this study is focusing on the iconographic problems which are seen in these kinds of floor mosaics.

Due to a long period of neglect regarding Roman and Byzantine archaeological research in Paphlagonia, the late antique period of that region is only slowly coming to light. It is not feasible to apply settlement and development patterns... more

Due to a long period of neglect regarding Roman and Byzantine archaeological research in Paphlagonia, the late antique period of that region is only slowly coming to light. It is not feasible to apply settlement and development patterns developed for sites in southern and western Asia Minor to the southern Black Sea region since the conditions, historical development and degree of urbanisation were all very different. We still lack a concise theoretical approach to the structural changes within the Paphlagonian cities that led to their abandonment at this time. Locally divergent reasons such as natural disaster, disease or climate change cannot explain this phenomenon, and we need to identify the structural reasons for the desurbanisation that occurred not only in Paphlagonia but across the entirety of Asia Minor. Interior Paphlagonia provides us with several abandoned cities and may offer much of value for this debate. The Persian onslaughts were certainly not the reason for this change, as the process was already under way. Nevertheless, the effects of this conflict are still unknown, and numismatic assemblages may illuminate the provincial situation during the seventh century.

Bath A located in Hadrianoupolis, which is one of the important cities of Southern Paphlagonia, is the largest one of the two baths where bathing activities were carried out in the city. The excavations were carried out in the bath, the... more

Bath A located in Hadrianoupolis, which is one of the important cities of Southern Paphlagonia, is the largest one of the two baths where bathing activities were carried out in the city. The excavations were carried out in the bath, the construction phase of which dates back to the 5th century AD, between 2006-2008, and a total of 13 sites were uncovered. Four phases were determined in the building that remained in use between the 5th century and the 8th century AD. The construction techniques refl ect the characteristics of the period during which the bath was built, and bathing refl ects the cold → warm → hot cycle, which has its origins in the Early Roman Period. This city was one of the important belief centers
in the Paphlagonia Region of the Early Byzantine Period. In addition to the churches and monasteries, it has, the fact that Alypius the Stylite, who was one of the important ascetics, spent his last 50 years in Hadrianoupolis made Hadrianoupolis a center of the cross. It was
attempted to associate the personifi cations of the sacred rivers, which were found during the excavations in Church C and where heaven is believed to exist in the Christian faith, with the sacred bathing activities in the baths based on examples. Furthermore, it was aimed to reveal
the effects of the churches in the city on bathing activities.

Hadrianoupolis is on the principal western route from the Central Anatolian Plain through the mountains to Bartın and the Black Sea. This site is located 3 km west of the modern town of Eskipazar, near Karabük, in Roman southwestern... more

Hadrianoupolis is on the principal western route from the Central Anatolian Plain through the mountains to Bartın and the Black Sea. This site is located 3 km west of the modern town of Eskipazar, near Karabük, in Roman southwestern Paphlagonia. It was a small but important site, controlling this major route and dominating a rich agricultural, especially vinicultural, enclave.
In 2003 the local Archaeological Museum of Ereğli began a small-scale salvage excavation of the newly discovered main church of Hadrianoupolis, known as "Early Byzantine Church B", situated in the centre of the ancient city. Only the floor and foundation levels are preserved. The church was erected probably around the early 6th century A.D. and may have still been in use as late as the 7th century. The most important discoveries at Church B were undoubtedly the floor mosaics, which show personifications of four Biblical rivers: Euphrates, Tigris, Phison and Geon.
In 2006 archaeological excavations were begun in Hadrianoupolis in southwestern Paphlagonia by a team from the Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, under the direction of Dr Ergün LAFLI. As a result of our 2005 surveys of the area, it has been confirmed that Hadrianoupolis was indeed coincident with modern Eskipazar, with finds dating from the 1st century B.C. to the 8th century A.D. It also was determined that the core of the ancient city extended as far as the modern village of Budaklar and its surrounding districts of Hacı Ahmetler, Çaylı and Eleler, along the Eskipazar-Mengen highway for 8 km east-west and 3 km north-south. The chora of Hadrianoupolis is much more extensive in size.
The field surveys in 2005 identified the remains of at least twentyfour buildings at the site. Among them are two bath buildings of the Late Roman period, two Early Byzantine churches, a fortified structure of the Byzantine period, a possible theatre, a vaulted building, a domed building and some domestic buildings with mosaic floors. In 2006 trenches were opened to investigate two of the best preserved of these buildings: Bath Building A and Early Byzantine Church A. In 2007 “Bath A”, “Bath B”, an Early Byzantine villa, an absidial Early Byzantine building, as well as two Roman monumental rock-cut graves, were excavated.
In general, the 2006-2008 excavation campaigns have established that Hadrianoupolis was a fortified regional centre during the Late Roman and Early Byzantine period (5th-7th centuries), when it can easily be defined as a “polis” with civic buildings and a fairly large urban population, as well as an extensive agrarian rural population. Most of the visible surface remains belong to this period. In this paper concentration will be given to the situation of Hadrianoupolis after 8th cent. A.D., i.e. after the abondance of the site and therefore ceramic finds from the late 9th to late 11th/early 12th cent. A.D. will be presented in detail.

In Akamatis, I., Manoledakis, M., Nigdelis, P. and Xydopoulos, I. (eds.), Ancient Macedonia VIII, Thessaloniki (Institute for Balkan Studies) 2021, 629–49.

The present volume is a continuation of the concept to publish the whole collection of ancient Greek coins in the National museum in Cracow in the SNG series. In the current volume I present the coinage produced in the mints located in... more

The present volume is a continuation of the concept to publish the whole collection of ancient Greek coins in the National museum in Cracow in the SNG series. In the current volume I present the coinage produced in the mints located in the eastern, southern and western Black Sea coasts. In contradictioin to the volume's title I decided to also include in this publication coins struck in Dacia and Moesia Superior and Inferior as well as in Colchis.