Phytochemical Screening Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

- by
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- Antimicrobial activity, Phytochemical Screening, MIC, Enteric Pathogens
- by editor ijmrhs
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- Pharmacology, Pharmacy, Toxicology, Phytochemical Screening
- by Manish Kondawar
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- Pharmacology, Biochemistry, Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry

Keywords Alanine amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase Crataeva magna, least significant difference, phytochemical screening, silymarin. Crataeva magna (Lour.) DC belonging to family Capparaceae is a high-value medium sized deciduous medicinal tree of tropical climate found in tropical regions of the world and also grows almost all over India, especially in the semiarid regions. The present investigation is designed to conduct phytochemical screening of Crataeva magna leaves after each successive extraction with petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water followed by its hepatoprotective activity study. Three different types of models used to examine the in vivo hepatoprotective activity of the above said extract were carbon tetrachloride, ethanol and paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats and compared with silymarin (20 mg/kg) as reference standard. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and fixed oils in the aqueous extract of the Crataeva magna leaves. Two way analysis of variance study of the estimated biochemical parameters to illustrate, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine amino transferase and alkaline phosphatase were revealed that there is significant difference (p-value < 0.001) exists between the different treatment groups. Severe hepatic lesions induced by carbon tetrachloride, ethanol and paracetamol were significantly lowered after the administration of CM 200 mg/kg to the respective control groups (carbon tetrachloride > paracetamol > ethanol) which was also evident from the histopathological study of liver sections. Please cite this article in press as Seemanchala Rath, et al. Hepatoprotective activity of leaves of crataeva magna (lour.) Dc in different types of hepatotoxic rat models.

- by Arpan Mahanty
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- Phytochemical Screening, Crataeva magna,

The aim of the present work was to investigate the antioxidant
potential of different extracts of Barleria prionitis leaf and stem. The
successive extraction of individual plant part was carried out using
solvents of different polarity viz. n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol
and water. The preliminary Phytochemical screening of all the
extracts was done. The present total phenolic contents were estimated
by Folin- Ciocalteu reagent method and expressed as µg/mg of gallic
acid equivalent. The antioxidant potential and reducing power of all
the prepared extracts were measured against DPPH as compared to
standard ascorbic acid, and BHA respectively. The result data
indicated that the phenolic contents were higher in methanolic
extracts of leaf (103.51±0.38 mg/g) followed by ethyl acetate
(52.91±0.28 mg/g), aqueous extract (42.02±0.36 mg/g) and n-Hexane
(12.48±0.27 mg/g). The similar pattern in stem part was also
observed, i.e. methanolic extracts (94.37±0.18 mg/g), ethyl acetate
(44.31±0.45 mg/g), water (32.82±0.31 mg/g) and n-Hexane
(8.33±0.21 mg/g). The antioxidant capacity of methanolic extract of
both the part, i.e. leaf and stem were founded highest as IC50 values
were 63.41±0.32, 81.69±0.40 respectively. The reducing power was
also highest in the methanol extract of both parts. The result data
conclude that the higher antioxidant as well as reducing power may
be due to present phenolic contents.

- by KARTHI KEYAN
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- Pharmacology, Botany, Microbiology, Pharmacy

Background: Thioredoxin reductase is an important enzyme in
antioxidant defense and regulation of cell function, its inhibition has
cytotoxic effects.
Aim: To predict if; there is correlation between the already in vitro
cytotoxic studied Au (III) complexes & their docking studies
Material & Method: The enzyme in complex with a potential
inhibitor will be downloaded from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The
inhibitory binding site of the enzyme will be defined as the 8 A°-sphere of residues surrounding the inhibitor.
Four gold-based compounds along with cisplatin and XAN were then
docked into the defined site and their poses inside the active site were
analyzed.
Results: These compounds have already shown in vitro activity
against the Hep-2 cell line and this cytotoxicity compared with the
results generated by the computer
Conclusion: Computer aided drug design is excellent & modern tool
to correlate between the structures & inhibition properties of Au (III)
complexes.

Present study aims to evaluate antibacterial efficacy of Bakuchi (Psoralea corylifolia) seed extracts prepared in two different solvents. Antibacterial assay was performed by agar well diffusion method against Gram positive skin pathogens, like Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram negative skin pathogens, which included Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris and Escherichia coli. Bakuchi seed extract in methanol and diethyl ether exhibited broad spectrum antibacterial activity against skin pathogens, however comparatively bakuchi seed extract in methanol was found to be more promising with maximum zone of inhibition against K. pneumoniae with zone of inhibition 21mm in diameter and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 2.5mg/ml. These results confirmed the potential of the Bakuchi seed extract in the development of ayurvedic topical skin formulations.

Traditional medicine plays a vital role in social health as its knowledge is imparted generation to generation and because of its authenticity, easy availability and low cost, is used widely. In turn, conservation of plants of medicinal value is done by the society giving the plants cultural value. Teminalia catappa, one of the plants used for variety of ailments in traditional medicine. In present study, the traditional uses of T. catappa were enumerated by the survey and discussion with people especially old age ones having knowledge of traditional medicine; also from the literature survey carried out. Along with, the qualitative phytochemical screening of bark, leaves and fruits was done to get array of bioactive secondary metabolites in different solvents like methanol, ethanol and distilled water. The qualitative phytochemical screening shows the presence of tannins, phenols, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarines, steroids, resins, carbohydrates and proteins. Extractive values were also quantified to get the percentage of bioactive components in plant samples. The highest extractive value found in aqueous leaf extract (26. 664%) and lowest in aqueous bark extracts (21.884 %).

- by Mylene Uy
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- Pharmacology, Biochemistry, Pharmacy, Toxicology

Medicinal plants are important source of antibacterial compounds. These plants contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, phenolics, terpenes and volatile oils The objective of this research was to determine the chemical composition of methanolic peel extract. The phytochemical compound screened by GC-MS method. Twentyseven bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of Punica granatum. The identification of phytochemical compounds is based on the peak area, retention time molecular weight, molecular formula, MS Fragment-ions and Pharmacological actions. GC-MS analysis of Punica granatum revealed the existence of the 2H-Pyran,2,2´-[1,10-decanediylbis(oxy)]bis[tetrahydro-, 6-Oxa-bicyclo[3.1.0

Many plant species are used in the different parts of the world since ancient time to control various pathogenic bacteria. This work was designed to assess the antibacterial activities of aqueous and methanol extracts of Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens, and Capsicum chinense fruits against eight pathogenic bacterial strains. The plant extracts were assessed for the presence of large classes of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phytosterols, phenol, carbohydrate, protein, reducing sugar and capsaicin. The aqueous and methanol extracts of three varieties of capsicum fruits showed wide antibacterial activities against the different human pathogenic bacteria. From this result it is concluded that capsicum fruits may serve as natural bactericidal agents for the treatment of various infectious diseases caused by different Gram positive and Gram negative human pathogenic bacteria.

- by Dipak Paul
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- Phytochemistry, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Antimicrobials, Antibacterial agents
- by Kumara Narendra
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- Biochemistry, Microbiology, Phytochemical Screening, Antimicrobial activities

Phytochemicals are the reliable source for the treatment of health complications in Africa and specifically South Africa, which brought forward for the screening of Asparagus africanus root extracts, though this result indicated several bioactive constituents presents, such as alkaloids, carbohydrate, cardiac glycosides, protein, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and saponins contained in A. africanus roots.

In southern Benin, medicinal plants are used for the health care of children aged 0 to 12 years. The present study aims to highlight some medicinal plants used in southern Benin to treat childhood diseases including malaria, candidiasis, teething disorders, infant colic and diarrhea. The phytochemical screening of the leafy stems of the selected plants revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins (gallic and catechic), coumarins, anthocyanins and leuco-anthocyans, quinone derivatives, triterpenoids, steroids, saponosides and reducing sugars. These various metabolites possess various therapeutic properties involved in the treatment of the indicated disorders. This would confirm the therapeutic uses reported by the populations surveyed. However, the evaluation of antimalarial, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities as well as the toxicity test of the aqueous extract of these plants would be necessary.

Background: Natural antioxidants have the ability to protect organisms from damage caused by free radical-induced oxidative stress. A lot of research has been carried out worldwide for finding natural antioxidants of plant origin. The present study was aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition, total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of P. cerasoides leaves. Methods: Extracts of P. cerasoides leaves were phytochemically examined for presence of different phytochemicals by standard methods. Total phenolic content of the various extracts was determined spectrometrically using Folin-Ciocalteu method, total flavonoid content by reported method and antioxidant efficacy by following DPPH radical scavenging protocol. Results: Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, glycosides, carbohydrate, protein and amino acids in different extracts of P. cerasoides leaves. Methanol extract recorded the maximum number of chemical constituents. Presence of flavonoids and phenolic constituents were mostly found in extracts obtained with solvents of medium and high polarity. The total phenolic content (6.26±0.033 mg GAE/g of extract), total flavonoid content (3.86±0.016 mg QE/g of extract) and free radical scavenging (antioxidant) activity (IC50, 56.00±0.242 μg/ml) were highest in methanol extract. Total phenolic content had positive correlation with antioxidant capacity. Conclusions: The present study established leaves of P. cerasoides as rich sources of phenolic compounds and natural antioxidants. The study further provided scientific basis to traditional medicinal claims of the plant.

The main aim of the present study was to find out antibacterial property of Tinospora cordifolia belonging to the family Menispermaceae. Tinospora cordifolia is an important herb of tropical India in Ayurvedic system of medicines. It has been traditionally used for treatment of diabetes, jaundice, chronic diarrhOea, cancer, dermatological diseases, general debility, and asthma. Tinospora cordifolia was collected from the garden during winter and was identified by the botanical department of Maharaja Sayajirao University, Vadodara. The work was performed using ethanolic and hydromethanolic extracts of the stem. A preliminary phytochemical screening was also performed for qualitative determination of the phytoconstituents. Antibacterial assay was carried out using different strains of bacteria like Escherichia coli (MTCC No.40), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC No.87), Proteus vulgaris (MTCC No.742), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC No.424), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC No.441), Staphylococcus epid...

The objective of this the study was examine Phytochemical analysis of A. squmosa ethanolic extracts and investigating the chemical constituent's and to assess it potential antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Sudanese A. squmosa seeds oil. Using cold maceration and Soxhlet method to extract the A. squamosa seeds, where DPPH assay and paper disc diffusion assay were employed to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities respectively. The results showed that Alkaloids, Flavonoid, Carbohydrate, Saponins, Triterpene, Streol, Tannins and phenolic compounds were present in the A. squmosa seeds ethanolic extracts where GC-MS analysis detected Twenty-one components in the A. squmosa seeds oil. Five of them are major namely, Hexadecanoic acid (18.48), Heptadecanoic acid Methyl margarate (1.32%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z) (19.29%), 9-octadecenoic acid (Z) (34.01%), Methyl stearate (17.12%), Cis-11-Eicosenoic acid (1.14%) and Eicosanoic acid (3.28%.). The DPPH assay, showed moderate antioxidant potential (50 ± 0.09 compared with standard 93± 0.01; the antibacterial showed showed high inhibitory effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16mm), Bacillus subtilis (15mm), Candida albicans (15mm) moderate against Escherichia coli (13mm) and Candida albicans.

- by Ibrahim Adam
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- Pharmacology, Pharmacy, Toxicology, Phytochemical Screening
- by PRANJAL DEWANGAN
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- Pharmacology, Biochemistry, Botany, Pharmacy

Phytochemicals and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Cordia africana stem bark were evaluated. Four different solvent systems were used for extraction and the evaluation of all chemical components, antioxidant and antibacterial activities were made following established methodologies. The antioxidant activity was determined using free radical scavenging and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reduction assays. The phytochemical screening study on the methanol extracts revealed the presence of different plant constituents such as alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins terpenoids and saponins. All the extracts had significant (P<0.05) antioxidant activity. DPPH radical scavenging activity ranging from 87.76 % (90 % methanol) to 22.94 % (chloroform) and FRAP values varied between 75.42 (90 % methanol) to 31.22 mg AAE/100g (chloroform). Antibacterial activity evaluation of methanolic extract from C. africana bark was carried out using four different bacterial strains. However, the extracts tested did not show clinically relevant antibacterial activity. All crude extracts significantly inhibited oxidation. The results support the use of C. africana leaves in traditional medicine to treat several human aliments.

- by Chemistry International
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- Free Radicals, Flavonoids, Polyphenols, Solvent Effect
- by SHWETA THE CUTEST GIRL
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- Pharmacology, Biochemistry, Pharmacy, Toxicology
- by Ime Obot
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- Environmental Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Characterization, EXTRACTION

The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical activity
of ethanolic extract of aerial parts of Albizia procera Roxb.
(Benth.) belonging to the family Mimosaceae. The aerial parts
were collected and extract prepared from ethanol by hot
continuous percolation method in Soxhlet apparatus for 24 hrs and
found triterpenoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols,
phenolic compounds, saponins, tannins and flavonoids. Each
active compound shows different activities against different type
of diseases like cancer, liver disorders, diabetes, atherosclerosis
and inflammatory diseases etc. It also possesses antioxidant
properties. According to their characteristics, they can be involved
into medicinal plant category.

The strategy adopted by our research team aims at the valorisation of some plants for their importance in the economy Moroccan and their uncertain use. Genista quadriflora (G.Q.), one of those plants that has not been investigated before, is a species of the Fabaceae family of widely used in traditional medicine for its therapeutic properties essentially attributable to natural bioactive compounds. In the present work, in order to optimize the future use of G.Q., extracts were prepared from this plant: one aqueous and the other using organic solvents of increasing polarity: petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The yields of dry raw organic extracts are of the order of 0.12%, 2.15%, 7.52 and 18.41 respectively. Preliminary tests and chromatographic analysis (TLC) identify different bioactive molecules. The quantitative determination of total phenols, condensed tannins and flavonoids by the colorimetric method showed that the extracts are rich in these compounds.

- by European Scientific Journal ESJ
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- Biochemistry, Flavonoids, Polyphenols, Phytochemical Screening

According to a recent report nearly 42 per cent Indian kids are
malnourished and stunted. The aim of our project was to develop
nutraceutical products using alfalfa as one of the components to
overcome undernourishment particularly among women and
children. The seeds of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) contain more
nutritional property when compared with other leguminous seeds. It
contains 18.9% of protein when compared with egg (13.1%), milk
(3.3%) and beef (16.5%). This paper reports the investigation results
of phytochemical analysis of alfalfa seed extracts using the procedure
of Sadasivam and Manickam (2009). The presence of proteins,
carbohydrates, saponins, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids
etc. was observed in sprouted alfalfa seeds extracted by solvents such
as ethanol, petroleum and chloroform. The presences of proteins,
carbohydrates, saponins, alkaloids etc were confirmed by the present
investigation. Thus the cost effective nutraceutical product containing
alfalfa along with other cereals and pulses would serve the humanity
to fight undernourishment in an easy and economical way.

Context: Azadirachta indica has long been used in herbal or folk medicine as a remedy for the treatment of malaria and the administration of herbal preparations has raised concerns on their toxicity. Aims: To determine the phytochemical content of A. indica and its therapeutic effect on indices of clinical importance in malaria-induced male Wistar rats. Methods: Plant material was extracted with ethanol, and the lethal dose (LD50) on the rats was determined before the study. Normal and Plasmodium berghei infected rats were divided into eight groups of five rats each with groups 1 and 2 serving as normal and disease control respectively. Lumartem was administered twice daily at oral therapeutic doses of artemether/lumefantrine (2/12 mg/kg) and plant extract at 300 and 500 mg/kg body weight. After 5 days of treatment, all the animals were sacrificed according to their groups for the experimental analysis. Results: The plant extract was considered safe with LD50 > 5000 mg/kg body weight. Quantitative phytochemical studies showed a high concentration of alkaloids, tannin, and terpenoids. Treatment with both extracts of A. indica and lumartem in malaria-infected rats showed a slight reduction in triglycerides while total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL levels increased significantly (p < 0.05). Increase in body weight of rats treated with A. indica was dependent on the concentration of extract administered. Treatment of malaria with the extract and lumartem resulted in a slight restoration of the hematological values. Conclusions: This study shows that both Azadirachta indica and lumartem was practically safe and well tolerated.

- by Gabino Garrido
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- Medicinal Chemistry, Traditional Medicine, Medicinal Plants, Plasmodium

Phytochemical screening (saponins, tannins, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and glycosides) of four medicinal plant seeds (Jatropha curcas, Simmondsia chinensis (Jojoba), Moringa oleifera and Datura metel) extracted by aqueous, ethanol and Folch solvents, were examined for their antimicrobial activity against three types of plant pathogenic fungi namely; Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani, in addition to four types of bacteria, namely; Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Ralstonia solanacearum and Pesudomonas aeruginosa using disc diffusion paper. Results revealed that different concentrations of aqueous extracts were more effective against bacterial activity compared to fungal activity, except for D. metel aqueous extract which showed no antifungal effect and very weak effect on only two of the tested bacteria. B. cereus was more sensitive to J. curcas aqueous extract, while P. aeruginosa was more sensitive to S. chinensis and M. oleifera aqueous extracts. On the other hand, results showed that J. curcas and M. oleifera ethanol extracts were more effective on Staph. aureus growth, while S. chinensis and D. metel did not have any effect on any of the fungi or bacteria under study. The evaluation of the antifungal and antibacterial effect did not confirm the broad spectrum of S. chinensis Folch extract, while M. oleifera and D. metel were more effective on reducing R. solani growth. Also F. oxysporum was affected by J. curcas Folch extract only at high concentrations. These findings support that the traditional use of the plant extracts in the treatment of different infections caused by pathogenic microbes is valuable and should be taken in consideration.

Leaves of an endemic plant Glyptopetalum calocarpum are used by Nicobarese tribes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India, to prepare traditional medicine for treating fever. In the present investigation, pharmacologically active compounds were isolated from this plant and their antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated against the leptospiral strains. The anti-leptospiral activity of six plant-derived compounds was determined by both microdilution and macrodilution methods. Two out of six compounds, namely lupenone and stigmasterol, showed anti-leptospiral activity. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the two compounds tested against pathogenic leptospiral strains belonging to 10 serovars were in the range of 100–200 μg/mL. The range of minimum bactericidal concentrations was 400–800 μg/mL. Compounds lupenone, stigmasterol, lupeol, β-amyrin and β-amyrin acetate had negligible or no haemolytic activity, exhibiting IC50 values of greater than 5 mg/mL. Further in vivo studies are needed to investigate the pharmacological and toxicological properties of G. calocarpum before it can be considered as a new anti-leptospiral agent.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the toxicological and
biochemical effects of administration of ethanolic fruit extract of
Adenopus breviflorus (EEAB) on some liver and kidney parameters
of albino rats. Phytochemical screening was carried out on the fruit of
A. breviflorus sample. The effect of the extract on the histology of the
liver tissues was also investigated. Thirty (30) male albino rats were
randomly divided into 5 groups (n=6) rats each. Group 1 served as
the control and was administered 2mL distilled water. The remaining
groups received 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg/kg/ b.w.t/day of
EEAB respectively orally over a period of 56 days. The animals
were sacrificed twenty four hours after administration on the fifty
sixth day. Liver and blood samples were collected and biochemical
indices such as alanine transaminase-ALT, aspartate transaminaseAST, alkaline phosphatase-ALP, urea, creatinine, total bilirubin, total
protein, albumin and globulin assays were determined in the serum
using standard techniques. Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA
and the level of significance was at P=0.05. The extract significantly
increased (P=0.05) the serum levels of urea, creatinine, and total
bilirubin in all the treatment groups when compared to the control in
dose-dependent manner except in animals administered 500mg/kg/
b.w.t of EEAB. Similar results were observed for serum activity of
ALP, ALT, and AST. However, a significant decreased was observed
in the serum level of albumin, globulin, and total protein in all treated
groups except in group 2 animals. Phytochemical studies revealed the
presence of saponins (triterpenoids). The LD50 of the ethanolic extract was determined to be above 5000mg/kg BW. Routine H
and E histological study revealed features of hepatotoxicity. The
study suggests that ethanolic extract of A. breviflorus predisposes
the animals to adverse effects and it was therefore concluded that
the extract could be safe at the tested dosage of 500mg/kg body
weight but hepatotoxic at higher doses.

Eco-Friendly green synthesis of nanoparticles is a fast-growing area of research in nanotechnology. This study aims to synthesize Aloe vera mediated silver nanoparticles (AV-AgNPs) and evaluates in-vitro and in-vivo antioxidant potentials. Also examines the phytochemical screening of aqueous Aloe vera leaves extract (AVLE). The AV-AgNPs were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. However, the phytochemical screening of AVLE was performed by standard protocols. In-vitro antioxidant activities were determined through lipid peroxidation inhibition, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), and reducing power assays. Whereas, in-vivo antioxidant activities were studied in rats (180-220g b.w), received AV-AgNPs (10 mg/kg b.w) via oral gavage for 28 days. After euthanization of rats, blood and kidneys were collected and used for biochemical (urea, creatinine) and antioxidant (MDA, SOD, CAT, and GSH) investigations. Results showed the maximum absorption of AV-AgNPs at 400 nm and 20-24 nm particle size with spherical morphology. Whereas, flavonoid, glycosides, phenols, saponin, tannins, and terpenoids phytochemicals were present in AVLE. Both in-vitro and in-vivo studies exhibited the significant potentials of AV-AgNPs as an antioxidant and free radical scavengers thus it could be proposed for many biomedical and environmental applications such as for drug encapsulation or purification of water.

- by Qudsia Begum
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- Silver Nanoparticles, Antioxidant, Phytochemical Screening, DPPH

The aim of this study was to probe the phytochemical constituents and the antimicrobial activities of Afzelia africana and Detarium microcarpum seed endosperms. The results obtained from the phytochemical screening indicated that tannins, flavonoids, fatty acids, phenol, steroids, saponins and alkaloids were present. The seed extracts were tested against eight pathogenic organisms comprising of two Gram positive and two Gram negative bacteria; two fungi and two viruses using Agar and Disc diffusion methods. The plant extracts exhibited antimicrobial activities against all the tested organisms. This investigation therefore, suggests the incorporation of Afzelia africana and Detarium microcarpum seeds into human diets as they are rich in medicinal agents that could trigger great physiological effects. It also authenticates their use as soup thickeners in eastern Nigeria and in the production of snacks.

Phytochemical and biological screening is necessary for the isolation of functional groups which lead to the discovery of new active compounds. In the present work, the crude aqueous extract of Daucus carota were tested for phytochemical screening and HPLC analysis which indicated the presence of various class of bioactive secondary metabolite such as terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and glycosides. HPLC analysis was performed to quantify the ÃŽÂ²-carotene content in pulp and aerial extract of Daucus carota.

The phytochemical analysis, elemental analysis, antimicrobial activities and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Cassia arereh
Del. were carried out. Phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of several bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, saponins, glycosides, tannins, carbohydrates and terpenes. Elemental analysis revealed the presence of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), Manganese (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn). Manganese was present at a higher concentration (11.50 µg/g) followed by Zinc (3.35 µg/g). Antimicrobial studies showed that the ethanolic extract had considerable inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogen, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentery and Eschenchia coli. Ethanolic extract had higher zone of inhibition (32 mm) against salmonella typhi at (0.5 µg/ml) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 8x 10 2 µg/ml. The MIC ranges from 4 x 10 2 µg/ml to 5 x 10 4
µg/ml for other bacteria.

- by Michael Afolayan
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- Elemental analysis, Phytochemical Screening

The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity and phytochemical analysis of the leaves extracts of Melia azedarach L. The phytochemical screening was carried on the leaves extracts of Melia azedarach, revealed the presence of some active ingredients such as Alkaloids, Tannins, Saponins, Phenols, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids and flavonoids. The ethanolic leaves extract were also evaluated for their total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging assay. The result of the present study showed that the ethanolic leaves extract of Melia azedarach. which contains highest amount of phenolic compounds exhibited the greatest anti-oxidant activity than petroleum ether and aqueous extracts. The high scavenging property of may be due to hydroxyl groups existing in the phenolic compounds.

- by Rasheed Ahemad
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- Pharmacology, Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy
- by Jikasmita Dalei and +1
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- Pharmacology, Pharmacy, Organic Solvents, Dpph antioxidant assay

To establish the fingerprint profile of Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Fleming) Karsten from the high altitude area of the western Himalaya using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique. Dried and powdered plant material of S. chirayita was successively extracted with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol in the order of increasing polarity. The extracts so obtained were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening and based on the presence and/or absence of phytochemical constituents HPTLC fingerprinting analysis of ethyl acetate and methanol extract were carried out using CAMAG HPTLC system. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, tannins, saponins and lipids in various extracts. Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts contained the maximum number of phytochemicals. HPTLC phytochemical fingerprinting led to the detection of altogether 21 compounds in ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. However, greater numbers of compounds were detected in methanol extracts as compared to ethyl acetate extract. The chromatographic fingerprinting revealed the presence and variation in the phytochemical constituents with change in the polarity of the solvents. Further studies are required for the quantification of the compounds in various extracts and evaluation of their medicinal activities.

- by Arpan Mahanty
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- Pharmacology, Biochemistry, Pharmacy, Toxicology
- by Mounyr Balouiri
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- Traditional Medicine, Flavonoids, Phytochemical Screening

Shade dried flowers of Plumeria rubra f. rubra and Plumeria
rubra f. lutea were subjected to successive solvent extraction by
soxhlation using n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and
methanol. The extracts were subjected to preliminary
phytochemical screening using standard procedures and the data
obtained from the flowers of both the species was comparatively
evaluated. The methanolic extracts, rich in phytochemical
constituents, were screened for analgesic activity (acetic acidinduced
writhing & tail immersion methods) using diclofenac
(10mg/kg b.w) as standard and antipyretic activity (brewer’s
yeast-induced pyrexia test) using paracetamol (100mg/kg; p.o.) as
standard at dose levels of 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w. Oral
administration of methanolic extracts of Plumeria rubra f. rubra
and Plumeria rubra f. lutea (MEPR & MEPL) produced
significant reduction in number of writhes induced by acetic-acid.
Moreover, in tail immersion, MEPR & MEPL significantly raised
the pain threshold at different time intervals, in comparison with
control. There was a significant dose-dependent inhibition in both
the methods. In antipyretic activity, MEPR & MEPL significantly
reduced hyperthermia at either dose levels. The results obtained in
all the animal models were highly significant and comparable to
that of standard drugs. Hence, from the above findings, it can be
concluded that Plumeria rubra possesses potent analgesic and
moderate antipyretic properties. However the methanolic extract
of flowers of Plumeria rubra f. rubra was found to be more potent
than that of Plumeria rubra f. lutea flower extract.

Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. is a medium sized tree belonging to the
family Dilleniaceae. It is commonly known as Kaihzawl in Mizoram.
Traditionally, a decoction prepared by boiling the bark of Dillenia
pentagyna Roxb. is used for various stomach ailments and
inflammatory diseases. Preliminary phytochemical screening and
evaluation of in-vitro antioxidant activity were carried on the
methanolic extract obtained from the bark of Dillenia pentagyna
Roxb. The presence of flavanoids, triterpenoids, tannins, alkaloids,
glycosides, steroids and carbohydrates was indicated by the tests
conducted. The in-vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated using
DPPH radical scavenging activity, Reducing power, Hydroxyl radical
scavenging activity and determination of total phenolic and
flavanoids content. Ascorbic acid, BHA, Gallic acid and Quercetin
were used as reference standards. The methanolic extract of the plant
shows strong antioxidant activity camparable to that of the reference
standards.