Phytochemical charecterization Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

- by
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- Pharmacology, Microbiology, Pharmacy, Ethnobotany

Two new triterpene glycosides were isolated and identified from the leaves and roots of Polyscias fruticosa. The structures of the isolated saponins were established by means of chemical, spectral and chromatographic techniques. The in vitro and the in vivo immuno-stimulant activity studies showed that both the compounds produced significant immuno-stimulation compared to the crude drug extracts.

ABSTRACT Soursop (Annona muricata) which belongs to the family of Annonaceae is an evergreen tree species used as traditional medicines. Extracts and metabolites from... more

ABSTRACT
Soursop (Annona muricata) which belongs to the family of Annonaceae is an evergreen tree species used as traditional medicines. Extracts and metabolites from this plant exhibit pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, anthelmintic, antibacterial, and free radical scavenging activity. Beside medicinal uses, this plant has high economic value due to its edible and nutritive fruit, leaves, bark and provides substantial livelihood support to local inhabitants. A wide range of chemical compounds including;
Alkaloids(acetogenins), lipids, isoquinoline, lactones, Annomuricatina (protein), Bullatacin, Muricoreacinetc. have been isolated from this species. The present review summarizes the information concerning the traditional uses, phytochemistry and biological activity of Annonaceous acetogenins.

Present study aims to evaluate antibacterial efficacy of Bakuchi (Psoralea corylifolia) seed extracts prepared in two different solvents. Antibacterial assay was performed by agar well diffusion method against Gram positive skin pathogens, like Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram negative skin pathogens, which included Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris and Escherichia coli. Bakuchi seed extract in methanol and diethyl ether exhibited broad spectrum antibacterial activity against skin pathogens, however comparatively bakuchi seed extract in methanol was found to be more promising with maximum zone of inhibition against K. pneumoniae with zone of inhibition 21mm in diameter and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 2.5mg/ml. These results confirmed the potential of the Bakuchi seed extract in the development of ayurvedic topical skin formulations.

Physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation of the leaves of Callicarpa macrophylla was carried out. Physicochemical values such as moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash and water soluble ash were determined as 73.8, 2.6, 1.5 and 0.4 % respectively. Extractive values were also determined and the percentage yield of petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and aqueous extracts were 0.8, 2.6, 3.4 and 9.20% respectively. Phytochemical screening of different extracts showed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids and steroids in petroleum ether extract; flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and glycosides in chloroform extract; flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, glycosides and saponins in methanol extract and flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, glycosides and saponins in aqueous extracts. The study provides the phytochemical basis of various pharmacological activities of the plant.

Many plant species are used in the different parts of the world since ancient time to control various pathogenic bacteria. This work was designed to assess the antibacterial activities of aqueous and methanol extracts of Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens, and Capsicum chinense fruits against eight pathogenic bacterial strains. The plant extracts were assessed for the presence of large classes of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phytosterols, phenol, carbohydrate, protein, reducing sugar and capsaicin. The aqueous and methanol extracts of three varieties of capsicum fruits showed wide antibacterial activities against the different human pathogenic bacteria. From this result it is concluded that capsicum fruits may serve as natural bactericidal agents for the treatment of various infectious diseases caused by different Gram positive and Gram negative human pathogenic bacteria.

- by Dipak Paul
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- Phytochemistry, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Antimicrobials, Antibacterial agents

Objective: The tremendous increase in the use of medicinal plants warrants the quality control studies of herbal preparations to produce safe and
efficacious herbal products. Hence, in this study, efforts were made to develop botanical and chemical standards for Terminalia catappa L. fruits and
wood.
Methods: Organoleptic, macroscopic, and powder microscopic standards were developed. Moisture content, ash values, and extractive values were
determined.
Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of certain important phytochemical constituents. Fluorescence analysis revealed
the presence of chromophores. Using standard procedures, primary and secondary metabolites, vitamins and elements were estimated.
Conclusions: The selected plant sources were found to be devoid of heavy metal contamination. High performance thin layer chromatography
chromatogram revealed the presence of gallic acid. The data of the results obtained could find use in deciding the genuineness and quality of the plant
drugs.
Keywords: Botanical, Chemical, Standardization, Terminalia catappa L.

- by Dr.P. Venkatalakshmi
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- Phytochemical charecterization

Black goji berry (Lycium ruthenicum) or black wolfberry is a nutritious fruit that contains a higher anthocyanin content compared to other berries such as blackberry and blueberry. The special quality of black goji berry anthocyanins is that they are acylated anthocyanins that are known to be more stable than nonacylated anthocyanins. Petunidin-derived monoacylated anthocyanins are the most abundant in black goji berry. Black goji berry anthocyanins show a variety of colors in a range of pH values, and their stability depends on the pH. Acidified solvent or water is commonly used to extract anthocyanins from black goji berries. Black goji berry anthocyanins deliver many health benefits such as antioxidant, antilipidemic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Black goji berry anthocyanins, therefore, have good potential application in functional foods. This paper reviews the composition, stability, extraction techniques, health benefits, and current and potential applications of black goji berry anthocyanins in the food industry.

Bombax ceiba Linn. belonging to family Bombacaceae is a large, beautiful deciduous tree found throughout India. According to Ayurveda it has stimulant, astringement, haemostatic aphrodisiac, diuretic, antidiarrheal, cardiotonic, emetic, demulcent, antidysenteric, al ternative and antipyretic properties 1. The roots of the plant also possess a number of medicinal properties. However there is a lack of data corresponding to the standardization and phytochemical profile of roots of the plant. Therefore the parameters related to physico-chemical properties like extractive values, ash values, loss on drying have been evaluated and were analysed as per WHO guidelines. Preliminary phytochemical screening was performed using standard chemical reagents. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the alcoholic extract extract validate d the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, sterols, phenolics and tannins, saponins, flavonoids and amino acidsThe presence of different phytochem ical constituents were confirmed by performing TLC and HPTLC screening. TLC and HPTLC analysis revealed the presence of various phyto-constituents along with flavonoids, steroids and amino acids. HPTLC analysis revealed the presence of Quercetin, Kaempferol, Cholesterol a nd Glutamic acid. Detection was done under 254 and 366 nm. The data generated may be used as a diagnostic feature to ascertain the authenticity and quality of the crude drug.

- by saj o p
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- Phytochemical charecterization

The main aim of the present study was to find out antibacterial property of Tinospora cordifolia belonging to the family Menispermaceae. Tinospora cordifolia is an important herb of tropical India in Ayurvedic system of medicines. It has been traditionally used for treatment of diabetes, jaundice, chronic diarrhOea, cancer, dermatological diseases, general debility, and asthma. Tinospora cordifolia was collected from the garden during winter and was identified by the botanical department of Maharaja Sayajirao University, Vadodara. The work was performed using ethanolic and hydromethanolic extracts of the stem. A preliminary phytochemical screening was also performed for qualitative determination of the phytoconstituents. Antibacterial assay was carried out using different strains of bacteria like Escherichia coli (MTCC No.40), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC No.87), Proteus vulgaris (MTCC No.742), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC No.424), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC No.441), Staphylococcus epid...

India is well known for its rich biological diversity. It is endowed with the rich wealth of flora and fauna. Many plants contain medicinal properties, which helps to cure the diseases which have a severe impact on mankind. Nearly, 3000 medicinal plants were recognized commercially in India. In the present study, the phytochemical properties and the medicinal values of important 2 plants and 3 trees available in India are compared. The significant presence of compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, glycosides etc present in various sources of aqueous and methanolic extracts like Boerhaavia diffusa, Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica and, Withania sominifera were found by phytochemical screening, which accounts for its various medicinal properties.

- by Praveen Kumar and +1
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- Phytochemical charecterization

The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical activity
of ethanolic extract of aerial parts of Albizia procera Roxb.
(Benth.) belonging to the family Mimosaceae. The aerial parts
were collected and extract prepared from ethanol by hot
continuous percolation method in Soxhlet apparatus for 24 hrs and
found triterpenoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols,
phenolic compounds, saponins, tannins and flavonoids. Each
active compound shows different activities against different type
of diseases like cancer, liver disorders, diabetes, atherosclerosis
and inflammatory diseases etc. It also possesses antioxidant
properties. According to their characteristics, they can be involved
into medicinal plant category.

Various flower extracts (Chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and water) of Bougainvillea spectabilis
were screened for their phytochemical constituents and also investigated for their antimicrobial
activities. Phytochemical screening of flower extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoides,
phlobatannins and terpenoids. Steroids, phenol, tannins, cardinolides and volatile oils were absent in
all the extracts. All flower extracts of B. spectabilis inhibited the growth of few of the bacterial and
fungal strains tested with varied effectiveness. The maximum antibacterial activities were observed in
ethanol and water extracts. The maximum antifungal activities were observed in chloroform and
ethanol extracts. Thus the bioactive natural products in flower extracts of Bougainvillea spectabilis
can be used in the development of new pharmaceuticals that address unmet therapeutic use.
Keywords: Antimicrobial, phytochemical screening, Bougainvillea spectabilis , medicinal plant.

- by Vijay Rayasam
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- Phytochemical charecterization, Antimicrobial activity

Objectives: To investigate the phytoconstituents of D. scandens and
evaluate its activity against potential wound pathogens to validate its
uses.
Materials and methods: Antibacterial and antifungal activity of the
root extracts against bacterial strains and one clinically important
yeast strain was assessed using the agar diffusion assay, minimum
inhibitory concentration studies and their effect was compared with
some standard antibiotics. The presence of major phytoconstituents
was detected qualitatively and quantitatively.
Results: Aqueous ethanol and crude alkaloid extracts showed
maximum inhibition of 37.5% and 33.13% and a minimum inhibitory
concentration of 100 µg/ml and < 10 µg/ml against Streptococcus
mutans and Proteus mirabilis, respectively. Most of the test
pathogens, except P. mirabilis, were found to be susceptible to the
two standard antibacterial and two standard antifungal drugs assayed.
The phytochemicals detected included alkaloids, cardiac glycosides,
tannins and terpenoids. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence
of ~ 5% alkaloids.
Conclusion: The results indicated that the D. scandens possesses
potential broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and the
phytochemicals detected correlate well with the ethnomedicinal uses
and hence require detailed phytochemical investigation for potential
pharmaceutical applications.

Hibiscus sabdariffa is medicinal and food plant rich in phytochemical compounds which are the source of its biological properties. The present work was conducted in objective to identify the anthocyanins which are medicinally important compounds by the methodes such as CPC and HPLC. The results showed that four Hibiscus anthocyanins were isolated and identified from petals and calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa. It is cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside, delphinidin 3-O-sambubioside cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and delphinidin 3-O-glucoside with cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside and delphinidin 3-O-sambubioside as the major compounds of the petal of this plant. The presence of these phytochemical compounds justifies its uses in folkloric medicines. 1. Introduction In recent times, focus on plant research has increased all over the world and a large body of evidence has collected to show immense potentials of medicinal plants used in various traditional systems. Various medicinal plants have been studied using modern scientific approaches. Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacognosy, the basis of useful knowledge on plants in their relationship with traditional or popular therapeutic uses, constitute a guide for chemical, pharmacological and physiological studies that allow the establishment of a scientific foundation for supposed therapeutic properties. The results from these plants have revealed the potentials of medicinal plants in the area of pharmacology [1-4]. Hibiscus sabdariffa L., a member of the Malvaceae family, is an annual dicotyledonous herbaceous shrub popularly known as roselle (English), l'oiselle (French), karkade (Arabic) and bissap (Wolof). This plant is well known in Asia and Africa and is commonly used to make jellies, jams and beverages. In Côte d'Ivoire, it is a highly source of vegetable food. Indeed, young leaves and stems are eaten raw or cooked in salads, and as a seasoning in curries. The dried petals are used in the preparation of local nonalcoholic cold beverage and as a hot drink highly appreciated in Côte d'Ivoire. This nonalcoholic drink called bissap prepared from the red petals is popular and highly appreciated by population in most of the West African countries [5]. In folk medicine, it has been used to treat hypertension [6] , inflammatory disease [7] and cancer [8]. The flowers of Hibiscus sabdariffa contain anthocyanins, flavonoids and polyphenols [9]. Studies have highlighted the role of polyphenolic acid, flavonoids and anthocyanins that may act as antioxidants or have other mechanisms contributing to the cardio protective actions [10]. Anthocyanins are members of the flavonoid group of phytochemicals that are widely distributed in nature, which are responsible for the attractive colors of many flowers, fruits, grains and related products derived from them [11]. Anthocyanins are water-soluble glycosides and acylglycosides of anthocyanidins, and they are found in the form of polyhydroxylated and or methoxylated heterosides which derive from the flavylium ion or 2-phenylbenzopyrilium in nature [12]. Six anthocyanidins are widespread in fruits and vegetables, which are cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, peonidin and petunidin [13]. These compounds are based on the same 2-phenylbenzopyrilium (flavylium) skeleton hydroxylated in 3, 5, and 7 positions and different in the number and position of hydroxyl and methoxyl groups in the Bring [14]. Anthocyanins are valuable as kinds of important quality indicators in foods and chemotaxonomic indicators in plants. The roles of anthocyanin pigments as medicinal agents have been well-accepted dogma in folk medicine throughout the world, and, in fact, these pigments are linked to an amazingly broad-based range of health benefits. Recent research has shown that anthocyanins have numerous health beneficial properties, which include antioxidant [5, 15] , anticarcinogenic [16, 17] , antimicrobial [18] , anti-inflammatory [19] ,

According to a recent report nearly 42 per cent Indian kids are
malnourished and stunted. The aim of our project was to develop
nutraceutical products using alfalfa as one of the components to
overcome undernourishment particularly among women and
children. The seeds of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) contain more
nutritional property when compared with other leguminous seeds. It
contains 18.9% of protein when compared with egg (13.1%), milk
(3.3%) and beef (16.5%). This paper reports the investigation results
of phytochemical analysis of alfalfa seed extracts using the procedure
of Sadasivam and Manickam (2009). The presence of proteins,
carbohydrates, saponins, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids
etc. was observed in sprouted alfalfa seeds extracted by solvents such
as ethanol, petroleum and chloroform. The presences of proteins,
carbohydrates, saponins, alkaloids etc were confirmed by the present
investigation. Thus the cost effective nutraceutical product containing
alfalfa along with other cereals and pulses would serve the humanity
to fight undernourishment in an easy and economical way.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate phytochemicals, antimicrobial and α-glucosidase inhibition effects of Rubus ellipticus.

Background: Folk medicine has taken an important place especially in developing countries where limited health services are available. However, the absence of scientific evaluation of medicinal plants may cause serious adverse effects. Objective: To analyze the phytochemical composition of the ethanolic extracts of leaves of Annona muricata using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Materials and methods: GC-MS Analysis was used. Results: The GC-MS Analysis revealed 25 constituents of which 12 of the compounds were identified. The major constituents were two unidentified compounds with percentage peak areas of 23.51% and 16.8%. Of the identified compounds, the outstanding in composition were 7-Tetradecenal, (Z) (peak area 9.39%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (peak area 7.12%), Oleyl Alcohol (peak area 6.15%), Phytol (peak area 5.61%), cis, cis, cis-7,10,13-Hexadecatrienal (peak area 4.26%), 2-Pentadecanol (peak area 3.93%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, ethyl ester (peak area 3.21%), 1...

- by chizaram ogbuji
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- Natural Products, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Plant Biology, Biology

Context: Azadirachta indica has long been used in herbal or folk medicine as a remedy for the treatment of malaria and the administration of herbal preparations has raised concerns on their toxicity. Aims: To determine the phytochemical content of A. indica and its therapeutic effect on indices of clinical importance in malaria-induced male Wistar rats. Methods: Plant material was extracted with ethanol, and the lethal dose (LD50) on the rats was determined before the study. Normal and Plasmodium berghei infected rats were divided into eight groups of five rats each with groups 1 and 2 serving as normal and disease control respectively. Lumartem was administered twice daily at oral therapeutic doses of artemether/lumefantrine (2/12 mg/kg) and plant extract at 300 and 500 mg/kg body weight. After 5 days of treatment, all the animals were sacrificed according to their groups for the experimental analysis. Results: The plant extract was considered safe with LD50 > 5000 mg/kg body weight. Quantitative phytochemical studies showed a high concentration of alkaloids, tannin, and terpenoids. Treatment with both extracts of A. indica and lumartem in malaria-infected rats showed a slight reduction in triglycerides while total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL levels increased significantly (p < 0.05). Increase in body weight of rats treated with A. indica was dependent on the concentration of extract administered. Treatment of malaria with the extract and lumartem resulted in a slight restoration of the hematological values. Conclusions: This study shows that both Azadirachta indica and lumartem was practically safe and well tolerated.

- by Gabino Garrido
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- Medicinal Chemistry, Traditional Medicine, Medicinal Plants, Plasmodium

Background: Himalayan plants are widely used in traditional system of medicine both as prophylactics and therapeutics for high altitude maladies. Our aim was to evaluate the antioxidant capacities and bioactive compounds of methanol and n-hexane extracts of the phytococktail comprising of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), apricot (Prunus armeniaca) and roseroot (Rhodiola imbricata) from trans-Himalaya.

Cadaba indica Lam (Indian Cadaba), an Indian traditional medicinal plant has been used for various diseases. The cold macerated methanolic leaf extract of Cadaba indica was assessed using Agilent GC 7890A gas chromatography connected with an MS-5975C mass spectrometer and the mass spectra were matched with NIST 14.0data library. Several chemical constituents were identified within 28 min of the entire GC-MS analysis. The GC chromatogram shows that presence of most abundant linolenic acids and its esters such as Hexa-decanoic acid, methyl ester, n-hexadecanoic acid,

- by Thirumalai Ellayavilli
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- Pharmacology, Phytopharmacology, Siddha Medicine, Herbal Medicine

Aim: This research was designed to evaluate the effects of different levels of three mutagens on two pepper varieties with a vision of choosing mutants with high values in biochemical contents that may possibly be valuable in breeding improved varieties of the plant. Methods: Seeds of pepper were exposed to varying doses of gamma rays 60 Co (50, 100, 150, and 200Gy), X-ray doses (40, 60, 80, and 100KV) and sodium azide (0.01, 0.02, 0.03 and 0.04%). The treated seeds and the controls were grown in the Botanic Garden of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka using a Completely Randomized Design. Results: The result showed that vitamin C and β-carotene ranged from 5.89-26.88 and 2.62-11.35 mg/100 g, Fe and Ca (14.70 and 13.78 mg/100 g) were highest in Shombo at 100Gy. Values ranging from 0.36-2.00 and 3.96-18.82 mg/100 g were recorded for flavonoid and alkaloid content across all treatment combinations. The result also revealed that at 100Kv and 150Gy, ash Original Research Article Abu et al.; ARRB, 33(2): 1-13, 2019; Article no.ARRB.51702 2 content increased in both varieties. The highest protein concentration of 9.57% was recorded at 100Kv of X-ray in Shombo and 6.96% at 150Gy of gamma irradiation in Tatase variety. Principal component analysis explained extracted five principal axis which accounted for the variability of 72.54%. Conclusion: This study reveals that biochemical content in pepper could be improved with exposure to mutagens especially gamma irradiation.

- by eugene ojua and +1
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- Food and Nutrition, Pepper, Nutrient Management, Phytochemical charecterization

Background: Folk medicine has taken an important place especially in developing countries where limited health services are available. However, the absence of scientific evaluation of medicinal plants may cause serious adverse effects. Objective: To analyze the phytochemical composition of the ethanolic extracts of leaves of Annona muricata using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Materials and methods: GC-MS Analysis was used. Results: The GC-MS Analysis revealed 25 constituents of which 12 of the compounds were identified. The major constituents were
two unidentified compounds with percentage peak areas of 23.51% and 16.8%. Of the identified compounds, the outstanding in composition were 7-Tetradecenal, (Z) (peak area 9.39%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (peak area 7.12%), Oleyl Alcohol (peak area 6.15%), Phytol (peak area 5.61%), cis, cis, cis-7,10,13-Hexadecatrienal (peak area 4.26%), 2-Pentadecanol (peak area 3.93%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, ethyl ester (peak area 3.21%), 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl octyl ester (peak area 2.67%), and 1,E-11,Z-13-Octadecatriene (peak area 2.15%), while the rest had less than 2% composition by peak area. Conclusion: The current study suggests that ethanolic extracts of leaves of Annona muricata are a potent therapeutic agent and paves the way for the development of several treatment regimens based on compounds from this extract.

Leaves of an endemic plant Glyptopetalum calocarpum are used by Nicobarese tribes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India, to prepare traditional medicine for treating fever. In the present investigation, pharmacologically active compounds were isolated from this plant and their antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated against the leptospiral strains. The anti-leptospiral activity of six plant-derived compounds was determined by both microdilution and macrodilution methods. Two out of six compounds, namely lupenone and stigmasterol, showed anti-leptospiral activity. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the two compounds tested against pathogenic leptospiral strains belonging to 10 serovars were in the range of 100–200 μg/mL. The range of minimum bactericidal concentrations was 400–800 μg/mL. Compounds lupenone, stigmasterol, lupeol, β-amyrin and β-amyrin acetate had negligible or no haemolytic activity, exhibiting IC50 values of greater than 5 mg/mL. Further in vivo studies are needed to investigate the pharmacological and toxicological properties of G. calocarpum before it can be considered as a new anti-leptospiral agent.

Epipremnum aureum (Linden and Andre) Bunting is rich in phytoconstituents and serves as a potential source of compounds possessing beneficial biological activities. Present study was carried out to determine the antitermite effect of chloroform extract of E. aureum leaf sample and characterize the bioactives present using Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). Chloroform extract of E. aureum showed moderate termiticidal activity which slightly increased with time in the range of 19.33 % to 24.33 % with respect to control. The extract was examined under visible and UV light for proximate analysis. FTIR was performed to identify the functional groups of bioactives and confirmed the presence of alkanes, alkenes, alkyl halides, aromatics, nitro compounds and amines in present leaf extract. GC-MS provided different peaks for the presence of seventeen phytochemical compounds. The major phytoconstituents were Hexadecanoic acid (10.82%), Pentadecanoic acid (26.23%), Z-5-nonadecene (10.05%), Linolenic acid (22.80%), 1-heneicosanol (5.18%), 2-Tert-butyl-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) phenol (8.46%) with other minor constituents. The results of GC-MS supports the peaks obtained in FTIR analysis may be the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, carboxylic acids, esters and alkanes in the crude extract. Six compounds were found to have biological activities like antitumor, antimicrobial, antioxidant, nematicide and cytotoxic effect based on Dr. Duke's phytochemical and ethnobotanical databases. Thus it could be concluded that presence of these bioactives contribute in the termiticidal effect of the plant. This study offers base for using E. aureum as herbal alternative for termites control with further investigations.

- by Anju Meshram
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- Pest Management, Mass Spectrometry, Plant biotechnology, Plant Secondary Metabolites

Cancer presently exists as the major pathological state in developed and emergent nations equally which is characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells and is fatal. People prefer anticancer plant products to treat cancer due to the increased mortality related to undetected growth in addition to its toxic reactions to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In recent years, eastern medicine provided a profitable substitute for allopathic medicine against cancer. There have been considerable researches on plants for treating cancer, and many of the plant products have been sold as anticancer medicine, depending on the conventional uses and experimental reports. The anticancer property of medicinal plants is due to their antioxidant activity which has been described in many reports. Thus, after isolation (by using chromatographic and crystallization techniques) and identification using LCMS spectra, IR, and NMR, many combinations of the active components can be prepared and should be further evaluated for their synergic effects. The development of a systemized dose and dosage procedure may perform an exceptional role in the cure of tumors. The rate at which cancer develops is a necessary and effective endeavor for the good health of human beings. Further investigations are required to analyze the mechanisms of anti-malignant action of active compounds from new plants and the use of standard herbal remedies.

- by Muhammad Atif Imran and +1
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- Cancer, Medicinal Plants, Cancer treatment, Phytochemical Screening of Medicinal Plants

A local herb, Kacip Fatimah, is famous amongst Malay women for its uses in parturition; however, its phytochemical contents have not been fully documented. Therefore, a study was performed to evaluate the phenolics, flavonoids, and total saponin contents, and antibacterial and antifungal properties of the leaf, stem and root of three varieties of Labisia pumila Benth. Total saponins were found to be higher in the leaves of all three varieties, compared to the roots and stems. Leaves of var. pumila exhibited significantly higher total saponin content than var. alata and lanceolata, with values of 56.4, 43.6 and 42.3 mg diosgenin equivalent/g dry weight, respectively. HPLC analyses of phenolics and flavonoids in all three varieties revealed the presence of gallic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, and myricetin in all plant parts. Higher levels of flavonoids (rutin, quercitin, kaempferol) were observed in var. pumila compared with alata and lanceolata, whereas higher accumulation of phenolics (gallic acid, pyrogallol) was recorded in var. alata, followed by pumila and lanceolata. Antibacterial activities of leaf, stem and root extracts of all varieties determined against both Gram positive (Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis B145, Bacillus cereus B43, Staphylococcus aureus S1431) and Gram negative (Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumonia K36, Escherichia coli E256, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PI96) pathogens showed that crude methanolic extracts are active against these bacteria at low concentrations, albeit with lower antibacterial activity compared to

- by Ehsan Karimi
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- Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Molecular Biology, Natural Products Chemistry

In Ayurveda, the roots of Eranda (Ricinus communis Linn.) are used in the treatment Amavata
(rheumatism), Sotha (inflammation), Katisula (backache), Udararoga (disease of abdomen),
Jwara (fever), etc, Due to high demand, root of the cultivated variety is mainly used in place
of wild. But, a comparative phytochemical profile of both varieties is not available till date.
Considering this, a preliminary study has been done to ensure basic phytochemical profile
of both the varieties. Preliminary physicochemical parameters, phytochemical screening,
quantitative estimation of alkaloid, high‑performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), and
heavy metal analysis were carried‑out in the study. Analysis of physicochemical data reveals no
significant difference in between both varieties of roots, while alkaloid was found to be more
in cultivated variety (0.34%) than wild one (0.15%). Though, the analytical profiles are almost
identical, except the quantity of alkaloid; inferences should be made through well designed
pharmacological and clinical studies.

- by Rabinarayan Acharya
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- Phytochemical charecterization

Hardwickia binata Roxb. (Fabaceae) root bark exudate has been
traditionally used by tribes of Chitteri hills to cure breast cancer. The
main objective of this study is to give a scientific validation to the
traditional use of H. binata. The root bark exudates of H. binatawas
collected from Chitteri hills, shade dried, coarsely powdered and
extracted with methanol using soxhlet apparatus. The Physico
chemical properties, qualitative phytochemical studies, quantitative
phytochemical studies and GC-MS analysis was carried out. The
cytotoxic effect of methanol extract of H.binata root bark exudate
was studied against cancer cell lines by MTT assay. The
phytochemical studies indicated the presence of flavonoids, saponins,
phenols and tannins. GC-MS study also revealed the presence of 22
organic compounds out of which 18 compounds were reported with
various activities and five compounds reported to possess anticancer
activity. In vitro cytotoxic activity on the cell lines showed more
degree of inhibition against African Green Monkey Kidney Epithelial
cells (Vero), Human cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa) and Human
breast cancer cells (MCF-7).

The objective of the present work is to carry out the physicochemical investigation of powder drug and phytochemical screening of different fractions obtained from hydroalcoholic extract of Tectona grandis (Linn) barks. Physicochemical analysis was done to determining total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, sulphated ash, extractive value, moisture content, crude fibre content and foaming index. The inorganic elements determination and fluorescence analysis was performed as per the standard methods. Phytochemical investigations were carried out on different fraction to determine various active constituents present in it by using standard preliminary phytochemical tests. The inorganic element, such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, copper, zinc and manganese were found in the hydroalcoholic extract of barks. Florescence analysis of the fractions were reported which gives the sensitivity of the chemical in different chemical reagents. Preliminary phytochemical ...

- by Bishwanath Mishra
- •
- Pharmacology, Chemistry, Rheumatology, Pharmacy

The main objective of the present study is to introduce a new and ecologically safe method for managing the rice weevil,
Sitophilus oryzae. Therefore, the Agave americana leaf extract’s phytochemical profile, and its insecticidal activity against the
adults of S. oryzae were evaluated. The A. americana leaf extract was screened for the following phytochemicals: total phenolics
(14.70 ± 0.31 mg GAE/g FW), total flavonoids (5.15 ± 0.18 mg RE/g FW) and saponins (10.32 ± 0.20 mg OAE/g FW). The
HPLC-ESI/TOF-MS analysis results revealed that flavonoid glycosides (kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin derivates) were
the major phenolic compounds of the A. americana leaf extract. In addition, the GC-MS analysis identified n-alkanes (77.77%) as
significant compounds of the lipophilic fraction from the leaf extract. Moreover, the insecticidal potential was assessed through
contact and repellent bioassays towards the rice weevil adults. The LD50, LC50, and RC50 values were 10.55 μg/insect, 8.99 μg/
cm2, and 0.055 μg/cm2 for topical application method, treated filter-paper method, and repellent bioassay, respectively.
Furthermore, the A. americana leaf extract inhibited digestive enzyme activities, and median inhibition concentrations IC50 were
evaluated to be 146.06 ± 1.74 and 86.18 ± 1.08 μg/mL for α-amylase and protease, respectively. Overall, our results highlighted
the promising potential of the leaf extract against S. oryzae adults, allowing us to recommend the extract under investigation as an
ecofriendly alternative to synthetic insecticides.

Shade dried flowers of Plumeria rubra f. rubra and Plumeria
rubra f. lutea were subjected to successive solvent extraction by
soxhlation using n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and
methanol. The extracts were subjected to preliminary
phytochemical screening using standard procedures and the data
obtained from the flowers of both the species was comparatively
evaluated. The methanolic extracts, rich in phytochemical
constituents, were screened for analgesic activity (acetic acidinduced
writhing & tail immersion methods) using diclofenac
(10mg/kg b.w) as standard and antipyretic activity (brewer’s
yeast-induced pyrexia test) using paracetamol (100mg/kg; p.o.) as
standard at dose levels of 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w. Oral
administration of methanolic extracts of Plumeria rubra f. rubra
and Plumeria rubra f. lutea (MEPR & MEPL) produced
significant reduction in number of writhes induced by acetic-acid.
Moreover, in tail immersion, MEPR & MEPL significantly raised
the pain threshold at different time intervals, in comparison with
control. There was a significant dose-dependent inhibition in both
the methods. In antipyretic activity, MEPR & MEPL significantly
reduced hyperthermia at either dose levels. The results obtained in
all the animal models were highly significant and comparable to
that of standard drugs. Hence, from the above findings, it can be
concluded that Plumeria rubra possesses potent analgesic and
moderate antipyretic properties. However the methanolic extract
of flowers of Plumeria rubra f. rubra was found to be more potent
than that of Plumeria rubra f. lutea flower extract.

This study was to screen the morphological, phytochemical attributes and describe the similarity and diversity in terms of RAPD and ISSR profiles of four Jatropha species (J. multifida, J. gossypifolia, J. integrrima and J. curcas). As well, investigate genetic diversity among them for using in conserving at Gene-Banks and genetic improvement. It appeared that show the variation in twenty-three quantitative and qualitative attributes among Jatropha species under Egyptian condition. The results of Pearson correlation among twelve quantitative revealed high significant positive correlations. Negative correlation observed between petiole length and other traits except seed breadth, whereas it was-0.97 when be compared with pod length. In PCA studied, it noted that leaf length, leaf width and petiole length were contributing most to the separation among species. The result showed that all secondary metabolites analyzed were present in all leaves of Jatropha species studied but at different concentrations and it obtained confirm the relatedness of these species and spotlight these important phytochemicals in the species. At molecular study, four RAPD-primers displayed a total of 66 amplified fragments, in which 50 (75.76%) were polymorphic fragments. The number of total amplified fragments scored per primer ranged from 10 (primer OP-D09) to 24 (primer OP-Z03). Thirty-six out of 66 RAPD-PCR fragments were found to be useful as cultivar specific markers. In ISSR analysis, 5 of the ISSR primers generated variable banding patterns. A total of 63 out of 90 ISSR fragments were polymorphic. 36 amplified fragments were considered as cultivar-specific markers. Results of the combination of the banding patterns of both techniques, data exhibited that the most two closely related species were multifida and gossypifolia with the highest similarity index (1.00). On the other hand, the two most distantly related species were curcas and integerrima with no similarity index (0.00). The 9 primers of RAPD and ISSR yielded 113 polymorphic markers that unambiguously discriminated 4 genotypes into three clusters. In conclusion, polymorphisms of both could be used as efficient tools for the detection of similarities and phylogenetic relationships of the studied genotypes, which could be useful in the breeding programs.

- by Ehab M B Mahdy and +1
- •
- Diversity, Molecular Markers, Jatropha, Genetic Diversity

Current study was designed to explore the antiemetic effect of the methanolic extract of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray., leaves using chick emesis model in order to validate their folk use in G.I. disorders. Emesis was induced by the oral administration of copper sulfate 50mg/kg body weight to male chicks of four days age. The antiemetic activity was determined by calculating the mean decrease in number of retching in contrast with those of control. Tithonia diversifolia leaves extract (150 mg/kg orally) showed significant (p < 0.05) antiemetic effect and compared with reference drug chlorpromazine.

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae), commonly known as Ashwagandha, is one of the most valued Indian medicinal plant with several pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. Metabolic profiling was performed by GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy on the fruits obtained from four chemotypes of W. somnifera. A combination of 1 H NMR spectroscopy and GC-MS identified 82 chemically diverse metabolites consisting of organic acids, fatty acids, aliphatic and aromatic amino acids, polyols, sugars, sterols, tocopherols, phenolic acids and withanamides in the fruits of W. somnifera. The range of metabolites identified by GC-MS and NMR of W. somnifera fruits showed various known and unknown metabolites. The primary and secondary metabolites observed in this study represent MVA, DOXP, shikimic acid and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic metabolic pathways. Squalene and tocopherol have been rated as the most potent naturally occurring compounds with antioxidant properties. These compounds have been identified by us for the first time in the fruits of W. somnifera. Multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) on GC-MS and NMR data revealed clear distinctions in the primary and secondary metabolites among the chemotypes. The variation in the metabolite concentration among different chemotypes of the fruits of W. somnifera suggest that specific chemovars can be used to obtain substantial amounts of bioactive ingredients for use as potential pharmacological and nutraceuticals agents.

- by Santosh K. Bharti
- •
- Chemistry, Natural Products Chemistry, Phytochemistry, NMR Spectroscopy

Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. is a medium sized tree belonging to the
family Dilleniaceae. It is commonly known as Kaihzawl in Mizoram.
Traditionally, a decoction prepared by boiling the bark of Dillenia
pentagyna Roxb. is used for various stomach ailments and
inflammatory diseases. Preliminary phytochemical screening and
evaluation of in-vitro antioxidant activity were carried on the
methanolic extract obtained from the bark of Dillenia pentagyna
Roxb. The presence of flavanoids, triterpenoids, tannins, alkaloids,
glycosides, steroids and carbohydrates was indicated by the tests
conducted. The in-vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated using
DPPH radical scavenging activity, Reducing power, Hydroxyl radical
scavenging activity and determination of total phenolic and
flavanoids content. Ascorbic acid, BHA, Gallic acid and Quercetin
were used as reference standards. The methanolic extract of the plant
shows strong antioxidant activity camparable to that of the reference
standards.

Materials and Methods Collection of drug Fresh roots of wild and cultivated varieties of R.communis Linn. after proper identification were collected from the adjacent area of Jamnagar, Gujarat, with the help of taxonomist. Specimen herbarium of both varieties for wild (No. 1490) and cultivated (No. 1491) were preserved in the Pharmacognosy Laboratory, IPGT and RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar for further reference. The obtained roots were shade dried and made into coarse powder with the help of mechanical grinder and preserved in a glass container for future studies [Figure 1]. Physicochemical study Moisture content, ash values (total ash, acid insoluble ash), and extractive values (alcohol soluble extractive, water soluble extractive) were determined by following standard analytical procedures. [10,11] Preliminary phytochemical screening Five grams coarse powder of the roots was subjected for extraction with methanol (100 ml), keeping it for overnight with initial occasional shaking up to 6 h. and then set aside. After 24 h, it was filtered and alcoholic extract was collected. Similarly, water extract was prepared. Both the extracts were evaporated to dryness. The dried extracts were weighed, and percentage yield was calculated. The extracts were used for

- by Mercedes G. López
- •
- Phytochemical charecterization, Ayu, Medical and Health Sciences

Aims: Quantification of metabolites and heavy metals in fish samples obtained in the coastal region of Chirackal on seasonal basis. Methods: The proximate chemical composition was assessed using Spectrophotometer and the quantification of heavy metals using ICP-AES. Key Findings: Proximate composition was found to change with the seasons, with the best body composition being recorded in pre monsoon and post monsoon seasons Highest levels of proteins (70.42 mg/g in P. indicus), carbohydrates (71.06 mg/g, M. seenghala) and fat (51.17 mg/g, G. giuris) were noted. The concentration of heavy metals in fish muscles varied significantly with the seasons. The highest content of Fe and Cu (73.13µg/g, 51.04 µg/g) in P. indicus during post and pre monsoon seasons, Zn and Co (24.06 µg/g, 27.39 µg/g) was recorded in A. testudineus during post monsoon and highest Ni (28.43 µg/g) and Cr (7.17 µg/g) were observed in P. indicus and M. seenghala during pre and post monsoon respectively. Significance: Fish muscle is a valuable food of high quality protein and well balanced carbohydrate and fat for promoting health, prevention and healing of diseases in human body. The samples proved resistant to heavy metals and showed a high bioaccumulation rate. Thus, they can be used as a bio indicator of heavy metals.

- by Dr.Sr.Aigil Mary
- •
- Plant Ecology, Aquatic Ecology, Phytoremediation, Phytochemistry
- by abdulrahman usman
- •
- Pharmacology, Microbiology, Pharmacy, Ethnobotany

The yield of hydrodistillation of a botanically certified Oleogum Resin of Boswellia sacra essential oil (5.5%); and its chemical constituents were determined. The GC/MS technique was used for the analysis of the oil. Several oil components were identified based upon comparison of their mass spectral data with those of reference compounds published in literature or stored in a computer library. The oil was characterized by the high content of the monoterpenes (34) which constituted 97.3% in which E-β-ocimene and limonene were the major constituents. The remaining 2.7% was accounted for the sesquiterpenes (16) in which the E-caryophyllene was the major constituent. The analysis proved the complete absence of the diterpenes.

Since time immemorial plants have played a vital role in the
field of health care and medicines. There are many plants with high medicinal values among which Elaeocarpus ganitrus (Rudraksh) holds utmost importance, both scientifically as well as spiritually. The different parts of a rudraksh tree have high concentrations of important phytochemical constituents thus adding to its medicinal value. This work is focused on phytochemical screening of methanolic extracts from the epicarp, endocarp of the seed and bark sample of rudraksh tree and their comparison to justify the high medicinal efficacy of the plant.

- by Pratyush K Das
- •
- Botany, Phytochemistry, Industrial Biotechnology, Plant biotechnology

Bioactive compounds were extracted from 6 wild and 4 domesticated cereal grains of Zimbabwe, using
50% methanol with the aim of testing their capability to prevent phospholipid peroxidation and β-
carotene bleaching. The highest yield of phenolic compounds was obtained from Eleusine indica (a wild
cereal) with 7.16 mg GA/100 mg sample, while the least yield was obtained from Amaranthus hybridus
with 1.13 mg GA/100 mg sample. Antioxidant activities of the cereal extracts were studied using the β-
carotene-linoleic acid and the inhibition of phospholipid peroxidation assays. It was shown that
Sorghum arundinaceum had the greatest (77%) increase in inhibition of phospholipid when its
concentration was increased from 20 to 80 mg/ml, while Eleusine corocana, a domestic cereal grain had
the least. Relative to a standard BHA (an artificial antioxidant), E. indica was found to have the highest
ability (67%) to prevent bleaching of β-carotene, while Pennisetum spp with 17.3% inhibition, had the
least ability. Owing to the ability of the cereal grain extracts to act as antioxidants, the studies can be
further extended to exploit the phenolic extracts as replacements of artificial antioxidants like butylated
hydroxyl anisole (BHA) in food and health supplements and nutraceuticals.

- by Michael Bhebhe and +1
- •
- Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Phytochemical charecterization, Pharmacology and toxicology

Plants a wealth of secondary metabolites have been used for thousands of years to treat different ailments. A number of these natural products have shown biological and pharmacological activities and serve as the starting point in the development of modern medicines. Screening of crude plant extracts open the door for the way for discovery of novel bioactive compounds and elucidation of their structures leads towards new synthetic preparations, which can be administered in reproducible, accurate doses for particular therapeutic purposes. There is less known information about Samanea saman Merr., and Prosopis cineraria Druce. However, authors in this book present comprehensive information about traditional uses, biological and phytochemical investigation of Samanea saman Merr., and Prosopis cineraria Druce.