Rumen Fermentation Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

En Colombia, según cifras del Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial, se generan 27.300ton/día de basura de los cuales el 65% son residuos sólidos orgánicos, equivalentes a 17.745 ton/día, los cuales van a los rellenos... more

En Colombia, según cifras del Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial, se generan 27.300ton/día de basura de los cuales el 65% son residuos sólidos orgánicos, equivalentes a 17.745 ton/día, los cuales van a los rellenos sanitarios en la mayoría de los municipios Colombianos. Esto incrementa sustancialmente la emisión del metano como gas que provoca el efecto invernadero.
La codigestión de residuos orgánicos de diferente fuente ha resultado un proceso exitoso tanto en condiciones termofílicas como mesofílicas, y por esto, se han construido plantas de biogás centralizadas, alimentadas con diferentes residuos orgánicos para trabajar en codigestión, en diferentes países de Europa y Asia.
Se han aplicado tecnologías europeas y asiáticas en Colombia y otros países de Latinoamérica, pero no se ha investigado rigurosamente la relación de la temperatura que simule las condiciones de diferentes pisos térmicos del relieve colombiano en los que pueden aplicarse, para obtener una mayor producción de biogás en la codigestión de residuos ganaderos con residuos vegetales.
En este proyecto se pretendió resolver la pregunta de la incidencia de la temperatura en la degradación del vástago de plátano, hasta convertirla en metano y dióxido de carbono, por codigestión anaerobia con rumen como residuo bovino e inóculo anaerobio. Tales residuos se mezclaron para obtener 4 relaciones de sustrato. Se llevaron a bioreactores de 750mL, haciendo un arreglo factorial con 3 temperaturas (25, 35 y 45°C) por triplicado. Se analizaron condiciones iniciales y finales de parámetros fisicoquímicos, midiéndose el metano (gas efecto invernadero) contenido en cada uno de los bioreactores por cromatografía de gases (CG-FID) durante 40 días.
Mediante el programa Statgraphics Centurion XVI se ajustaron los valores de producción de metano a una ecuación polinomial de grado 3 en función de la temperatura y la relación de biomasa (porcentaje de vástago de plátano). La temperatura a la cual se dio la mayor producción de metano, fue a 45°C, seguida de 35°C y 25°C, con valores de 1250,1; 1018,2 y 885,7mL respectivamente. Lo cual indica que un clima templado cálido donde se tenga producción de plátano y ganado, los residuos generados de vástago de plátano pueden aprovecharse para generar energía en forma de metano mediante codigestión anaerobia con rumen bovino.
También se realizó un análisis multivariado concluyéndose estadísticamente que existe una interacción significativa entre la temperatura y la relación de biomasa con respecto a la producción de metano. Es decir, que la producción de metano depende de la temperatura entre los rangos mesofílico y termofílico desde 25°C hasta 45°C, para cualquiera de las tres relaciones de biomasa de 0, 33 y 66% de vástago en las que se detectó presencia de metano.

The rumen is an anaerobic vat that provides a conducive environment to the microflora for fermenting the nutrients. The three main functions of rumen include fermentation of structural carbohydrates, recycling of urea and detoxification... more

The rumen is an anaerobic vat that provides a conducive environment to the microflora for fermenting the nutrients. The three main functions of rumen include fermentation of structural carbohydrates, recycling of urea and detoxification of toxic components in forages. Fermentation process produces three main volatile fatty acids (VFAs) such as acetate, butyrate and propionate. The balance between the concentrations of VFAs is necessary to maintain normal ruminal functions. The alterations in various factors like pH, rate of salivation, feed type, temperature, etc. also influence the rumen functions like rumen motility and digestibility of nutrients. High ruminal temperature affects the digestibility of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) positively, whereas it negatively influences the digestibility of organic matter (OM). Altered digestibility in animals subjected to heat stress is attributed to changes in bacterial activity and ruminal and intestinal absorption of nutrients since the fermentation process is mainly performed by the ruminal commensals. In heat-stressed animals, the synthesis of microbial protein is also reduced due to reduced availability of energy supply to the microbes. Heat stress also has a role in development of ruminal acidosis. Disruption of feeding patterns by changes in the weather has been implicated as a cause of acidosis. Further, heat stress also was found to increase enteric methane (CH4) production. The reduced gut motility, rumination, ruminal contractions and passage rate of digesta during high ambient temperature are the major factors which influence CH4 production. Heat stress was found to influence the microbial population in rumen. During heat stress, Clostridium coccoides and Streptococcus spp. population increased, whereas Fibrobacter population decreased in the rumen. Though the rumen microbial spectrum has numerous bacteria, fungi, protozoa and archaea species, the characterization and culturing of a wide number of species has not been attempted yet. Future research efforts are needed to establish a reference set of rumen microbial genome sequences as understanding the interrelationship between rumen microbes is very vital for developing enteric CH4 mitigation strategies.

This study was designed to determine effect of various plant protein sources in high-quality feed block (HQFB) on feed intake, rumen fermentation, and microbial population in swamp buffalo. Four rumen-fistulated swamp buffaloes (Bubalus... more

This study was designed to determine effect of various plant protein sources in high-quality feed block (HQFB) on feed intake, rumen fermentation, and microbial population in swamp buffalo. Four rumen-fistulated swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) were randomly assigned according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Four kinds of plant protein sources (coarse rice bran (CRB), cassava hay (CH), Phaseolus calcaratus hay, and mulberry hay (MH)) were mixed in the HQFB. HQFBs were allowed to be licked at free choice, and urea–lime-treated rice straw (ULRS) were fed ad libitum. It was found that bacterial population and fungal zoospores in CH-fed group tended to be higher than those in other groups. Moreover, protozoal population in CH, P. calcaratus hay, and MH were lower than those in CRB supplemented group (P < 0.05). Cellulolytic bacterial population was highest in CH-fed group while proteolytic bacteria population was highest in P. calcaratus hay-fed group (P < 0.05). CH-fed group had higher ULRS intake than those in other groups (P < 0.05). Nutrient digestibility of CP, NDF, and ADF in CH-fed group was significantly higher than those in other groups (P < 0.05). Total VFA was highest in CH-fed group (P < 0.05). N absorption was highest in CH-fed group (P < 0.05). Based on this study, it could be concluded that cassava hay, P. calcaratus hay, and mulberry hay are potential to be used as protein sources in the HQFBs especially cassava hay.

To study the potential of Chia oil to enrich goats' milk with omega-3 fatty acids in comparison to Linseed oil (LSO) under tropical climate, twelve lactating goats (Beetal) divided into 3 groups (on the basis of milk yield and parity) and... more

To study the potential of Chia oil to enrich goats' milk with omega-3 fatty acids in comparison to Linseed oil (LSO) under tropical climate, twelve lactating goats (Beetal) divided into 3 groups (on the basis of milk yield and parity) and were randomly assigned control diet or supplemented with Linseed oil (LSO) or Chia oil as additive at 1% of dry matter intake for 60 days. Dietary inclusion of Linseed or Chia oil didn't affect DM intake, apparent dry matter digestibility, pH or total volatile fatty acid production in dairy goats, however, acetate and butyrate in LSO group and ammonical-N in Chia group were higher than control. Similarly, no significant changes were detected for milk yield and milk composition, but values were numerically higher in LSO and Chia supplemented groups in comparison to control group. Inclusion of Linseed oil improved proportion of α-linolenic acid in milk fat. Moreover, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were significantly improved in LSO group only. Poly unsaturated fatty acid content in milk varied from 3.09 g/100 g fat (control) to 3.86 g/100 g fat in LSO supplemented group but the differences were statistically non-significant. The proportions of omega 3 fatty acids was enhanced by 75.0 and 31.9% in LSO and Chia groups over control group that led to decrease in ratio of n-6/n-3 FA and desaturase index. It can be concluded that dietary inclusion of both oils improved the fatty acid profile of goat's milk, but Chia oil is not as effective as Linseed oil under tropical climate.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential impacts of commercial quebracho tannins (QT) supplementation to male Barki sheep on dry matter intake, digestion coefficients of nutrients, nitrogen balance and rumen fermentation... more

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential impacts of commercial quebracho tannins (QT) supplementation to male Barki sheep on dry matter intake, digestion coefficients of nutrients, nitrogen balance and rumen fermentation characteristics. Digestibility trial was carried out on Barki sheep (n=12), which were allocated into three groups (4 animals each). The supplementation levels of QT; 0, 26 and 52 g/h/d, were mixed with the concentrate mixture. The results showed that inclusion of 52 g/h/d of QT decreased (P<0.05) the dry matter intake, while low dose had no negative impact on dry matter intake as compared to the control group. The low level (26 g/h/d) of QT supplementation decreased (P<0.05) digestion coefficients of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) relative to control, while the high level (52 g/h/d) of QT supplementation had no significant impacts on nutrients digestion coefficients, except improving (P<0.05) that of ether extract (EE) compared to the control and to the low level of QT supplementation. Moreover, total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestible crude protein (DCP) decreased (P<0.05) by inclusion of 26g QT /h/d compared to the other levels of QT. Faecal and urinary N increased (P<0.05) when QT was supplemented at 26g/h/d as compared to the control group, while the high level of QT had no effect on faecal or urinary N execration. Also, the low level of QT caused decrease (P<0.05) in the N balance as compared to the other levels of QT. Inclusion of QT at 52g /h/d decreased (P<0.05) the ruminal NH 3-N concentration but the reduction in volatile fatty acids (VFA) was not significant when compared to the control group. It can be concluded that low level of QT had negative impacts on nutrients utilization and it is recommend that more studies with lower levels of QT should be conducted.

A number of experiments have been conducted to investigate effects of tropical plants containing condensed tannins and/or saponins present in tropical plants and some plant oils on rumen fermentation and ecology in ruminants. Based on... more

A number of experiments have been conducted to investigate effects of tropical plants containing condensed tannins and/or saponins present in tropical plants and some plant oils on rumen fermentation and ecology in ruminants. Based on both in vitro and in vivo trials, the results revealed important effects on rumen microorganisms and fermentation including methane production. Incorporation and/or supplementation of these plants containing secondary metabolites have potential for improving rumen ecology and subsequently productivity in ruminants.

The present study evaluated the effects of essential oil (EO) from anise (AO), clove (CO) and thyme (TO) on the performance of lactating Shame goats. Eight lactating Shame goats with average body weight 34.90 ± 0.9 kg and 3 years old were... more

The present study evaluated the effects of essential oil (EO) from anise (AO), clove (CO) and thyme (TO) on the performance of lactating Shame goats. Eight lactating Shame goats with average body weight 34.90 ± 0.9 kg and 3 years old were randomly assigned to four treatments in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design, with four periods of 22 days. In each period, the goats were adapted to the treatments for 15 days and the remaining 7 days was used for sample collection. Goats were fed a basal diet without supplementation (control) or supplemented with anise (AO), thyme (TO) or clove (CO) at a daily dose of 2 mL/head/d. Feed intake was not affected by EO supplementations. Digestibility of organic matter, ether extract and acid detergent fibre was higher (P < 0.05) with EO supplementations when compared with the control. Supplementations of EO had no effect on milk (g/d) yield, protein and lactose, as well as the composition (g/kg) of protein and lactose. Fat yield (g/d) and fat content (g/kg) were greater (P < 0.05) in EO supplemented goats versus those on the control diet. Compared with control, ruminal ammonia-N was not affected whereas, ruminal pH was increased (P = 0.02) with EO supplementations. Rumen total volatile fatty acid concentration and molar proportion of acetate (C2) were higher (P < 0.05) in goats fed CO and TO compared to control, whereas propionate (C3) and butyrate (C4) and C2:C3 proportions were unchanged with EO inclusion. With the exception of a decrease (P = 0.05) in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) with EO supplementations, other blood parameters were not affected. Milk C8 and C12 fatty acids (FA) were lower (P < 0.05) with EO supplementations compared with control. Composition of unsaturated and monounsaturated FA was higher (P < 0.05) and polyunsaturated FA was decreased (P < 0.05) with EO supplementations compared with control. Proportions of C18:1 n-9 C18:3 n-3 and n-3 FA were increased (P < 0.05) and proportions of C18:3 n-6 C20:4 n-6 and n-6 FA were decreased (P < 0.05) in goats fed EO compared to the control group. Overall, all three EOs tested in this study had beneficial effects on digestion, rumen fermentation parameters and milk composition including milk FA

he present experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dates (Local name is Azzawi dates) inclusion rate as a replacer for corn grains that the main source of energy for sheep, on nutrient intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance,... more

he present experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dates (Local name is Azzawi dates) inclusion rate as a replacer for corn grains that the main source of energy for sheep, on nutrient intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, purine derivatives execration and microbial N. Twelve Barki rams (57.9 kg BW) were assigned in a randomized block design experiment with 3 diets and 3 blocks (4 each). In addition, three ruminally cannulated Barki rams (55.5 kg BW) were used in a 3x3 Latin square design to determine the rumen fermentation. Diets were: D0, D50 and D100 represent substitution of 0, 50 and 100 g/100g of corn grain with dates in the concentrate mixture. Diets were offered as 40:60 (on DM basis) concentrate to berseem hay ratio. No effect on DMI and CPI (g/d), digestibilities of DM and CP and nitrogen retention were observed with increasing dates inclusion in diets. Ruminal pH, allantoin, uric acid and total purine derivatives decreased linearly (P = 0.03), (P = 0.04), (P = 0.09) and (P = 0.02), respectively as corn was replaced with dates. There was also a trend for linear decrease (P = 0.02) of microbial N (g/d) with increasing dates. While ammonia N and total VFA were not affected by dates inclusion rate. Molar proportion of acetic acid and A/P ratio decreased linearly (P = 0.04), however, molar proportion of propionate increased linearly (P = 0.05) with increasing dates.
In conclusion, the replacement of corn grain with dates up to 100% dates had no effect on DMI and CPI, nitrogen retention, ammonia N and with benefit reducing feed costs.

The effects of different levels of sago palm pith as energy source on nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation characteristics of Thai native cattle were investigated. Four rumen-fistulated bulls with average body weight (BW) of 263±... more

The effects of different levels of sago palm pith as energy source on nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation characteristics of Thai native cattle were investigated. Four rumen-fistulated bulls with average body weight (BW) of 263± 10 kg were randomly assigned according to a 4x4 Latin Square Design. Plicatulum hay (Paspalum plicatulum Michx.) was offered to each animal ad libitum with 0.50 kg/h/d of soybean meal. The dietary treatments were sago palm pith supple-mentation at the rate of 0, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75% of BW (T 1 , T 2 , T 3 and T 4 , respectively). The results showed that the total DMI (49.77, 52.61 and 52.83 g/BWkg 0.75 /d, respectively) and OMI (46.40, 49.30 and 49.74 g/BWkg 0.75 /d, respectively) were not significantly different between T 2 , T 3 and T 4 , but all were significantly (P<0.05) higher than T 1 (41.56 and 38.47 g/ BWkg 0.75 /d, respectively). Apparent digestibility of DM and OM were lowest in T 1 (43.63 and 48.03%, respectively), followed by T 2 (51....

The effect of six genotypes (Zebu = Z, European Brown Swiss = EBS, Holstein = H, Z · EBS, Zebu · American Brown Swiss = ABS, Z · ABS, Z · H) on carcass and meat characteristics of young bullocks finished under feedlot conditions was... more

The effect of six genotypes (Zebu = Z, European Brown Swiss = EBS, Holstein = H, Z · EBS, Zebu · American Brown Swiss = ABS, Z · ABS, Z · H) on carcass and meat characteristics of young bullocks finished under feedlot conditions was tested. The Z · ABS bullocks had the highest (P = 0.001) average daily gain. The highest (P = 0.017) final liveweight was observed with Z · ABS > EBS > H genotypes. The ribeye area was larger (P = 0.012) for EBS bullocks. Both H and EBS bullocks had lowest (P = 0.001) physiological maturity; although the H bullocks had higher (P = 0.006) pelvis and heart fat values. The best (P = 0.014) conformation was obtained with the Z · ABS and Z · EBS genotypes. The greatest amount of marbling (P = 0.001) was obtained with the H genotype. In general, the crossbred genotypes showed better feedlot performance and carcass characteristics, and it seems that Holstein breed could have a an advantage from the marbling score point of view.

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of clay derived-humic substances (CD-HS) on nutrient intakes, digestibility coefficients, rumen fermentation, milk yield, and milk components in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. The... more

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of clay derived-humic substances (CD-HS) on nutrient intakes, digestibility coefficients, rumen fermentation, milk yield, and milk components in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. The experiment was designed as a 3 × 3 Latin square design using 12 dairy cows, which are allotted to basal diet without humic substance (Control), with CD-HS at 5 g/kg diet (CD-HS5), and 10 g/kg diet (CD-HS10). The experiment was conducted in 3 periods and each period consisted of 21 days with 14 days of adaptation and 7 days collection period. The humic substance supplementation did not affect the nutrient intakes and digestibility coefficients, except for crude protein, which showed a linear (P < 0.01) increase. The ruminal pH was similar between the treatments, but the NH 3-N content and protozoal population were decreased quadratically (P < 0.01) with CD-HS supplementation. Although the experimental diets did not affect the butyrate proportion, they caused a quadratic increase in total volatile fatty acids and the proportions of acetate and propionate contents. The CD-HS diets caused a linear increase (P < 0.05) in blood glucose and a decrease in cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen concentration. The diets did not affect (P > 0.05) the milk components, but they caused a linear increase (P < 0.05) on milk yield. Among the total fatty acids of milk, the levels of C18:0 and C24:0 and thrombogenicity index were decreased while increasing the C18:2 isomers (t9t12-C18:2 and C9,C12-C18:2) and polyunsaturated fatty acid contents. It was concluded that the clay derived-humic substances at 5 g/kg diet could cause desirable effects on nutrient intake, rumen fermentation profile, biochemical parameters, milk yield, and fatty acid profile.

The evaluation of how the gut microbiota affects both methane emissions and animal production is necessary in order to achieve methane mitigation without production losses. Toward this goal, the aim of this study was to correlate the... more

The evaluation of how the gut microbiota affects both methane emissions and animal production is necessary in order to achieve methane mitigation without production losses. Toward this goal, the aim of this study was to correlate the rumen microbial communities (bacteria, archaea, and fungi) of high (HP), medium (MP), and low milk producing (LP), as well as dry (DC), Holstein dairy cows in an actual tropical production system with methane emissions and animal production traits. Overall, DC cows emitted more methane, followed by MP, HP and LP cows, although HP and LP cow emissions were similar. Using next-generation sequencing, it was found that bacteria affiliated with Christensenellaceae, Mogibacteriaceae, S24-7, Butyrivibrio, Schwartzia, and Treponema were negatively correlated with methane emissions and showed positive correlations with digestible dry matter intake (dDMI) and digestible organic matter intake (dOMI). Similar findings were observed for archaea in the genus Methanosphaera. The bacterial groups Coriobacteriaceae, RFP12, and Clostridium were negatively correlated with methane, but did not correlate with dDMI and dOMI. For anaerobic fungal communities, no significant correlations with methane or animal production traits were found. Based on these findings, it is suggested that manipulation of the abundances of these microbial taxa may be useful for modulating methane emissions without negatively affecting animal production.