Rural communities Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

- by
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- Late Middle Ages, Venetian History, Mountain communities, Deserted Medieval Villages

The plight of young children with disabilities who live in rural communities remains unsolved issue in many developing countries. Culturally, many people have negative beliefs regarding the causes of disabilities. Disability may be associated with punishment by gods, ancestral spirits resulting from mother’s promiscuity during pregnancy, witchcraft, or evil spirits. This article focuses on challenges and opportunities of young children with disabilities who live in the rural communities of Eswatini and Zimbabwe, and related to accessing early childhood development (ECD) education services. Lessons drawn between the two countries reveal that in Eswatini, the Disability Unit which caters for disability issues is under the Social Welfare Department and is accommodated in the Deputy Prime Minister’s Office. In Zimbabwe, Chikwature, Oyedele and Ntini (2016) noted that an inclusive education policy is still yet to be drafted. Disability issues are still not fully represented constitutiona...

- by adiele dube
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- Sociology, Social Exclusion, Children with disabilities, Rural communities

Rural depopulation as a demographic and territorial phenomenon entails demographic, economic and territorial imbalances, and serious social problems. Thus, rural depopulation has been the origin of the crisis in the fields, which has led to the steady decline in the weight of agriculture in the economy, and the low income derived from it. In this chapter, we will approach the problem of rural depopulation in Spain and Portugal from a quantitative perspective through the exploitation of secondary data obtained from various official sources, alluding to the problems derived from such depopulation. In addition, we deepen our analysis by making an intra-regional comparison between the two countries of the contiguous and similar rural slope regions at a geographical and historical level. Demographic hardship brought a need to reconvert the rural space. In this regard, we will mention how public authorities have turned rural areas into “multifunctional” and sometimes “consumption” spaces, seeking to correspond to a demand for leisure and tourism in urban populations.

- by José Luís Braga and +1
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- Rural Sociology, Rural Tourism, Rural communities
- by incontri tra/montani
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- Art History, Alpine history, Medieval rural settlement, Mountain communities

Rainwater collection is a common source of household water in developed and Q1 developing communities where treated on-site water is not available. Although rainwater catchment has been practiced for generations in rural Alaska communities, there is little data available on the quality and quantity of rainwater resources. Forty-eight rainwater samples were collected from nine communities in Alaska over 2 years. Samples were tested for physical water quality parameters, metals, and bacteria. Characteristics of household catchments were recorded. Rainwater quantity in two communities was evaluated. Overall, high-quality water was observed in rain catchments, with average total organic carbon (TOC) and turbidity being lower than or equal to those values in other published rainwater studies. pH was consistently low. Over 80% of samples were below the United States limits for metals and met international microbiological water quality standards. However, variation was observed between households, communities, indoor/outdoor bacteria samples, covered/uncovered storage containers, and over time. The quantity of rainwater available for catchment could supply 17-40% of annual household water and is projected to increase in future decades according to Alaska climate models. Best practices are recommended for rural Alaska communities to maintain the naturally high quality of rainwater and take advantage of large quantities of rainwater available on-site.

- by Kaitlin Mattos
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- Environmental microbiology, Natural Resources, Rainwater Harvesting, Public Health
- by Brian D Haley
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- Farm Workers (Anthropology), Rural communities
- by Amaechi Ebube
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- Parasitology, Children, Prevalence, Rural communities

This paper highlights a variety of tools for undertaking gender analysis in projects and organisations. The paper begins with a brief introduction on gender analysis. Three tools are then introduced (i) Gender Analysis Matrix (GAM), (ii) Women’s Empowerment Framework, and (iii) The Social Relations Approach. The paper concludes that there is a fundamental need for gender analysis to be incorporated into rural community development projects and activities, and within agencies that carry out this work. This is paper III of a three paper series for this conference on Gender and Rural Community Development. Paper I provides a critical analysis of different policy approaches to development that can be applied in both the Australian and Global contexts. Paper II illustrates gender issues that exist within the Australian rural community development domain, concluding the necessity for gender analysis in projects and organisations.

- by Christine King
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- Gender, Rural Development, Rural communities

Because of globalization, industrialization, and development due to technology, the demand for electrical energy is on the increase. There is therefore a need for efﬁcient energy measures to ensure conservation, thereby saving costs. Demand-side management (DSM) deals with conversion of energy demand of consumers into activities/programs/tactics (e.g. ﬁnancial incentives and public awareness/education), which brings about less use of energy by the consumers. Gellings and Parmenter gave a history of DSM in the United States and its inﬂuence on energy resources. They also explained the role of DSM in integrated resource planning, the main elements of DSM programs and summarized the key best practices for program design and delivery. Palensky and Dietrich (2011) described DSM as using measures such as sophisticated real-time control of distributed energy resources, better materials, smart energy tariffs with incentives for certain consumption patterns to improve energy efﬁciency. Various types of DSM were analyzed, and an overview of modern DSM projects was given. Haney et al. (2010) highlighted how integrated government DSM policies, targeting residential demand for electricity and heat are more likely.

- by Erica L Kryst
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- Rural education, Rural communities
- by Margarida Sobral Neto
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- Local History, Rural communities
- by Andrea Tilatti
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- History, Modern History, Medieval History, Early Modern History
- by Alma Poloni
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- Medieval Studies, Rural History, State Building, History of the Family
- by Marco Gentile
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- History, Medieval History, Ritual, Protest

""This paper discusses the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) in rural
communities of Lesotho. Literature study reveals that bridging the digital divide in disadvantaged
communities requires adequate knowledge of the underlying causes of the divide, a favorable
Government Policy, a focus on the benefits of providing ICT, the provision of suitable infrastructure and
a committed management team that is prepared to get around the various barriers or risks found in such
disadvantaged communities. The aim of the study was to find the contribution of ICT to the socioeconomic
environment of Lesotho rural communities. Using Activity Theory as a lens, the study
evaluated ICT provision in Lesotho’s disadvantaged communities. Methodologically, the research refuted
the principle of ‘cause and effect’ hence a descriptive research enquiry was followed. Questionnaires
were distributed in two villages, Mabote and Khubhetsoana and it was found that while ICT has the
potential to improve the socio-economic status of rural people, issues like cost, accessibility, lack of
infrastructure, illiteracy to mention but a few are impediments to the full realiasation of ICT’s
empowerment potential in rural communities of Lesotho. The research concludes by suggesting some
strategies to improving the positive impact of ICT in these areas.""

- by Nehemiah Mavetera
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- ICT, Lesotho, ICTs socio-political impacts, Rural communities

Le présent livre vise à restituer et à examiner, de façon didactique, l’essentiel des études socio-anthropologiques de la campagne maghrébine. Il comprend un texte théorique, proche d’un manuel critique, et un recueil de textes illustrant les principales questions soulevées. La partie théorique procède à de brèves synthèses, à des mises au point et à des évaluations critiques. Les entrées choisies s’imposent à toute étude et action engagées en milieu rural. Qu’on travaille sur le développement, l’approche participative, l’éducation, les élections, le rituel, ou tout autre phénomène, on est obligé d’avoir un minimum d’informations sur les structures sociales et la stratification sociale des groupes concernés On doit également avoir une idée sur la morphologie sociale, l’organisation sociale, la place des individus dans la communauté. En rapport avec ces entrées théoriques des textes de sociologues et d’anthropologues éminents maghrébins ou ayant travaillé sur le Maghreb sont choisis pour illustrer et approfondir les questions analysées. C’est une invitation à visiter les sources et à dépasser la lecture des textes de seconde main.

- by Hassan Rachik
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- Rural Sociology, Anthropology, Social Stratification, Morocco
- by Andrea Tilatti
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- History, Modern History, Medieval History, Early Modern History

Quanto era importante lo spazio delle comunità rurali nel quadro politico-istituzionale della Lombardia visconteo-sforzesca? A questa domanda vuol contribuire a rispondere la presente ricerca dedicata al contado di Milano nel XV secolo, una realtà poco conosciuta e tanto più interessante per il forte condizionamento qui esercitato dal centro urbano. Istituzioni e prerogative delle comunità milanesi, grandi e piccole, vengono indagate nelle prime sezioni del volume, ove sono messi in luce tanto i modi in cui l’appartenenza ad un comune si faceva impegnativa per i singoli individui, quanto il peso che nel contesto locale potevano assumere solidarietà altre: parentali, ad esempio, o di contrada. A uomini “fuori dal comune” guardano invece le ultime due parti dell’opera. Al centro dell’attenzione si ritrovano così potenti magnati dotati di castelli e giurisdizioni, ma anche minori nobili, capaci di esercitare un ruolo centrale nella vita politica ed economica del Milanese, cui l’autore si rivolge cercando di ricostruirne ruolo e posizione, nonché la capacità di promuovere legami alternativi a quelli territoriali e comunitari.

- by Federico Del Tredici
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- Rural History, Medieval Peasantry, Rural communities, Ducato di Milano
- by Paola Guglielmotti
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- Medieval History, Medieval Studies, New Foundations, Liguria
- by Paola Guglielmotti
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- Late Middle Ages, Medieval History, Piemonte, Territory
- by Tiziana Lazzari
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- Medieval rural settlement, Rural communities
- by Intan Syafinaz
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- Tourism Studies, Hospitality Management, Malaysia, Rural Tourism

ABSTRACT
This paper study on the causes and consequences of farmer’s suicide, where in the recent past massive suicides were going on in India mostly in Maharashtra and Telangana State. Since Independence in India the contribution of agriculture share to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has been declining, which itself shows that the government and administration had collectively deliberately neglected the agriculture sector. Every Indian feels proud to say that we live in a very large agricultural society where more than 65% of the families depend on this sector. But it is extremely brutal and negligence of government because there was no structured administration and very less in number of human resource in agriculture & its allied sectors to assist, sustain and encourage farmers to overcome the difficulties they face in farming. Services like soil test, proper guidance, crop information, productive seeds, new agriculture techniques, and awareness on mixed crop cultivation were not provided minimally to the farmers. The study analyzed and understood that most of the suicide farmers in India are the farmers who practiced only one crop cultivation and are not aware of mixed crop farming. Also, due to less concentration on courses of agriculture and its allied sectors which is resulting insufficient human resource personal and poor utilization of mechanizations in agriculture sector. Giving more priority to agricultural courses like diploma in agriculture, farm mechanization and others will help the farmers in future in resolving these issues.
Key words: administration, agriculture officers, services, agriculture courses.

- by mahesh vanam
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- Education, Agriculture, Local governance, Rural communities

Food security is significant issue for development
programming given this is a basic need that impacts survival,
growth and development of human being.. As 49% of the
households in Nepal are food insecure (National Demographic
and Health Survey: NDSH, 2011), it is very important to explore
how households in the rural communities are coping with food
insecurity situation and discuss about the way out. Disasters,
climate change effects on production, exploitative economic
systems, growing distraction of youth from agriculture are some
significant issues that are likely to intensify the risks for food
security in future. Food insecurity further puts households and
communities vulnerable to disasters and weakens their capacity
to restore to the normal life.

- by IJSRP Journal
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- Coping Strategies, Rural communities, Household Food Security

Purpose – Isolated communities face a variety of inconveniences including severe remoteness, poor roads, extreme climate conditions, resulting in the lack of security of supply chains and exorbitant prices for cargo delivery. The paper investigates the present advantages and prospects of applying 3-D printing to improve economics and everyday life of remote communities, reindeer herder case taken as an example. Design/Methodology/Approach-This study covers the use of a low-cost open-source 3-D printer (RepRap) capable of fused filament fabrication to reduce operating costs for nomadic reindeer herder groups. Three case studies are provided for reindeer specific applications to probe economic and technical viability of the technology, namely: ear tags, electric fence components and lasso accessories. Findings –3-D printed objects feature technical characteristics similar to those of analogues available on the market while reducing the price by 63%. Distributed 3-D printing reduces the cost of raw materials by 68% and shipping costs by 50% – due to lower trip frequency. If all reindeer herders globally were to adopt distributed manufacturing of the three aforementioned sample items only, their annual savings from such solution would amount to US$ 2 mn. The paper discovers other economic, entrepreneurial, technical and environmental opportunities offered by 3-D printing put to service the needs of remote communities. Practical implications – A valuable source of information for entrepreneurs, as well as for students and academics for further case-studies in this area. Originality/Value – In remote conditions, 3-D printing offers a more sustainable way of good manufacturing. Numerous open source designs already available for specialists, financial effectiveness, environmental benefits, vast opportunities for entrepreneurs are among the most promising advantages of the technology.

- by Joshua Pearce
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- Economics, Development Economics, International Economics, Sustainable Communities
- by Leslie Tutty
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- Domestic Violence, Rural, Violence Against Women, Intimate Partner Violence
- by MUSTAPHA HASSAN BICHI
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- Water Supply, Rural communities
- by tony stark
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- Rural communities

Wireless network implementation is a viable option for building network infrastructure in rural communities. Rural people lack network infrastructures for information services and socioeconomic development. The aim of this study was to develop a wireless network infrastructure architecture for network services to rural dwellers. A user-centered approach was applied in the study and a wireless network infrastructure was designed and deployed to cover five rural locations. Data was collected and analyzed to assess the performance of the network facilities. The results shows that the system had been performing adequately without any downtime with an average of 200 users per month and the quality of service has remained high. The transmit/receive rate of 300Mbps was thrice as fast as the normal Ethernet transmit/receive specification with an average throughput of 1 Mbps. The multiple output/multiple input (MIMO) point-to-multipoint network design increased the network throughput and the quality of service experienced by the users.

One of the most important issues in the energy sector is the sustainable electrification of rural communities. Efficient and renewable storage systems can also play a leading role in order to address this problem.
The aim of this project is to provide a sustainable solution to the energy problems that the rural community of Knoydart faces. Initially, this case study examines the existing hydropower scheme and the backup diesel generator, which provides power when the scheme is inefficient to satisfy the demand, in the isolated community of Knoydart.
Also the benefits of hydrogen as a fuel are presented and the operational characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of the existing fuel cell technologies are analysed. The capability of using the surplus of energy from the hydropower plant to produce hydrogen through electrolysis is making the application of a hydrogen renewable energy storage system reliable in the specific area.
The last part includes the analysis of the electrical demand and presents the breakdowns that occurred in the previous years in the Knoydart hydro-scheme. By using the facts and observations, a representative model for the breakdowns due to failure and the extended or scheduled maintenances is created. A simulating excel is calculating the potential hydrogen production from the energy surplus and the different performances for various storage tanks. One of the greatest benefits of this application is the decreasing usage of the diesel generator and consequently of diesel itself as a fuel. Last but not least, a financial assessment is attempted, based on the balance between the estimated expenditures for the whole project and the potential financial savings from the decreased use of diesel.

- by Joanna Storie and +1
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- Human-wildlife conflicts, Rural communities, Ex-Socialist Countries, Hunting Versus Farming

The construction of watchtowers on the islands of the aegean archipelago was common practice for Western peoples in the context of a systematic effort to provide military protection for agricultural areas and the populations of their rich commercial colonies. after the weakening of these colonies and the arrival of the ottomans, the watchtowers, known as viglae, continued to operate, as they were closely associated with the socioeconomic , everyday life of the region's residents. using the case study of the community of 21 mastic-gathering villages (mastihohoria) of south chios, this article aims to: a) investigate the main and secondary objectives of the ottoman administration in maintaining the operation of the viglae; b) study the system of operation of the viglae during the period of ottoman rule; and c) explore the maintenance of viglae during this era. This article is based on qualitative research, as it studies documents found primarily in archival material, such as notarial acts, communal decisions, and correspondence between members of the ottoman administration and community representatives, as well as other historical, travel and geographical resources.

- by Vesna Djukic
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- Ecotourism, Cultural Tourism, Community Based Tourism, Responsible Tourism

Sous le principat d'Amédée VIII, les communautés paysannes font face aux malheurs des temps. Durement touchée par les épidémies, et par les aléas climatiques, elles bénéficient néanmoins de la paix assurée à l'intérieur de la principauté. Les communautés de montagne bénéficient aussi des opportunités offertes par la demande de produits de l'élevage et affirment leur mainmises sur les espaces communs. D'un point de vue des libertés, les communautés savoyardes du XVe siècle n'apparaissent pas, dans le contexte alpin, particulièrement émancipées. Sous Amédée VIII, Le mouvement de franchises s'essouffle et la seigneurie, renforcée par l'élaboration des documents de gestion de plus en plus précis, maintient son emprise. En réalité, le comte devenu duc ne paraît pas avoir eu de politique caractérisée à l'égard des communautés rurales, si ce n'est qu'elles restent soumises et continuent de payer l'impôt public établi par ses prédécesseurs. Les Statuts de Savoie de 1430 leur accordent d'ailleurs peu de place peu de place. .

The aim of this paper is to revisit the social and institutional features of the Riviera di Salò in the Late Middle Ages, according to the recent historiographical debate on Italian rural communities. Specifically, the connection between the episcopal see of Brescia and the Riviera during the age of Visconti is highlighted, so as to emphasize centrifugal and centripetal forces acting within the federation.

- by Fabrizio Pagnoni and +1
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- Lombardy (Late Middle Ages), Late Medieval History, Middle Ages, Rural communities

В существующих социологических традициях пространство познается в первую очередь как ряд визуальных образов либо структура знаний, мыслей и представлений информантов. В этом эссе мне хотелось бы обратить вни- мание на еще один альтернативный источник социологической информа- ции – звуковой фон, маркирующий и конструирующий пространство, звуки, привычно сопровождающие повседневность.

- by Elena Bogdanova
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- Rural Sociology, Rural communities, Social Space, Urban and Rural Space

Ecovillages are alternative communities centred on self-sufficiency and a sustainable lifestyle. They develop bottom-up and offer an alternative to mainstream society, which residents experience as disruptive to the environment and social cohesion. These communities form small-scale societies, who also encounter conflicts. The development of an ecovillage into a stable, and functional community with strong social cohesion requires a long process whereby a number of crucial stages need to be completed. These stages are often characterised by conflict. The past has shown that in most of these communities, conflicts lead to a dysfunctional working, in turn leading to the disintegration of the group.
In this research, I focus on the role of conflict on the group development process. Based on Tuckman’s group development model, I try to understand how conflicts arise, their features, and what this entails for group development. This thesis is researched with ethnographic methods, at Lammas, a young ecovillage in Wales set up in 2009. Based on participating observation and semi-structured interviews, the results are as follows: conflicts originated in external structural features and incompatible values and ideals. Different parties were formed in which the positions of the residents can be distinguished by their investment in the conflict and their willingness to compromise. On the one hand, positions in the conflicts become consolidated and on the other hand, a withdrawal from the community occurs. Because no positive group culture was created, with mechanisms to deal with conflicts, the group comes to a standstill and there is no further group development.
By placing conflict in a broader context and understanding the processes by which the members give meaning to conflict, I tried to explain the deeper causes of conflict and how these influence the further development of a group.

"Raconter les circonstances du vol. La place de la préméditation dans les procès pour vol dans les Vosges (XVIe-XVIIe siècles)", p. 25-36, dans Anne-Claude AMBROISE-RENDU, Frédéric CHAUVAUD (dir.), Machination, intrigue et résolution. Une... more

- by Camille Dagot
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- Justice, XVII century, Treason, Crime

RESUMEN: El presente trabajo analiza las transformaciones experimentadas por el clero local en la diócesis de León entre mediados del siglo xi y principios del xiii a fin de comprender el proceso de encuadramiento de este grupo dentro de los nuevos marcos de organización eclesiástica impulsados por la Reforma Gregoriana. Con este fin, se examinan aspectos como los cambios en los mecanismos de acceso al clero, la subordinación de los clérigos locales a la jurisdicción episcopal, su adecuación a ciertas pautas de disciplina y comportamiento, y su participación en los ingresos eclesiásticos, en un contexto caracterizado por el fortalecimiento del poder episcopal y la configuración del sistema parroquial en el norte hispánico.
ABSTRACT: This paper analyzes the transformations undergone by the local clergy in the diocese of Leon between the mid-eleventh and the beginning of the 13 th Century, with a view to shedding light on how this group adjusted to the new framework of ecclesiastical organization promoted by the Gregorian Reform. To this end, the study examines different aspects such as the changes in the ways clergymen were appointed, the subordination of local clergymen to the episcopal jurisdiction, their adjustment to certain standards of discipline and behavior, and their participation in the ecclesiastical income, within a context characterized by the strengthening of episcopal authority and the configuration of the parish system in northern Iberia.

- by Mariel Perez
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- Medieval History, Gregorian Reform, Church History, Medieval Spain