Scabies Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Infection risk is assumed to increase with social group size, and thus be a cost of group living. We assess infection risk and costs with respect to group size using data from an epidemic of sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) among grey wolves (Canis lupus). We demonstrate that group size does not predict infection risk and that individual costs of infection, in terms of reduced survival, can be entirely offset by having sufficient numbers of pack-mates. Infected individuals experience increased mortality hazards with increasing proportions of infected pack-mates, but healthy individuals remain unaffected. The social support of group hunting and territory defence are two possible mechanisms mediating infection costs. This is likely a common phenomenon among other social species and chronic infections, but difficult to detect in systems where infection status cannot be measured continuously over time.

- by
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- Ecology, Territoriality, Social behavior, Sociality

Scabies, a mite infestation frequently sexually transmitted, dates back to antiquity but remains a challenging parasite for study in clinical practice and community settings. Its history is one of centuries of slow progress to recognize the mite and to finally establish its nexus to the clinical syndrome of pruritis with several protean manifestations and different epidemiological patterns. Contemporary methods of management are briefly reviewed, with the future promise of improved evolutionary knowledge associated with the advent of molecular and genetic technology. Current information indicates that humans and earlier protohumans were most likely the source of animal scabies, first of dogs, and later of other species with subsequent spread to wildlife. Morphologically identical variants of Sarcoptes scabiei are nonetheless host specific, as determined by recent DNA studies, and invite future investigations into the dynamics of this troublesome sexually transmissible agent, with the goal of improved recognition and control.

- by Shelley Walton
- •
- History, Evolutionary Biology, Parasitology, Veterinary Medicine

This study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of crude aqueous-methanol and aqueous extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel against sarcoptic mange of sheep. Crude aqueous-methanol (AME) and aqueous extracts (AE) of neem seed kernel (NSK) were prepared and formulated as 10% and 20% ointments (w/w), using Vaseline as vehicle. Forty-two lambs of Pak Karakul breed, having natural infection of sarcoptic mange were divided into seven experimental groups. Skin scrapings and clinical examination were carried out at scheduled intervals after treatment. Ivermectin (positive control) completely cleared infesting mites from animals after 10 days and 20% AME after 16 days. While, clinical mange was completely cured after 16 and 20 days with ivermectin and 20% AME, respectively, under field conditions. Only the higher concentration (20% AME) of NSK extracts completely cured the clinical mange, suggesting a dose-dependent response. Our results consolidate the belief that use of folk remedies can provide an effective and economic way of combating sarcoptic mange in sheep.

Four new cases of sarcoptic mange in cats are described. Two cats resided in areas known to be frequented by foxes, another cohabited with a dog recently diagnosed with sarcoptic mange, while the final cat lived with a mixed breed dog that had been treated for sarcoptic mange 7 months previously. Three cases were diagnosed on the basis of characteristic mite size and morphology in skin scraping from representative lesions, situated on the head (two cases) or head and distal hind limbs (one case). Mites were highly mobile and abundant in all instances, and easily detected also in skin biopsy specimens procured from two cases. Eosinophilic inflammation, hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis were prominent in the tissue sections. In the remaining case, the diagnosis was presumptive, based on characteristic lesions, cohabitation with a canine scabies patient and positive response to scabicide therapy. Pruritus was not a prominent clinical feature in any patient and was considered to be absent in three of the four cases. Lesions in three cats with long-standing disease were reminiscent of crusted scabies (synonym: Norwegian scabies, parakeratotic scabies) as seen in human patients. In three cases, in-contact human carriers developed itchy cutaneous papular lesions. Two cases responded promptly to therapy with systemic avermectin drugs, while one responded to topical treatment with lime sulphur and the remaining cat received both a lime sulphur rinse and ivermectin. Sarcoptic mange should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cats with non-pruritic crusting skin diseases, especially when there is contact with foxes or dogs, and when owners have itchy papular lesions.

- by Richard Malik
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- Treatment Outcome, Cats, Insecticides, Differential Diagnosis

- by Russell Currier
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- History, Evolutionary Biology, Parasitology, Veterinary Medicine

The transmission of scabies occurs with the burrowing of Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis mites into the skin. Infestation invariably leads to the development of localized cutaneous inflammation, pruritis and skin lesions. Classical transmission studies document an initial increase in S. scabiei numbers subsequent to primary infestation with a gradual reduction as host immunity develops. However, certain individuals fail to control infection and develop severe crusting of the skin, accompanied with extremely high mite burdens, elevated antibody levels and eosinophilia. These individuals have the nonhealing form of the human disease known as crusted scabies. The genetic predisposition for susceptibility or resistance to S. scabiei infection in humans is hypothesized to correlate with the dominance of an IgE-driven Th2 response in severe disease or an interferon-c-dominated Th1 response that promotes parasite control. However, recent data reveals complexities in cytokine regulation in the skin and the mechanisms of acquired resistance and immune escape. In this review, we consider the recent immunological and biomolecular advances in understanding the human host immune response to S. scabiei infestations in the context of earlier studies and attempt to reconcile apparent differences and emphasize those aspects of the Th1 ⁄ Th2 model that are supported or refined.

- by Shelley Walton
- •
- Parasitology, Vaccines, Scabies, Veterinary Sciences

La escabiosis o sarna es una infecció n ectoparasitaria producida por el á caro Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis (clase Arachnida, subclase Acarina, orden Astigmata, familia Sarcoptidae). Tiene una distribució n mundial, con una prevalencia global estimada de 300 millones de casos 1 . Es una enfermedad para la que hay susceptibilidad universal, sin diferencias significativas en cuanto a sexo, edad, grupo é tnico o nivel socioeconó mico, aunque existen circunstancias predisponentes para su contagio, como el hacinamiento, la inmigració n, la higiene deficiente, la malnutrició n, la demencia y la promiscuidad sexual. Ciertas regiones de Amé rica Central y del Sur se consideran á reas endé micas 2 . Otras variedades de Sarcoptes scabiei son causantes de la sarna animal. En ocasiones, se transmiten al hombre y pueden causar reacciones pruriginosas, pero son autolimitadas, porque el pará sito no puede completar su ciclo vital en la piel humana.

- by Eduardo Fonseca
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- Scabies, Clinical Parasitology, Itch, Pruritus
- by William Tjhoa
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- Scabies

- by Shelley Walton
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- Treatment Outcome, Cats, Insecticides, Differential Diagnosis

Professor Jorge Alvar and his colleagues from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III in Madrid, Spain, open this volume with a comprehensive review of canine leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum. In addition to its importance to owners of pet dogs and those used for hunting, this infection is of great significance in human medicine as the main reservoir of human visceral leishmaniasis caused by L. infantum. The authors describe fully the recent application of molecular techniques to study of the canine infection, which have improved its diagnosis and added to current knowledge of its epidemiology and pathogenesis. These advances in turn have led to improved methods of controlling infection in dogs, including the use of insecticide-impregnated collars to reduce the prevalence of sand fly bites, and so diminish the reservoir of human infection.

- by Shelley Walton
- •
- Microbiology, Parasitology, Epidemiology, Population Genetics

Polarizable elements in scabies infestation: a clue to diagnosis The diagnosis of scabies infestation is straightforward in cases where mite parts are largely visible; however, mites are often not captured in a specimen's planes of section. Polariscopic examination is a fast and simple adjunctive diagnostic tool to light microscopy. We describe the unique polariscopic findings in scabies infestation. Two cases of crusted scabies and eight cases of typical scabies were subjected to polariscopic examination. Diagnostic mite parts were visualized in at least one section in all cases. Attached and detached spines as well as scybala (fecal material) are polarizable. Specifically, spines show a polarizable outer sheath with dark central core while scybala show peripherally concentrated, stippled birefringence. Similar stippled birefringence is visible within the gut of some mites whereas significant birefringence is not appreciated in other mite parts. These results suggest that polariscopic examination is a helpful clue in the diagnosis of scabies infestation, especially in cases where the body of the mite is not visualized.

- by Anneli Bowen
- •
- Clinical Sciences, Scabies, Dermoscopy, Feces

Lampiran 2 NASKAH PENJELASAN KEPADA PESERTA PENELITIAN Saya, M. Arif Habibi Nst, mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sumatera Utara semester VII, melakukan penelitian dengan judul "Hubungan Skabies dengan Kualitas Air di Panti Asuhan Darul Yatama ". Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam rangka memenuhi persyaratan penyelesaian studi di Fakultas Kedokteran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah kualitas air dapat mempengaruhi perkembangan penyakit skabies. Skabies adalah penyakit kulit menular yang disebabkan oleh Sarcoptes scabei varian hominis, yang penularannya terjadi secara kontak langsung. Data yang saya peroleh dari pemeriksaan saudara akan saya rahasiakan dan tidak akan saya sebarkan. Penelitian ini bersifat sukarela dan tidak memaksa. Apabila saudara bersedia menjadi peserta penelitan, dengan senang hati kami mengharapkan untuk dapat kiranya mengisi formulir yang kami sediakan. Atas partisipasi dan kejasamanya, saya ucapakan terima kasih. P. Berandan, Juni 2011 Peniliti M. Arif Habibi Nasution

- by Angga Lio
- •
- Scabies

Ivermectin is the only one of the avermectins that has been widely used in humans, since it is recommended as the treatment of choice for onchocerciasis, a filariasis that produces "river blindness," a parasitic endemic infestation in countries of West Equatorial Africa and in some areas of Central and South America. Also, ivermectin has been used for treating human endo-and ectoparasites with effective results and with almost no side effects. To study the efficacy of ivermectin for scabies, which is very common in Colombia, a trial with this drug that could be easily administered, with fast application and high efficacy, was undertaken. For this purpose, six complete families with active scabies, consisting of 12 adults and 20 children ranging in age from 1 to 10 years, were treated with 1% ivermectin in a solution of propylene glycol applied topically to the affected skin. The dose employed was 400 µg/kg, repeated once the following week. All patients were cured, tolerated the medication well, and there were no side effects or signs of recurrence 2, 4, or 6 weeks after therapy. In addition to its efficacy, easy administration, and lack of side effects, ivermectin is a low-cost medication.

- by Rodolfo Trujillo
- •
- Treatment Outcome, Adolescent, Insecticides, Child

Dermatoscopy, also known as dermoscopy, epiluminescence microscopy, or surface microscopy, is a noninvasive technique allowing rapid and magnified (310) in vivo observation of the skin with the visualization of morphologic features often imperceptible to the naked eye. Videodermatoscopy (VD) represents the evolution of dermatoscopy and is performed with a video camera equipped with lenses providing higher magnification (310 to 31000). Over the past few years, both dermatoscopy and VD have been demonstrated to be useful in a wide variety of cutaneous disorders, including ectoparasitic infestations, cutaneous/mucosal infections, hair and nail abnormalities, psoriasis, and other dermatologic as well as cosmetologic conditions. Depending on the skin disorder, both dermatoscopy and VD may be useful for differential diagnosis, prognostic evaluation, and monitoring response to treatment. Nowadays, it represents an important and relatively simple aid in daily clinical practice. ( J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;64:1135-46.)

- by Francesco Lacarrubba
- •
- Psoriasis, Alopecia Areata, Skin Diseases, Clinical Sciences
- by IAEES Publications
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- SHRIMP, Lobsters, Crabs, Insects

FIG 1: (a and b) Affected vicuñas showed skin lesions, mainly affecting internal legs, inguinal zone, and ventral abdomen FIG 2: Severe skin lesions affecting the legs of vicuñas. (a) Carpus showed chronic skin lesion: thick, fissured, lichenified and crusted skin. (b) Axillary area showed thick crusts covering skin group.bmj.com on September 20, 2013 -Published by veterinaryrecord.bmj.com Downloaded from Short Communication Veterinary Record |

- by Maria Lopez-Urbina and +2
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- Peru, Animal Husbandry, Drug Resistance, Scabies

This is my boy, document :D

- by Sharon Kapisa
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- Scabies

The guideline has been prepared by the Japanese Dermatological Association to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment of scabies, as oral therapy became available on August 2006 under health insurance and its clinical use was expected to increase. For making a proper diagnosis, the following three points should be taken into consideration: (i) clinical symptoms; (ii) detection of the mite (Sarcoptes scabiei); and (iii) epidemiological symptoms. The diagnosis is confirmed if the mites or eggs are identified by microscopy or dermoscopy and so forth. Topical sulfur preparations, with only limited usefulness, are the only available topical drugs approved by health insurance coverage for treating scabies. Currently, crotamiton, benzyl benzoate and gamma-benzene hexachloride are also used clinically. It is important to apply these to the whole-body, including hands, fingers and genitals. The dose for ivermectin is a single administration p.o. of approximately 200 microg/kg bodyweight with water before a meal. Administration of a second dose is considered, if new specific lesions develop or the mites are detected. For treating crusted scabies, concomitant administration of oral ivermectin and the topical preparation is necessary. Some safe and useful topical drug preparations are needed to be approved by health insurance.

- by Nobuo Kanazawa
- •
- Dermatology, Insecticides, Pregnancy, Infection Control

Abstrak Pengetahun seseorang terhadap suatu penyakit dan mempengaruhi terjadinya suatu penyakit, sejalan dengan pengetahuan akan terbentuk suatu sikap dalam menanggapi hal tersebut. Kebersihan diri merupakan faktor yang tidak luput dalam terjadinya suatu penyakit. Penelitian bertujuan untuk hubungan pengetahuan dengan kejadian skabies, sikap dengan kejadian skabies, tindakan kebersihan diri dengan skabies serta mneghubungkan pengetahuan, sikap, dan tindakan kebersihan diri dengan skabies. Jenis penelitian ini adalah observasi analitik dengan pendekatan kasus kontrol. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di bulan Mei sampai Juni 2019. Jumlah sampel yang diambil sebanyak 62 untuk masing-masing kelompok yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi.Pengetahuan, sikap, dan tindakan kebersihan diri diuukur menggunakan kuesioner. Analisis univariat digunakan untuk melihat gambaran pengetahuan, sikap, dan tindakan kebersihan diri. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan umumnya baik yaitu sebesar 44,4%, sikap umumnya baik yaitu sebesar 43,5%, dan tindakan kebersihan diri umumnya buruk yaitu sebesar 35,5%. Penderita tindakan kebersihan buruk terbanyak pada usia < 21 tahun sebesar 42,1% dan berjenis kelamin laki-laki. Analisis bivariat menggunakan chi-square terdapat pengaruh antara setiap variabel (pengetahuan, sikap, dan tindakan kebersihan diri) dengan kejadian skabies dengan p value 0,00, 0,002, 0,003. Analisis multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik didapatkan bahwa pengetahuan dan sikap merupakan variabel yang dominan sebagai faktor risiko kejadian skabies Kata kunci: pengetahuan, sikap, tindakan kebersihan diri, skabies

- by Fikri Handy
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- Knowledge, Attitude, Personal Hygiene, Scabies

Milbemycin oxime tablets were evaluated for efficacy against sarcoptic mange mites in naturally infested dogs. Sixty-five dogs were allocated
to two groups and were housed individually. Fifty of the dogs were treated orally with milbemycin oxime at the proposed dose. The other
fifteen were treated orally with vehicle. Study day 0 was defined as the first day of treatment administration. Dogs were treated on days 0, 7
and 14, and efficacy was assessed by counting viable mites recovered from skin scrapings. To enumerate Sarcoptes scabiei mites, skin scrapings were taken on each of Days-1, 14, 28, 42 and 56. Clinical signs of mange and the extent of sarcoptic lesions were evaluated on each dog when scrapings were made. Evaluation of the efficacy of the treatment was based on the absence of mites supported by the absence of clinical signs associated with canine sarcoptic mange. Treatment with milbemycin oxime at weekly intervals resulted in a rapid reduction of mites and improved clinical signs. Percentage reductions in geometric mean mite counts for milbemycin oxime, compared with vehicle, on days 14, 28, 42, and 56 were 90, 96, 100, and 100%, respectively. The overall cure rates at Day 56, based on zero mite counts and resolution of clinical signs were 100% of dogs. Weekly treatment with maximum dose (2.0g/kg) rate of milbemycin oxime for continually three weeks, was effective against naturally acquired infestations of sarcoptes scabiei in dogs, reducing mites counts by 100%.

VOORWOORD 2021
De eerste versie van deze scriptie schreef ik in 1985 als
student geneeskunde tijdens een drie maanden durende
wetenschappelijke stage Geschiedenis der Geneeskunde bij
Prof. Dr. D. Du Moulin in het Instituut voor de Geschiedenis van
de Geneeskunde (medische faculteit van de K.U. in Nijmegen).
Figuur 0 Prof. Dr. D. du Moulin
Niet de interessante details over het gebruik van zwavel 19e eeuw deden mij besluiten een nieuwe
versie uit te brengen, maar datgene dat aangeduid wordt in de bovenstaande citaten van Baas en Goethe.
Deze citaten leiden tot het innemen van een weids perspectief op de (geschiedenis der) geneeskunde: wie
de geschiedenis der geneeskunde niet waardeert of kent is als een dolende (J.H. Baas) en wie niet beseft dat
veel kennis eerder al voorhanden was maar weer in de vergetelheid kan raken (J.W. von Goethe) is als een
onwetende. Dat, wat in de scriptie wordt gebracht is daarvan een illustratie.
Uit kennistheoretisch oogpunt is het interessant om na te gaan of Goethe eigenlijk wel gelijk heeft:
is de kennis welke wij nu (soms met veel moeite) verwerven eerder al bekend geweest? Maar hoe weet hij
dat dan? En hoelang geleden was deze dan bekend? Dat de schurftmijt in vergetelheid raakte (en men zo
vergat dat de schurft een infectiologisch probleem is) en herontdekt werd, is geen bewijs voor de juistheid
van Goethes bewering maar ondersteunt deze wel.
En wie de pathofysiologische visie uit het begin van de 19e eeuw, hier voor een deel weergegeven,
alleen afdoet als absurd en dom, beseft niet dat toentertijd die visie werd beschouwd als summum van kennis
en dat de dokters die deze visie ondersteunden zich in de frontlinie waanden van de toenmalige
geneeskunde. Net zoals ook wij nu bepaalde pathofysiologische visies koesteren als eeuwig waar en
onbetwistbaar. Geheel terecht zegt Baas dat je zo het gevaar loopt (onbewust) in de maalstroom van alledag
te worden meegesleurd zonder kompas of stuur hoewel je jezelf beschouwt als verlicht mens en
wetenschapper.
Ook al speelt deze geschiedenis zich af in de 19e eeuw, we kunnen er tegenwoordig nog van leren.
Wie denkt dat ons dit niet meer zal overkomen, moet beseffen dat ook wij vaste denkpatronen hebben; het
systeemdenken in wetenschap en maatschappij neemt in mijn perceptie toe. Aan de top van menig
denksysteem staan slechts enkele begrippen (of soms zelfs één!) met welke de gehele werkelijkheid in een
dwangbuis wordt geperst. Systeemdenken maakt lui omdat voor elke vraag snel en zonder veel inspanning
(bijna mechanisch) een antwoord te geven is. Bij Sigmund Freud was dat libido, bij Norbert Wiener feedback,
bij Karl Marx uitbuitende klasse en in onze tijd is dat bijvoorbeeld natuurlijke evolutie (alles wat de tijd heeft
overleefd zal wel evolutionair voordeel en waarde hebben want anders had de “evolutie” het er wel
“uitgegooid”). Maar, om terug te komen op deze scriptie, in het 19e-eeuwse denken was dat, bijvoorbeeld,
huiduitslag en het terugslaan daarvan met als gevolg ziekte. Op basis hiervan werden de meest uiteenlopende
ziektebeelden verklaard en met het toenmalige pathofysiologisch denken passende therapieën bedacht (zie
de hoofdstukken over croup en schurft).
Elke tijd kent zijn eigen vormen van systeemdenken, onze tijd niet uitgezonderd. Daarom is wat in
deze scriptie wordt verteld niet achterhaald. Degene, die zich aan het lezen ervan zet, wens ik veel plezier.
En, beslis zelf of de aan deze scriptie meegegeven citaten (p. 5) inderdaad op hun plaats zijn.
Freddy T. Kokke
Gronsveld/Maastricht, Maart 2021

- by Freddy Kokke
- •
- Epistemology, 18th & 19th Centuries, Dutch, Medical History

Forty-eight dairy ewes and 45 lambs naturally infested with sarcoptic mange, were divided into three equal groups and treated with moxidectin 1% inj. sol. at a dose rate of 0.2 mg moxidectin kg −1 bodyweight once or twice ten days apart. During the study, the skin lesions were scored and the number of mites recovered in facial skin scrapings from the animals were recorded. Moxidectin was found to be effective against ovine sarcoptic mange, when given twice; the percentage reduction of mites was 100% (p < 0.0001) and the skin lesions disappeared completely (p = 0.0001). In sheep treated once only, the percentage reduction of mites varied from 75% to 92%. Treated ewes produced up to 22.4% more milk than the infested ones (p = 0.0001). Treated lambs had up to 15% greater final weight and up to 23.7% more growth than infested controls (p = 0.0001). It is concluded that two injections of moxidectin 1% inj. sol. at a dose rate of 0.2 mg kg −1 bodyweight, given ten days apart, were effective against ovine sarcoptic mange. Furthermore, it is considered that sarcoptic mange adversely affects the production of the infested animals.

- by E. M Papadopoulos
- •
- Microbiology, Lactation, Veterinary Parasitology, Insecticides

Scabies remains a significant public health problem worldwide. Research into aspects of Sarcoptes scabiei biology and host-parasite interactions has been impeded by an inability to maintain mites in vitro and by limited access to parasite material and infected subjects. The generation of comprehensive expressed sequence tag libraries has enabled the initial characterisation of molecules of interest to diagnostics, vaccines, and drug resistance. The recent development and utilisation of animal models, combined with next-generation technologies, is anticipated to lead to new strategies to prevent, diagnose, and treat scabies, ultimately improving skin health in both human and veterinary settings. This article will summarise recent molecular and immunologic advances on scabies, and will address priorities for the exciting 'next chapter' of scabies research.

- by Shelley Walton
- •
- Biological Sciences, Drug Resistance, Host-parasite interactions, Scabies

Ectoparasitoses (infestations with parasites that live on or in the skin) are usually considered as vexing disorders and do not attract much clinical attention. But depending on the socioeconomic setting, these infections can carry substantial morbidity and affect much of a population. Ectoparasitic infestations can be sporadic, endemic, or epidemic. The prevalence of ectoparasitoses in the general population is RAPID REVIEW low, but can become high in vulnerable groups. For example, tungiasis usually affects usually less than 1% of the population in an endemic area, but in economically disadvantaged communities prevalence in children can reach 76%. 1 In some indigenous populations in the Amazon rain forest nearly all individuals have head lice.

- by Jörg Heukelbach
- •
- Global Health, Zoonoses, Insecticides, Drug Resistance
- by Lee F Skerratt
- •
- Australia, Marsupialia, Scabies, Veterinary Sciences

The authors report 10 cases of localised sarcoptic mange in dogs. In each case, lesions were localised to one precise area of the skin. Pruritus was present in nine cases and absent in one. Affected areas were the feet (one case), the face and/or the pinnae (six cases), the abdominal skin (one case), the flank (one case) and the lumbar area (one case). The types of lesions were erythema, papules, lichenification, scales, crusts and alopecia. Parasites were found in all cases except one, in which anti-immunoglobulin G Sarcoptes serology was positive. The acaricidal treatments given were lindane, ivermectin or selamectin and were all successful.

- by Emmanuel Bensignor
- •
- Treatment Outcome, Dogs, Insecticides, Skin

Cutaneous features in the scalp area among adult patients are rarely considered as a manifestation of scabies. Three patients with clinical and laboratory data of dermatomyositis with scalp involvement (fulfill three or four of Bohan and Peter's criteria), of 4 years, 8 months, and 3 years duration, were seen at our department between 1995 and 1996. For relapses of ordinary scabies, they were treated repeatedly with local scabicide with temporary effect. After a symptom-free period during the treatment of dermatomyositis with corticosteroids and azathioprine, they developed diffuse redness with scales and crusts on the scalp areas. Light microscopy examination of material taken from these crusts showed an abundance of live mites. All patients were successfully cured of scabies with a twice oral dose of 200 microg/kg ivermectin within 8 days. Our patients with crusted scabies of the scalp and dermatomyositis prompted us to change our standard diagnostic and therapeutic regimens. ...

- by Assen Dourmishev
- •
- Dermatology, Insecticides, Clinical Sciences, Aged
- by Shelley Walton
- •
- Australia, Allergens, Scabies, Immunoassay

Abstract: We report a 6-year-old boy with a diffuse acute pustular eruption which appeared after an erysipela. On the basis of the history and clinical features we made a diagnosis of pustulosis acuta generalisata. An 8-day antibiotic course with amoxicillin and clavulanic acid was instituted. After 1 week the erysipela and the pustular eruption had healed and no relapse of the rash occurred in the following month.

- by Francesco Savoia
- •
- Insecticides, Child, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Scabies

Sarcoptes mite from collection to DNA extraction forms the cornerstone for studies on Sarcoptes scabiei. Whilst the new science era took a shy leap into the different facets of mite studies, the cornerstone was almost entirely neglected. Mite collection, cleaning, storage and DNA extraction were, basically, humble attempts to extrapolate, adapt, modify or 'pirate' those existing methods to the peculiarities of Sarcoptes research. These aspects usually constituted few lines, bashfully mentioned, in the materials and methods section of some papers, which arose in unique problems concerning cost-effectiveness, time profitability, safety and even worse, the credibility of the results, creating contradictory conclusions in some cases. This 'noisy' situation encouraged us to collect, classify and review, for the first time to our knowledge, some aspects relating to studies on Sarcoptes mite from collection to DNA extraction, which will be useful for further studies on Sarcoptes, and have implications for the effective control of the diseases Sarcoptes mite causes. Further studies are needed, especially to compare the profitability, safety, sensibility and specificity of the different methods of this neglected realm of the ubiquitous ectoparasite.

- by Dominga Soglia
- •
- Microbiology, Parasitology, Medical Microbiology, DNA

Menyembuhkan Kudis Yang Sudah Lama – Kulit sangat rentan terkena gangguan, seperti contohnya penyakit kudis. Kudis bisa tumbuh dibagian tubuh mana saja seperti kaki , tangan, sela jari, leher, selangkangan dan lain-lain. Kudis ini sangat mengganggu karena rasa gatalnya terutama ketika malam hari. Baik anak-anak maupun orang dewasa dapat terkena penyakit ini tanpa terkecuali.

- by fadel nurfadillah
- •
- Scabies

The transmission of scabies occurs with the burrowing of Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis mites into the skin. Infestation invariably leads to the development of localized cutaneous inflammation, pruritis and skin lesions. Classical transmission studies document an initial increase in S. scabiei numbers subsequent to primary infestation with a gradual reduction as host immunity develops. However, certain individuals fail to control infection and develop severe crusting of the skin, accompanied with extremely high mite burdens, elevated antibody levels and eosinophilia. These individuals have the nonhealing form of the human disease known as crusted scabies. The genetic predisposition for susceptibility or resistance to S. scabiei infection in humans is hypothesized to correlate with the dominance of an IgE-driven Th2 response in severe disease or an interferon-γ-dominated Th1 response that promotes parasite control. However, recent data reveals complexities in cytokine regulation in the skin and the mechanisms of acquired resistance and immune escape. In this review, we consider the recent immunological and biomolecular advances in understanding the human host immune response to S. scabiei infestations in the context of earlier studies and attempt to reconcile apparent differences and emphasize those aspects of the Th1/Th2 model that are supported or refined.

- by Shelley Walton
- •
- Microbiology, Medical Microbiology, Cytokines, Innate immunity
- by Shelley Walton
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- Poverty, Disease Outbreaks, Postgraduate medical education, Crowding

WHO Promoting the herbal drugs because of its therapeutic potentials. The present paper aimed to document the wealth of medicinal plant species used by ethnic groups of Kurnool District to curing scabies, leucoderma, boils and cuts skin diseases. It was found that all plant parts and their extracts used to treat scabies, leucoderma, boils and cuts skin diseases skin disease. The information of plants used to treat these skin diseases from tribal people was collected and plant species were identified with the help of the floristic treatises and date was documented. The documented information was cross checked with Ayurvedic physicians. The results revealed that 21 plants species are using by people belonging to four ethnic groups. Among these 8 plant species used by ethnic groups to treat scabies, leucoderma, boils and cuts skin diseases are also prescribed by Ayurvedic physicians. Nationally four Ayurvedic companies are preparing 21 types of drugs and releasing in the market. Remaining 13 plant species should be explored for the safety of herbal preparation to cure scabies, leucoderma, boils and cuts skin diseases. These plants represent a major source for the pharmaceutical industries in a view of their raw material. The information will draw the attention of pharmacologists and phytochemists for further critical investigations.

- by kedam venkata subbaiah
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- Pharmacology, Botany, Pharmacy, Medicinal Plants

This case report describes the clinical signs and treatment of demodicosis in nine pet prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Clinical records including history, clinical examination, microscopic evaluation and fungal culture of the skin lesions were available for all nine animals. In seven animals, blood was obtained for haematological and biochemical analyses. Clinical signs comprised bilaterally symmetrical alopecia extending from the middle part of the back down to the skin of the thighs and the dorsal and ventral parts of the tail. Demodex mites were found in skin scrapings from all cases. Treatment with amitraz at 250 p.p.m. resulted in resolution of lesions and hair regrowth. This is the first report of demodicosis in this species.

- by Vladimir Jekl and +1
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- Dermatology, Tree squirrels (Rodentia), Parasite, Prairie Dogs

Background: In Zambia, translocation of wildlife from National Parks to private owned game ranches demands that only animals free of infectious diseases that could adversely affect the expansion of the wildlife industry should be translocated to game ranches. Sarcoptes mange (Sarcoptes scarbiei) has been involved in the reduction of wildlife populations in some species.

- by Hetron Munang'andu
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- Microbiology, Zambia, Insecticides, Infectious Disease

Resistance of Sarcoptes scabiei to various topical therapies has been described, but clinical assessment of treatment failure is problematic and in-vitro assays are generally not available. We describe a simple in-vitro analysis used to evaluate the relative efficacy of a range of topical, oral, and herbal treatments available in Australia for the treatment of scabies. S. scabiei var. hominis mites were collected from skin scrapings obtained from 7 crusted scabies patients over a period of 2 years (1997 and 1998). Larvae, nymphal instars, and adult mites were tested within 3 h of collection and continuously exposed to selected commercially available treatment products until death, with the elapsed time recorded. Neem was the only product to show little acaricidal activity. Survival curves indicated that, of the other agents, 5% permethrin (Lyclear) had the slowest killing time, with 35% of mites still alive after 3 h, and 4% still alive after 18-22 h of constant exposure. In contras...

- by Shelley Walton
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- Microbiology, Medical Microbiology, Tea tree oil, Insecticides

- by Shelley Walton
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- Microbiology, Parasitology, Epidemiology, Population Genetics

Between August and December 1996, there was an outbreak of a debilitating skin disease attributed to Sarcoptes scabiei infection in mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in Uganda. All four members of a gorilla group which had been habituated to tourists were clinically affected; the infant male gorilla was most severely affected and died, the juvenile

- by Richard Kock
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- Uganda, Insecticides, Gorilla, Disease Outbreaks
- by Raffaella Bianucci
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- Medieval History, History of Medicine, Paleopathology, Medicine

A 19-year-old woman was seen with a widespread, papulovesicular and urticarial rash of 1-week duration. She had had pruritic lesions on the hands, the nipples, and abdomen 3 weeks prior to the generalized eruption. The patient did not, in... more

- by Joerg Wenzel
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- Differential Diagnosis, Clinical Sciences, Scabies, Thigh

Scabies is a common skin disease among students ( Santri) of Qor'an schools (Pondok Pesantren). It is caused by infestation of mite of Sarcoptes scabiei that spreads easily from human to human, from animal to animal or from human to animal vice versa. The aim of this study was to measure prevalence of Scabies disease and to analyse environmental sanitation factors influencing the preval ence of Scabies among students of Qor'an schools in regency of Lamongan, East Java. This study was designed as a cross -sectional observational study, carried out in 12 dormitories of Qor'an schools across Lamongan regency, East Java, in October 2003 until June 2004. The total population was 59.650 students with 338 student samples taken by a multistage random sampl ing method. The environmental sanitation factor included dormitory sanitation, personal hygiene, and health behaviour. Association of each parame ter of these variables with the prevalence of Sc abies was analysed by using Chi-square statistical test. All parameters significantly associated with the prevalence of Scabies were put together for statistical analysis purposes of Multiple Logistic Regress ion.

- by Zul Fikar
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- Environmental Sanitation, Personal Hygiene, Scabies
- by kurniaa widyaningrum
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- Tugas kuliah, Personal Hygiene, Artikel, Scabies

We examined the clinical and cellular effects of sarcoptic mange on southern hairynosed wombats (SHNW, Lasiorhinus latifrons) and the effectiveness of a single dose of ivermectin as a treatment for captive and wild animals. Wambats were caught at three sites in South Australia between April and August 2005 and blood and skin samples were collected. Hematology, biochemistry, and protein electrophoresis reference intervals were determined for healthy and diseased SHNW. Diseased SHNW had significantly higher white blood cell counts, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and total protein but lower red blood cell counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and creatinine. Microscopic investigation indicated substantial hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, and fluid infiltration into the dermis and epidermis of diseased animals. Conclusions on the efficacy of a single dose of ivermectin were limited by low sample size (n55, two captive and three wild SHNW) and are preliminary. However, ivermectin effectively treated mild, but not severe, mange in wild SHNW and severe mange in captive animals. This study has implications for the conservation and management of SHNW and the broader Vombatidae family.

- by Bill Breed
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- Zoology, Australia, Treatment Outcome, Wildlife Diseases