Crowding Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Humans’ conscious awareness of objects in their visual periphery is limited. This limit is not entirely the result of reduced visual acuity. Rather, it is primarily caused by crowding—the difficulty identifying an object when it is... more

Humans’ conscious awareness of objects in their visual periphery is limited. This limit is not entirely the result of reduced visual acuity. Rather, it is primarily caused by crowding—the difficulty identifying an object when it is surrounded by clutter. The effect of crowding on visual awareness in infants has yet to be explored. Do infants, for example, have a fine-grained “spotlight,” as adults do, or do infants have a diffuse “lantern” that sets limits on what they can register in their visual periphery? We designed an eye-tracking paradigm to psychophysically measure crowding in infants between 6 months and 15 months of age. We showed infants pairs of faces at three eccentricities, in the presence or absence of flankers, and recorded infants’ first saccade from central fixation to either face. Infants could discriminate faces in the periphery, and flankers impaired this ability. We found that the effective spatial resolution of infants’ visual perception increased with age, but...

To quantify any relationship between emergency department (ED) overcrowding and 10-day patient mortality. Retrospective stratified cohort analysis of three 48-week periods in a tertiary mixed ED in 2002-2004. Mean "occupancy" (a... more

To quantify any relationship between emergency department (ED) overcrowding and 10-day patient mortality. Retrospective stratified cohort analysis of three 48-week periods in a tertiary mixed ED in 2002-2004. Mean "occupancy" (a measure of overcrowding based on number of patients receiving treatment) was calculated for 8-hour shifts and for 12-week periods. The shifts of each type in the highest quartile of occupancy were classified as overcrowded. All presentations of patients (except those arriving by interstate ambulance) during "overcrowded" (OC) shifts and during an equivalent number of "not overcrowded" (NOC) shifts (same shift, weekday and period). In-hospital death of a patient recorded within 10 days of the most recent ED presentation. There were 34 377 OC and 32 231 NOC presentations (736 shifts each); the presenting patients were well matched for age and sex. Mean occupancy was 21.6 on OC shifts and 16.4 on NOC shifts. There were 144 deaths i...

Overcrowding is an important issue facing many emergency departments (EDs). Access block (admitted patients occupying ED stretchers) is a leading contributor, and expeditious placement of admitted patients is an area of research interest.... more

Overcrowding is an important issue facing many emergency departments (EDs). Access block (admitted patients occupying ED stretchers) is a leading contributor, and expeditious placement of admitted patients is an area of research interest. This review examined the effectiveness of full capacity protocols (FCPs) on mitigating ED overcrowding. A comprehensive literature search was undertaken to identify potentially relevant studies between 1966 and 2009. Intervention studies in which an FCP was used to influence ED/hospital length of stay and ED/hospital access block were included as a single program or part of a systemwide intervention. Two reviewers independently assessed citation relevance, inclusion, study quality, and extracted data; because of limited data, pooling was not undertaken. From 14 446 potentially relevant studies, 2 abstracts from the same comparative study were included. From 29 studies on systemwide intervention, 4 contained an FCP component. The included study was ...

Ever since its first introduction seven decades ago, there has been continuous advancement of the concept and technique of Interproximal enamel reduction (IPR). It’s demonstrated that with correct case selection and clinical performance,... more

Ever since its first introduction seven decades ago, there has been continuous advancement of the concept and technique of Interproximal enamel reduction (IPR). It’s demonstrated that with correct case selection and clinical performance, IPR is safe and effective for alleviating crowding, improving dental and gingival aesthetics as well as facilitating post-treatment stability. The fulfilment of treatment outcomes depends on careful pre-treatment examination and planning, appropriate clinical procedures and effective post-treatment protection. This review aims to provide a general introduction to IPR in terms of its history background, risks and benefits and clinical performance.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin E, nanoselenium (nanoSe), and their combination on growth and acute stress responses in rainbow trout previously subjected to chronic stress. The fish were... more

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin E, nanoselenium (nanoSe), and their combination on growth and acute stress responses in rainbow trout previously subjected to chronic stress. The fish were divided into five groups according to stocking density and diet: Normal (20 kg m −3 ; basal diet), Dense (80 kg m −3 ; basal diet), Vit E (80 kg m −3 ; 500 mg kg −1 vitamin E-supplemented diet), NanoSe (80 kg m −3 ; 1 mg kg −1 nanoSe-supplemented diet), and Combination (80 kg m −3 ; 500 mg kg −1 vitamin E and 1 mg kg −1 nanoSe-supplemented diet). The fish in each group were weighed after 60 days. The best growth under high density condition was observed in fish fed on vitamin E-supplemented diets (Vit E and Combination groups). Following high stocking rearing, fish were subjected to an acute confinement stress by decreasing water volume in the tanks (200 kg fish m −3) for 45 min and sampled at 0, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h post-stress to evaluate the fish performance to additional stressors. The levels of serum cortisol, glucose, lactate, alanine aminotransferase, as-partate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase were significantly higher in the Dense group at most of time points after initiation of acute stress. The results showed that rainbow trout can reach adaptation to chronic stress conditions, resulting in intensified stress responses to an acute stressor. The data also showed that vitamin E-supplemented diets can exert positive effects on the welfare of chronically stressed rainbow trout subjected to an additional acute stressor.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to develop and test an explanatory model of how perceived crowding and coping behavior impacts upon customer satisfaction. The paper contributes to the service management literature by; 1) identifying... more

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to develop and test an explanatory model of how perceived crowding and coping behavior impacts upon customer satisfaction. The paper contributes to the service management literature by; 1) identifying key factors impacting crowding perception in a winter sport outdoor setting; 2) highlighting its influence on customer satisfaction; and 3) advocating the need for winter destination managers to overcome perceived crowding. Design/methodology/approach: The paper applied a quantitative methodology to explore the relationship between customer demographics, coping mechanisms and customer satisfaction. This data is utilized to highlight management issues to overcome perceived crowding. Findings: The theoretically developed and empirically tested model proves that perceived crowding in winter sport settings is influenced by a number of different factors, such as a customer's demography. Perceived crowding leads to coping behavior that in turn increases the crowding perception of affected people. Perceived crowding and coping behavior both negatively influence customer satisfaction in a winter outdoor setting. Research limitations/implications: The most significant limitation of the paper are the non-random sampling approach, the rather small sample size, the selected factors in the presented model, as well as the nature of the services (outdoor experiences) explored in this paper. Originality/value: The paper is the first to explore the constructs of crowding, coping behavior and visitor satisfaction for a winter sports outdoor setting. Results show that crowding is an important construct for service sector managers to recognize and manage in order to overcome an increase in dissatisfied visitors.

Tourist density and over-crowding is seen as social problems in recreational areas. Visual methods such as photographic assessment technique provide a more realistic representation of crowding levels in an area. Hence, photographic... more

Tourist density and over-crowding is seen as social problems in recreational areas. Visual methods such as photographic assessment technique provide a more realistic representation of crowding levels in an area. Hence, photographic assessment is used to determine tourists crowding perception in Tunku Abdul Rahman Park (TARP). A total of 406 respondents were asked to rate their perception on crowding based on five determinants mainly; crowding observation, preferred crowding, maximum acceptability, expected crowding and negative crowding effect on five different photographs. Descriptive analysis is used to analyse the tourist perception of crowding. Results indicate that tourists to TARP have observed a crowded situation during their visit (mean score= 4.05). This is slightly higher than the expected level of crowding (mean score= 3.91) and majority of the tourists prefer a lower crowding level (mean score= 3.72). The actual level of crowding encountered is higher than their maximum level of acceptability for crowding at the area (mean score= 3.86). The tourists also perceive a negative crowding effect (mean score= 3.91), which resulted to no intention to revisit the islands in the future. From the findings, it can be said that perception of crowding is measurable using the photographic method and it is useful tools in determining a certain use-level in tourist areas.
Keywords— Over-crowding, Crowding assessment, Crowding perception, Photographic assessment

“Seeing is believing” means that we see something first, and later higher-level cognitive activities such as believing or knowing are applicable to seeing. However, “we see as much as we know” implies that seeing and knowing are... more

“Seeing is believing” means that we see something first, and later higher-level cognitive activities such as believing or knowing are applicable to seeing. However, “we see as much as we know” implies that seeing and knowing are inseperable. Dennett uses a painting which contains tiny people when we see from a distance. But just paint bulbs or touches are recognized when we see it very closely. He argues that we see these paint bulbs, suggesting real people, as people by filling-in which is a sort of judgment. Judgment, which is a conceptual process, in perception implies that perceptual content is conceptual. On the other hand, Dretske claims that perceptual experiences, inaccessible by cognitive activities, are found. The change blindness shows that we are not aware of a salient difference between two very similar pictures. This involves that nonconceptual content, detachable from judgment or inference, exists. By examining not only these examples but also further empirical cases such as blindsight, Sperling’s experiments, and crowding, I argue Dretske’s view is more plausible than Dennett’s.

A n extensive review of the key human needs that should be met by effective Urban Design.

Based on Edward Hall's theory of proxemics, this study delves into the inter-disciplinary sciences that link architecture with human psychology and urban design to look at how human behaviour, spatial configurations and prevalent urban... more

Based on Edward Hall's theory of proxemics, this study delves into the inter-disciplinary sciences that link architecture with human psychology and urban design to look at how human behaviour, spatial configurations and prevalent urban condition of crowding affect each other. Recognizing the western base of the literature in hand, the present study appropriates Hall's theory to suit the present day context of Delhi. Taking transit systems of Delhi as a case in point to investigate how people respond to crowding and how crowds hold the potential to be a bane or a boon for the city, the study brings forward certain aspects of design often overlooked while designing urban public spaces. Furthermore, it challenges certain notions that have so far been considered prime for the design of public spaces and adds a new dimension to them.

Developmental dyslexia (DD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder (about 10% of children across cultures) characterized by severe difficulties in learning to read. According to the dominant view, DD is considered a phonological... more

Developmental dyslexia (DD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder (about 10% of children across cultures) characterized by severe difficulties in learning to read. According to the dominant view, DD is considered a phonological processing impairment that might be linked to a cross-modal, letter-to-speech sound integration deficit. However, new theories-supported by consistent data-suggest that mild deficits in low-level visual and auditory processing can lead to DD. This evidence supports the probabilistic and multifactorial approach for DD. Among others, an interesting visual deficit that is often associated with DD is excessive visual crowding. Crowding is defined as difficulty in the ability to recognize objects when surrounded by similar items. Crowding, typically observed in peripheral vision, could be modulated by attentional processes. The direct consequence of stronger crowding on reading is the inability to recognize letters when they are surrounded by other letter...

Emergency department (ED) crowding is becoming an increasing problem in EDs throughout the United States for a multitude of reasons, including an increase in patient volume and a decrease in available EDs. Crowding has an adverse impact... more

Emergency department (ED) crowding is becoming an increasing problem in EDs throughout the United States for a multitude of reasons, including an increase in patient volume and a decrease in available EDs. Crowding has an adverse impact on the ability to deliver quality and timely care and may contribute to adverse patient outcomes. Conceptually, factors that contribute to ED crowding can be divided into three domains, which correspond to their "sites of action": input, throughput, and output. A number of measures have been developed to better quantify crowding and its effects. More research needs to be done to better understand the factors that contribute to crowding, the impact of this problem on patients and ED throughput, and how to alleviate this nationwide crisis.