Special Theory Of Relativity Research Papers (original) (raw)

As we approach the 125 th anniversary of the Michelson-Morley experiment in 2012, we review experiments that test the isotropy of the speed of light. Previous measurements are categorized into one-way (single-trip) and two-way (round-trip averaged or over closed paths) approaches and the level of experimental verification that these experiments provide is discussed. The isotropy of the speed of light is one of the postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity (STR) and, consequently, this phenomenon has been subject to considerable experimental scrutiny. Here, we tabulate significant experiments performed since 1881 and attempt to indicate a direction for future investigation.

- by Stoyan Sarg
- •
- Special Theory Of Relativity, Speed of Light

So far, no convincing experimental evidence for the Lorentz-covariant
electromagnetic force law has been reported. This paper utilizes an
available experiment, which is often claimed as one of the most precise
experiments in modern physics, to analyze the Lorentz-covariant
electromagnetic force law. The Lorentz-covariant electromagnetic force
law does not receive convincing confirmation by that experiment; rather,
its analysis suggests that the Lorentz-covariant electromagnetic force law
might be only approximately true. A clean experiment is proposed to test
the Lorentz-covariant electromagnetic force law, avoiding ambiguities in
the physical meaning of measures in the experiment and eomplications
by other theoretical bones of contention than Einstein's special relativity
itself. The proposed experiment can be performed with high precision
within present technology.

The electromagnetic interaction governs many aspects of our daily lives. Although the unity of the electric and the magnetic phenomena is established through Maxwell's theory, it is not adequately emphasized in most of the courses on electrodynamics that the electric interaction together with the special theory of relativity provides a firm basis for magnetism, which follows as a natural consequence. In this article is reported a computer simulation of trajectories of charged particles in electromagnetic fields as observed from different inertial frames of references. An examination of these trajectories offers a vivid illustration of charged particle dynamics in electromagnetic fields and reveals the relationship between the electromagnetic interaction and the special theory of relativity.

In this paper we will briefly introduce Apparent Source Theory (AST) as it is applied to the Michelson-Morley experiment and provide a link to animation of AST uploaded on Youtube. The animation will help understand not only why the Michelson-Morley should give a null result but also why small fringe shifts were observed in the Miller experiments, why the Miller's absolute velocity direction differed from the directions determined by the Silvertooth experiment and the CMBR anisotropy experiment.

В работе показана возможность и необходимость распространения принципа движения электромагнитного поля на электродинамические процессы. На основе анализа известных парадоксов электромагнетизма также показано, что закон электромагнитной индукции Максвелла является частным случаем закона электромагнитной индукции Фарадея. Рассмотрены физические причины и условия движения компонент электромагнитного поля.

Lorentz transformations and special theory of relativity have existed for more than a century and mathematics related to them has been used and applied for innumerous times. Relativistic energy and relativistic momentum equations have been derived and proven to be conserved if energy/momentum transaction is seen from different frames of reference. The set of permissible inertial reference frame velocities from where the energy and momentum of a closed system of particles may be observed to be conserved forms a ball in the velocity vector space. In this paper we use the existing equations of special theory of relativity and Lorentz transformations and the mathematical structure of the observation velocity space to prove that the conservation of kinetic energy implies the conservation of momentum. We also prove that the conservation of momentum implies the conservation of kinetic energy. The derivation of the conservation of kinetic energy from the conservation of momentum implies that either potential energy has a momentum thus made of inertial particles or there cannot be a net conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy. This is an important result for classical mechanics because it implies that all fields, which lead to particle interaction must carry momentum in them even in the case of classical mechanics. We further discuss the case of attractive field leading to increase in momentum. In this paper we also show that a similar derivation for conservation of Galilean/Newtonian energy leads to conservation of momentum but applying the derivation on conservation of momentum just leads to conservation of mass.

- by Shalender Singh
- •
- Mechanics, General Relativity, Special Theory Of Relativity, Lorentzian Geometry

We present new mathematical foundations
of classical Maxwell–Lorentz electrodynamic models and
related charged particles interaction-radiation problems,
and analyze the fundamental least action principles via
canonical Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms. The
corresponding electrodynamic vacuum field theory aspects
of the classical Maxwell–Lorentz theory are analyzed
in detail. Electrodynamic models of charged point
particle dynamics based on a Maxwell type vacuum field
medium description are described, and new field theory
concepts related to the mass particle paradigms are discussed.
We also revisit and reanalyze the mathematical
structure of the classical Lorentz force expression with
respect to arbitrary inertial reference frames and present
new interpretations of some classical special relativity
theory relationships.

Radar guns provide an excellent means of explaining and demonstrating some of Einstein's theories in a very simple and undeniable way. Specifically, radar guns demonstrate how the speed of the emitter cannot add to the speed of the light being emitted, but the speed of light can be combined with the speed of the receiver. In practice, this directly conflicts with basic tenets of mathematicians who somehow believe that all motion is relative, and the speed of light will therefore always be the same for the emitter as for the receiver. A step by step analysis of how radar guns work shatters those tenets.

- by Ed Lake
- •
- Relativity, Special Theory Of Relativity, Speed of Light

Within planetary radar astronomy a radio signal is transmitted to a spacecraft, to a planet, and similarly police radar transmits a radio wave to a car, and then radio signal is re-transmitted (or reflected) back and received at the ground (similarly reflected back to the police radar-gun), and, it is assured in the textbooks and in scientific journal publications, that a Doppler shift occurs in the frequency and calculates the spacecraft's speed or the car's speed. It is assured that the radar-gun used by police operate on Doppler phenomena. The Christian Doppler discovery was the relativity of the radiation energy: radiation energy depends on the choice of the reference body. Another phenomena is the Compton scattering of the radiation, that include the reflections from a spacecraft and reflection from planet in motion, and the reflection from a car, under energy-momenta conservation. This rise the question whether the planetary radar astronomy and the radar-gun used by police must operate on Doppler's relativity of energy, or rather on Compton's conservation of energy-momenta.

- by Zbigniew Oziewicz
- •
- Special Theory Of Relativity

I know about the universe because it influences me. Light excites the photoreceptors in my eyes, surfaces apply pressure to my touch receptors and my eardrums are buffeted by relentless waves of air molecules. My entire sensorium is excited by all that surrounds me. These experiences are all I have ever known, and for this reason, they comprise my reality.
This essay considers a simple model of observers that are influenced by the world around them. Consistent quantification of information about such influences results in a great deal of familiar physics. The end result is a new perspective on relativistic quantum mechanics, which includes both a way of conceiving of spacetime as well as particle “properties” that may be amenable to a unification of quantum mechanics and gravity. Rather than thinking about the universe as a computer, perhaps it is more accurate to think about it as a network of influences where the laws of physics derive from both consistent descriptions and optimal information-based inferences made by embedded observers.

- by Kevin Knuth
- •
- Physics, Theoretical Physics, Quantum Physics, Philosophy of Science

- by Shalender Singh
- •
- Physics, Mechanics, General Relativity, Special Theory Of Relativity

Time dilation of Special relativity can be easily derived from the thought experiments using the traditional light clock. However, time contraction is also possible to derive but using the "novel" light clock described in this... more

- by Pavle I . Premović
- •
- Special Theory Of Relativity

This is the third in a series of papers on a new theory of relativity [Phys. Essays 4,
68 (1991); ibid [ 194; "Relativistic Kinematics IV,," submitted to Phys. Essays]. This
paper presents, in detail, an application of the new theory of relativity to relativistically
modify Newton's gravitational force law. The new relativistic gravitational force law thus
obtained gives a simple correction factor, 1 - (v/c) 2, to Newton's gravitational force
law; it contains Newton's gravitational force law as a low-speed limit. However, the new
relativistic theory of gravitation differs from Einstein's general relativity of gravitation.
We also discuss experimental tests of general relativity and wish to emphasize that these
experimental tests are not reliable as originally claimed.

This paper gives an account of the Gestalt Aether Theory of gravity. Gestalt Aether Theory clearly establishes the connection between electromagnetism and gravity and is able to account for every known or observed property of gravity. It... more

- by Dilip James
- •
- Electromagnetism, Quantum Mechanics, Æther Physics, Special Theory Of Relativity

Possibility of Perpetual Source of Energy

- by Ramkrishna Das
- •
- Evolutionary Biology, Cognitive Science, Mathematics, Number Theory

Space-based experiments today can uniquely address important questions related to the fundamental laws of Nature. In particular, high-accuracy physics experiments in space can test relativistic gravity and probe the physics beyond the Standard Model; they can perform direct detection of gravitational waves and are naturally suited for precision investigations in cosmology and astroparticle physics. In addition, atomic physics has recently shown substantial progress in the development of optical clocks and atom interferometers. If placed in space, these instruments could turn into powerful high-resolution quantum sensors greatly benefiting fundamental physics. We discuss the current status of space-based research in fundamental physics, its discovery potential, and its importance for modern science. We offer a set of recommendations to be considered by the upcoming National Academy of Sciences' Decadal Survey in Astronomy and Astrophysics. In our opinion, the Decadal Survey shoul...

It is known that Maxwell's electrodynamicsas usually understood at the present timewhen applied to moving bodies, leads to asymmetries which do not appear to be inherent in the phenomena. Take, for example, the recipro-cal... more

- by Albert Einstein
- •
- Physics, Time Travel, Special Theory Of Relativity, Albert Einstein

We examine the possibility of localized propagating tachyonic fields within a properly extended relativity. A possible extension is to include superluminal transformations and reference frames. This leads to complex 4D spacetime, or real 8D spacetime M_{4,4}. The mass shell constraint in M_{4,4} becomes, after first quantization, the ultrahyperbolic Klein-Gordon equation. The Cauchy problem for such equation is not well posed, because it is not possible to freely specify initial data on a 7D hypersurface of M_{4,4}. We explicitly demonstrate that it is possible to do it on a space-like 4-surface for bradyons, and on a time-like 4-surface for tachyons. But then the evolution of a bradyonic field into the four time-like directions, or the "evolution" of a tachyonic field into the four space-like directions, is not uniquely determined. We argue that this is perhaps no so bad, because in quantum field theory (after second quantization) the classical trajectories of fields are not determined anyway, and so it does not matter, if they are not completely determined already in the first quantized theory. A next possible extension of relativity is to consider 16D Clifford space, C, a space whose elements are oriented r-volumes, r=0,1,2,3,4 of real 4D spacetime. Then the evolution parameter can be associated with an extra light-cone coordinate, e.g., with the sum of the scalar and the pseudoscalar coordinate, and initial data can be given on a light-like hypersurface, in which case the Cauchy problem is well posed. This procedure brings us to the Stueckelberg theory which contains localized propagating tachyons in 4D spacetime.

Vi è la diffusa tendenza a considerare la storia della relatività nei rassicuranti termini di una continua accumulazione di trionfi. Nata e cresciuta grazie al lavoro di un solo uomo, tra il 1905 e gli anni Venti la relatività prima generalizzò e unificò meccanica classica ed elettrodinamica poi, in una progressione eminentemente razionale, conquistò la venerabile teoria della gravitazione e infine rivoluzionò la cosmologia. Certo, fin da subito la relatività sollevò anche cruciali e complessi problemi concettuali e curiosi paradossi, ma la sua applicazione non ha quasi mai richiesto le audaci acrobazie formali della meccanica quantistica: è una teoria locale, continua, deterministica, che non genera strani infiniti o inesplicabili energie dal vuoto. Eppure, se esaminiamo la sua storia lungo l'intero arco del ventesimo secolo, la situazione non è così semplice. Ci sono casi in cui "relativizzare" una teoria può essere altrettanto complicato, sottile e ambiguo che

This article discusses an apparent paradox between perceived time and externally measured time during dreamed body movement. An appeal to concepts regarding space in special relativity may help to resolve the puzzle and perhaps point to a... more

- by Daniel Oldis
- •
- Perception, Relativity, Sleep Physiology, Phenomenology

This is a prelude to a book which I intend to publish. This paper describes my temporary thoughts on Einstein's pathway to the special theory of relativity. See my papers on my thoughts on Einstein's pathway to his general theory of relativity. Never say that you know how Einstein had arrived at his special theory of relativity, even if you read his letters to his wife and friends, and some other primary documents. Einstein gave many talks and wrote pieces, but at the end of the day, he told very little geographical, historical and biographical details pertaining to the years he had spent in the patent office. I thus bring here my jigsaw puzzle and warn the reader again, this is my creation and not Einstein's...

Solution manual of the one of the best books on Einstein's General Relativity by J B Hartle

- by Akshay SB
- •
- Mathematical Physics, Physics, Theoretical Physics, Relativity

Having found several erroneities, chimerae, lacunae, malaphors and their sequalae, or (at least generally considered) 'sub-literate' comments and notations in the work of renowned SuperPhysicist Albert Einstein, I have concluded that it is incumbent upon me as a sentient witness, thereof, that I convey and expose the flaws of Mr. Einstein's mildly eccentric ideas to those who are willing to listen and learn.

- by Nicholas Meyler
- •
- James Joyce, History and Philosophy of Physics, Semiotics of Music, Mozart

During the years 1912-1918, the creative efforts of Albert Einstein (b. 1879 - d. 1955) were directed towards the discovery of General Relativity Theory, name under which he meant a comprehensive theory of gravito-dynamic phenomena, including principia, mathematical equations, interconnections between space, time and matter and physical implications at all scales of matter aggregation. Out of this relatively large period

- by Ioan-iovitz Popescu
- •
- General Relativity, Special Theory Of Relativity, Space Time

This paper compares Einsteinian physics with Eddington’s interpretation
of the theory of relativity. Firstly, various interpretations of the theory
of relativity are examined and the non-scientific obstacles of the theory are analysed. Secondly, the most important aspects of the theory of relativity are highlighted. Thirdly, Eddington’s crucial observation is explored. Fourthly, Eddington’s philosophical interpretation of the theory of relativity is investigated. Finally, Eddington’s and Einstein’s interpretations are compared.

This article describes two of the major errors of Einstein's reasoning in his 1905 document which founded the Special Theory of Relativity. Einstein contradicted himself by using both the principle of the constancy of speed of light, and a variable speed of light, along with a wrong synchronization method. A 3D animated simulation accompanies and demonstrates the statements of this article, and it is available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZOjNwuQUOAM

- by Valentin Danci
- •
- Theoretical Physics, Relativity, General Relativity, Special Relativity

Different cultures around the world have independently discovered time in antiquity and developed calendars and clocks to measure this mysterious unknown. We say 'mysterious' because to this day no one has defined what 'time' is or means. Yet Mathematical Physics, particularly Special and General Relativity, are founded on time; neither can do without this strategic term. Time dilation is one of the three pillars of Special Relativity and the dimension of time is the fourth leg of General Relativity's ubiquitous space-time. What is it that theoreticians are stretching? What are they warping? Is time a dimension? Is it legal to replace height with time on a Cartesian chart and turn it into a Feynman diagram? And if time was born at the Big Bang, what is it that came to life? What does the babe look like? A closer analysis reveals that time is not a dimension. We discover that time cannot do without an observer. More fundamentally, we discover that unless we define this enigmatic word we will never understand what anyone who uses it is talking about.

- by Bill Gaede
- •
- Mathematical Physics, Physics, Theoretical Physics, Philosophy of Science

Combining the formalism of relativistic standing waves with that of the old Bohr model for hydrogen leads to a surprisingly consistent theory, one which retains certain essential features from both classical and relativistic mechanics. Of particular interest is the necessity that the electron speed, taken as a proportion of the speed of light, must also remain invariant for all frames of reference. The model not only appears to predict the correct frequency spectrum for hydrogen but, being already a relativistic theory, also gives the relativistic ' correction' term as an automatic consequence. Thus, the possibility arises that the Bohr model did not represent merely an early classical approximation to the later Dirac model but pointed the way to another formalism entirely. 18 December 2015

- by Rick Ballan
- •
- Hydrogen, Special Relativity, Special Theory Of Relativity, Niels Bohr

I provide in this document the missing steps (i.e., derivations) from Einstein's original paper, 1905. I have also shown with the detailed derivations the essence of Special Relativity and the exact point whence Einstein established the conviction that the different perspectives of observation are the answer/explanation behind the weird term that shows up in the equations.

The presentation and defination of Time as a concept in the Theory Special Theory of Relativity is remarkably difference to that of Time in the Theory of Classical Mechanics. In Special Relativity, Time is considered as the fourth dimension in the fabric of space-time.However, the presentation of time as such, can be argued upon, as time can be defined as a method of defining events relative to one another. This paper provides an insight into Time Dilation details of its occurrence, and the controversial representation of time.

- by Svanik Garg
- •
- Philosophy of Time, Special Relativity, Space and Time (Philosophy), Astrophysics

Ashok Das - Lectures on Gravitation (2011, World Scientific Publishing Company)

- by Akshay SB
- •
- Physics, Theoretical Physics, Gravitation, Relativity

The foundations of Modern Physics are derived from the basic Mechanics of waves that propagate at c in a physical medium. The foundation theories are unified and all the usual relativistic and quantum paradoxes are removed. Spacelike causal correlations are identified within the model, without invoking any form of nonlocality or superluminality.

The existence of a Space Rest Frame is discussed. In the past the existence of a stationary luminiferous aether was proposed as the medium for the propagation of light. This idea was discarded when the Michelson-Morley experiment was completed and Special Relativity was founded on the assumption that there is no special frame of reference. Now following the LIGO experiment observing the merger of neutron stars it was observed that the speed of light and the speed of gravitational waves is exactly the same even over 130 million light years of expanding space. This strongly suggests that the medium for the transmission of light is Spacetime. With this in mind, the question of a Space Rest Frame is considered.