Trait Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Fifty-two Israeli university students (81% women) reported their current academic and life routine procrastination. Their parents reported on their own academic procrastination when they were in school, and their own current life routine procrastination. Both students and parents reported on the parents' involvement in academic and life routine tasks when the students were younger. Findings confirm that avoidant procrastination is a generalized behavioral disposition to postpone doing things across academic assignments and non-academic life routines, and are consistent with an appraisal-anxiety-avoidance model of procrastination. Parents were more involved in regulating their children's behavior at home than at school. Mothers were more involved than fathers and their involvement was associated with their adult children procrastinating less in life routines. The absence of any relationship between parental involvement scores reported by parents and their adult children raises serious questions about research studies that assume equivalence of children's perceptions of parental behavior and the behavior in question.

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- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Personality, Social Interaction
- by Sonia Bojorquez
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- Genetics, Trait, Genome, Phenotype
- by Omri Gillath
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- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Personality, Adult attachment

Theory suggests that heightening state mindfulness in meditation practice over time increases trait mindfulness, which benefits psychological health. We prospectively examined individual trajectories of state mindfulness in meditation during a mindfulness-based intervention in relation to changes in trait mindfulness and psychological distress. Each week during the eight-week intervention, participants reported their state mindfulness in meditation after a brief mindfulness meditation. Participants also completed pre- and post-intervention measures of trait mindfulness and psychological symptoms. Tests of combined latent growth and path models suggested that individuals varied significantly in their rates of change in state mindfulness in meditation during the intervention, and that these individual trajectories predicted pre-post intervention changes in trait mindfulness and distress. These findings support that increasing state mindfulness over repeated meditation sessions may con...

- by Susan Gaylord and +2
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- Psychology, Cognitive Science, State, Personality and Individual Differences

Emotional Intelligence can be measured either as an ability, based on maximum performance tests or as a trait, based on self-perception tests. A lot of academic, professional and behavioural attributes have been studied in relation to EI and research has shown that trait EI is better correlated with health outcomes than ability EI. Health behaviour is an understudied subject that has been shown to be linked with EI. The present study evaluated the correlation of EI, measured both by an ability and a trait measure among one hundred nineteen employees of the Indian pharmaceutical industry with health behaviour, as measured by Vickers health behavioural checklist, and to assess the role of age in association with these parameters. Trait EI, as measured by Schutte self-report test, was found to be better correlated with health behaviour than ability EI, as measured by an Indian scale by Chadha and Singh. Further, trait EI was found to be predictive of health behaviour. Age was positivel...

- by Deepti Sharma
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- Psychology, Health Sciences, Emotional intelligence, Health Behaviors

Question: What plant properties might define plant functional types (PFTs) for the analysis of global vegetation responses to climate change, and what aspects of the physical environment might be expected to predict the distributions of PFTs?Methods: We review principles to explain the distribution of key plant traits as a function of bioclimatic variables. We focus on those whole-plant and leaf traits that are commonly used to define biomes and PFTs in global maps and models.Results: Raunkiær's plant life forms (underlying most later classifications) describe different adaptive strategies for surviving low temperature or drought, while satisfying requirements for reproduction and growth. Simple conceptual models and published observations are used to quantify the adaptive significance of leaf size for temperature regulation, leaf consistency for maintaining transpiration under drought, and phenology for the optimization of annual carbon balance. A new compilation of experimental data supports the functional definition of tropical, warm-temperate, temperate and boreal phanerophytes based on mechanisms for withstanding low temperature extremes. Chilling requirements are less well quantified, but are a necessary adjunct to cold tolerance. Functional traits generally confer both advantages and restrictions; the existence of trade-offs contributes to the diversity of plants along bioclimatic gradients.Conclusions: Quantitative analysis of plant trait distributions against bioclimatic variables is becoming possible; this opens up new opportunities for PFT classification. A PFT classification based on bioclimatic responses will need to be enhanced by information on traits related to competition, successional dynamics and disturbance.

- by Doris Barboni
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- Plant Biology, Ecology, Phenology, Trait

Despite the long history of vegetation mapping with remote sensing, challenges remain in effectively linking remote sensing observations with plant traits and environmental disturbance across species and functional types. This study proposes a classification of aquatic and wetland vegetation plant functional types (PFTs) using time series remotely sensed data applicable to wetland ecosystems with large annual water level changes like Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake-wetland of China. We first developed the aquatic and wetland PFT classification scheme which included perennial C 4 grasses, perennial C 3 reed, C 3 (sedges and taller forbs), short C 3 forbs, floating aquatic macrophytes, and submerged aquatic macrophytes. Using this scheme, time series normalized difference vegetation index (time series NDVI) images and time series vegetation-water index (time series VWI) images extracted from 32-m spatial resolution Beijing-1 microsatellite data were applied to perform two PFT classifications with a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. We found that the time series NDVI-based SVM classification method mapped aquatic and wetland PFT distribution with an overall accuracy of 81.3%. However, when the information on water level fluctuation was combined with time series NDVI into a new time series index (referred to as time series VWI), the overall accuracy increased to 90.4%. Results suggest that time series VWI has a stronger capability in distinguishing wetland PFTs with different submersion times and flood tolerances than time series NDVI, and thus may be considered as a key input dataset for future PFT classifications in seasonally dynamic wetlands.

- by Iryna Dronova
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- Remote Sensing, Phenology, Wetland, Classification

Bioturbation, the biogenic modification of sediments through particle reworking and burrow ventilation, is a key mediator of many important geochemical processes in marine systems. In situ quantification of bioturbation can be achieved in a myriad of ways, requiring expert knowledge, technology, and resources not always available, and not feasible in some settings. Where dedicated research programmes do not exist, a practical alternative is the adoption of a trait-based approach to estimate community bioturbation potential (BP c ). This index can be calculated from inventories of species, abundance and biomass data (routinely available for many systems), and a functional classification of organism traits associated with sediment mixing (less available). Presently, however, there is no agreed standard categorization for the reworking mode and mobility of benthic species. Based on information from the literature and expert opinion, we provide a functional classification for 1033 benthic invertebrate species from the northwest European continental shelf, as a tool to enable the standardized calculation of BP c in the region. Future uses of this classification table will increase the comparability and utility of large-scale assessments of ecosystem processes and functioning influenced by bioturbation (e.g., to support legislation). The key strengths, assumptions, and limitations of BP c as a metric are critically reviewed, offering guidelines for its calculation and application.

- by Gert Van Hoey
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- Bioinformatics, Life Sciences, Biogeochemical cycles, Biodiversity

Various tests have been conducted using the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and it has provided adequate evidence to measure anxiety in research and clinical settings. This paper proposes a re-test to evaluate STAI among engineering students in Malaysia. A total 253 engineering students participated in this study. The re-test was presented for reliability, construct validity, and coefficient correlation of State and Trait. The reliability coefficients were computed using Cronbach alpha. In order to determine the validity of the instrument used factor analysis and coefficient correlation were used. Results: The STAI was established with the reliability at .850. In addition, the construct validity of the STAI, as measured by factor analysis were found, the correlation between items (KMO) score .824 (>.30) and p=.000. Where, the State shows KMO=.818, p=.000, and Cronbach alpha found .797. Meanwhile, Trait proved KMO=.783, p=.000, and Cronbach alpha found .781. The results show that the reliability and validity of State Trait Anxiety Inventory was suitable and acceptable. Consistently, strong correlations between State and Trait scale scores provided supportive evidence for the instrument. The results are evident and it can be recommended as an instrument to measure anxiety level for similar studies.

- by Prima Vitasari
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- Factor analysis, State, Construct Validity, Human Performance

The regulation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis has received empirical attention as a mechanism contributing to individual differences in health and human development. A variety of sampling tactics and strategies index daily HPA axis functioning including the cortisol awakening response (CAR), the diurnal slope, and the area under the curve (AUGg). In an ethnically diverse sample (54% European-American, 23% Latino) of 82 adolescents (24% male, M age = 18.05 years), we assessed salivary cortisol 45 times over the transition to college: 5 times per day, over 3 sequential days, across 3 waves (initially, 5, and 9 months later). Samples were collected at waking; 30 min, 3, and 8 h post waking; and bedtime. Latent state-trait modeling indicated that the waking and 30 min post waking samples contributed to indices of within and across wave latent trait cortisol (LTC) levels. As such, a latent trait factor of cortisol was derived to reflect both within-and across-wave trait components of the variance in cortisol. LTC was distinct from the CAR, differentially predicted components of the diurnal profile across the day, and was highly stable across assessment waves (months). As preliminary evidence for convergent validity of LTC levels, childhood trauma was positively associated with

- by Leah Doane
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- Individuality, Adolescent, Stability, Multivariate Analysis

We examined 89 normal volunteers using Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Genotyping the 102T/ C polymorphism of the serotonin 5HT2A receptor gene and the ser9gly polymorphism in exon 1 of the dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) gene was performed using PCR-RFLP, whereas the dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism was investigated using PCR amplification followed by electrophoresis in an 8% acrylamide gel with a set of size markers. We found a nominally significant association between gender and harm avoidance (P 00.017; women showing higher scores). There was no association of either DAT1, DRD3 or 5HT2A alleles or genotypes with any dimension of the TCI applying KruskalÁWallis rank-sum tests. Comparing homozygote and heterozygote DAT1 genotypes, we found higher novelty seeking scores in homozygotes (P 00.054). We further found a nominally significant interaction between DAT1 and 5HT2A homo-/heterozygous gene variants (P 00.0071; DAT1 and 5HT2A genotypes P value of 0.05), performing multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Examining the temperamental TCI subscales, this interaction was associated with persistence (genotypes: P 00.004; homo-/heterozygous gene variants: P 00.0004). We conclude that an interaction between DAT1 and 5HT2A genes might influence the temperamental personality trait persistence.

- by Werner Sieghart
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- Personality, Nonparametric Statistics, Interaction, Persistence

This is the universal and scientific truth that males and females are different in the biological aspect, but psychology proves through empirical researches, that they are different in psychological aspects too. The present research reveals that both gender (males and females) are differ in their personality traits. The sample comprised of 165 adolescence and early adults, their education is above the 12th standard, and the age range was between 17-26 years. To assess the personality traits of adolescence NEO-FFI by McCrae and Costa (1992) was used. T-test as used as a statistical tool. The finding reveals that there is a difference between males and females on the dimensions of big-five personality traits.

- by Tamanna gupta
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- Psychology, Personality, Big Five Personality Traits, Trait
- by Sharmarke Ahmed
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- Statistics, Mathematical Biology, Data Analysis, Statistical Analysis

Preparing the students to become valuable contributors and assets of their respective workplaces in the future is the general consideration of this study. Descriptive type of research was utilized in the study. Result showed that high performing students have significantly higher persistence in doing their work and they have significantly higher expectations of positive effect from achievement – oriented activity than those low performing students. Numerical computation, verbal ability, perseverance, affective and purposive traits are significantly related to the academic performance of the first year computer engineering students. Verbal ability, affective trait and numerical computation are the predictors of the academic performance with 49 percent likelihood.

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- by Paul Keddy
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- Community Ecology, Plant Biology, Prediction, Ecology

Java 8 was released recently. Along with lambda expressions, a new language construct is introduced: default methods in interfaces. The intent of this feature is to allow interfaces to be extended over time preserving backward compatibility. In this paper, we show a possible, different use of interfaces with default methods: we introduce a trait-oriented programming style based on an interfaceas-trait idea, with the aim of improving code modularity. Starting from the most common operators on traits, we introduce some programming patterns mimicking such operators and discuss this approach.

- by Viviana Bono
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- Trait

This study aimed at assessing the morphological variation in 25 accessions of an Irish collection of Brassica oleracea using 44 morphological traits. The morphological traits showed a pronounced variation among accessions. Vegetative preflowering and maturity traits revealed higher variation than seedling traits. Of the 44 morphological descriptors used, 28 were significantly different and proved useful in examining diversity and differentiating among accessions studied. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed variation among accessions, where 87.24% of the total variation in the morphological data was separated on the first five components, indicating a high degree of correlation among traits studied. Cluster analysis grouped the 25 accessions into 4 main groups, corresponding to kales, cauliflowers, cabbages and sprouts, and also showed a sort of correlation between clustering pattern and eco-geographical distribution of the accessions. Furthermore, this study identified 9 highly diverse accessions, providing opportunities for optimising parental sources in future breeding programs to develop new or more productive Brassica varieties. Morphological traits were deemed useful for assessing the diversity and relationships in Irish Brassica oleracea species.

- by Paula Bourke and +1
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- Relationships, Trait, Agricultural Science
- by Andrea Caridi
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- Biomass, Applied microbiology, Multidisciplinary, Food Microbiology

... some time that defining assemblages of plants in terms of functional plant characteristics, rather ... display such extreme phenotypic plasticity and wide ecological amplitude that classifications are pointless ... Woodward... more

- by Nigel Willby
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- Freshwater Biology, Life history, Aquatic Plants, Plant Morphology

1. Theory predicts that the processes generating biodiversity after disturbance will change during succession. Comparisons of phylogenetic and functional (alpha and beta) diversity with taxonomic diversity can provide insights into the extent to which community assembly is driven by deterministic or stochastic processes, but comparative approaches have yet to be applied to successional systems. 2. We characterized taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional plant (alpha and beta) diversity within and between four successional stages in a > 270-year-long arable-to-grassland chronosequence. Null models were used to test whether functional and phylogenetic turnover differed from random expectations, given the levels of species diversity. 3. The three facets of diversity showed different patterns of change during succession. Between early and early-mid succession, species richness increased but there was no increase in functional or phylogenetic diversity. Higher than predicted levels of functional similarity between species within the early and early-mid successional stages, indicate that abiotic filters have selected for sets of functionally similar species within sites. Between late-mid and late succession, there was no further increase in species richness, but a significant increase in functional alpha diversity, suggesting that functionally redundant species were replaced by functionally more dissimilar species. Functional turnover between stages was higher than predicted, and higher than within-stage turnover, indicating that different assembly processes act at different successional stages. 4. Synthesis. Analysis of spatial and temporal turnover in different facets of diversity suggests that deterministic processes generate biodiversity during post-disturbance ecosystem development and that the relative importance of assembly processes has changed over time. Trait-mediated abiotic filtering appears to play an important role in community assembly during the early and early-mid stages of arable-to-grassland succession, whereas the relative importance of competitive exclusion appears to have increased towards the later successional stages. Phylogenetic diversity provided a poor reflection of functional diversity and did not contribute to inferences about underlying assembly processes. Functionally deterministic assembly suggests that it may be possible to predict future post-disturbance changes in biodiversity, and associated ecosystem attributes, on the basis of species' functional traits but not phylogeny.

- by Martin Sykes and +2
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- Ecology, Biological Sciences, Beta diversity, Environmental Sciences

IntroductionSoccer is one of the most popular sports of all time. For instance; In Brazil whose population is over 180 million, there are more than 30 million recreational soccer players thus making this sport a national phenomenon (Bloomfield, PolmanO it's a phenomenon that can even express our sadness and / or happiness (KuruV each player should be trained not only for conditional attributes like endurance, strength, speed or agility but also should be trained technically and tactically. In accordance with that, each player should have different physical, physiological and psychological attributes depending on his/her playing position (Akin, Kireker & Koklu, 2009).It has been showed in various studies that soccer players have different physical, physiological or anthropometrical attributes depending on their playing positions (Bloomfield, Polman & O'Donoghue, 2007; Hazir, 2010; Koklu, Ozkan, AlemdarogluE Batigun H Arkar, Sari&Fidaner,2004).Anger is a kind of excitement whi...

- by Fatih Catikkas
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- Psychology, Anger, Trait, Physical Education Sport

This study examined the information literacy level among secondary school students in Ilorin.
This study adopted the disproportionate stratified random sampling techniques. The total
population for this study 1958 students. The data for the study was collected through structured
questionnaires which were distributed randomly to 210 students. However, only 192 copies of
the questionnaire were properly filled and returned for analysis and thus form the basis as
sample for this study (N=192). The findings of the study revealed that more than half of the
respondents can identify lack of knowledge in a subject area. The study also revealed that
majority of the respondents can articulate current knowledge on a topic. Furthermore, it also
revealed that a large number of the respondents cannot identify specialist search tools. Also,
from the study, it was revealed that noteworthy numbers of the respondents do not use Boolean
operators in their search for information. Conclusively, the study shows that information literacy
skills are essential for every human being because information is vital to everyone and every
walk of life. It was recommended that policy makers in education sector should try and introduce
information literacy skills as a subject in the secondary school curriculum so as to ensure that
the students have the necessary information literacy skills rather than developing these skills
through self-education. It was also recommended that teachers that have skills in information
literacy skills should be employed as the facilitators in this subject.

- by Ismail O . Adeyemi
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- Information Literacy, Trait
- by Pablo Vera-Villarroel
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- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Depression, Clinical Health Psychology

Background: While the Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) has been extensively used in cross-sectional observations of patients with major affective disorders, studies have tended to ignore the longitudinal application of the DST in patients stabilized on long-term prophylactic medication. Methods: Monthly DST's were performed on 19 patients, 16 with bipolar disorder and 3 with recurrent major depression. All cases had an excellent response to lithium treatment, and family history positive for bipolar disorder. The average duration of observation was 4 years. Results: All patients remained clinically stable throughout the period of observation. Eleven patients showed intermittent DST positivity ranging from 10% to 60% of tests, and 2 patients exhibited no positivity. Six patients had fewer than 10% positive DST's. Females showed significantly higher positivity than males. The frequency of positivity did not correlate with current age, age of illness onset, duration of illness, duration of lithium treatment, or season. The risk of primary affective disorders in firstdegree relatives was also unrelated to the frequency of positivity. Conclusions: While the highly selected and small sample population limits generalizability, our observations suggest that clinically sufficient lithium prophylaxis does not automatically prevent intermittent HPA dysregulation. We hope that a better understanding of this phenomenon will offer new approaches to the long-term management of mood disorders.

- by dorian deshauer
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- Bipolar Disorder, Lithium, Family history, Biological Sciences

- by Nigel Willby
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- Freshwater Biology, Life history, Aquatic Plants, Plant Morphology
- by Robert Lickliter
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- Trait

Drawing on gender-role theories and considering the potential new media environments brought to the dynamics of strategic political communication, this study explores the nature of US Midwestern congresswomen's strategic online self-presentations in comparison to those of congressmen. The discourse analysis presented in this study shows that in their official online biographies, that is, as given on websites provided by the US government, congresswomen devoted more space to describing their own personal traits than did congressmen. In particular, women tended to stress the masculine aspects of their personalities by using so-called masculine words such as tough and fighter much more than their male counterparts did. Such masculine terminology was scarcely evident in the biographies of male House members in the same states and committees as the female members. These findings imply that female politicians are more active in strategically presenting themselves as tough leaders in what appears to be a self-conscious effort to counteract detrimental gender stereotypes.

- by Jayeon (Janey) Lee
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- Discourse, Politics, Gender, Biography

The present study focused on the relationship between trait mindfulness and the outcome component of performance, evaluated with objective indicators. In particular, four objective performance indicators were studied: accuracy, reaction time, variability in reaction times, and detection of unexpected stimuli. Because attention and awareness have been described as core components of mindfulness, and previous research suggests that mindfulness is associated with improved attention skills, this study predicted that trait mindfulness would be positively related to objective indicators of high performance (accuracy, detection of unexpected stimuli) and negatively related to objective indicators of low performance (reaction time, variability in reaction time), on an attention task. Moreover, the study predicted that the relationship between trait mindfulness and objective performance would be modulated by task complexity. University students (139) completed mindfulness, intelligence, and ...

- by Francisco J Gracia
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- Psychology, Mindfulness, Trait

(AAM) is copyrighted and published by Elsevier. It is posted here by agreement between Elsevier and the University of Turin. Changes resulting from the publishing process-such as editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms-may not be reflected in this version of the text. The definitive version of the text was subsequently published in SCIENCE OF COMPUTER

- by Carolyn Schwartz
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- Genetics, Psychology, Positive Psychology, Psychometrics

Traits have been designed as units of fine-grained behavior reuse in the object-oriented paradigm. In this paper, we present the language SUGARED WELTERWEIGHT RECORD-TRAIT JAVA (SWRTJ), a JAVA dialect with records and traits. Records have been devised to complement traits for fine-grained state reuse. Records and traits can be composed by explicit linguistic operations, allowing code manipulations to achieve fine-grained code reuse. Classes are assembled from (composite) records and traits and instantiated to generate objects. We present the prototypical implementation of SWRTJ using XTEXT, an Eclipse framework for the development of programming languages as well as other domain-specific languages. Our implementation comprises an Eclipse-based editor for SWRTJ with typical IDE functionalities, and a stand-alone compiler, which translates SWRTJ programs into standard JAVA programs.

- by Ferruccio Damiani
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- Software Engineering, Information Technology, Java Programming, Eclipse

Traits are pure behavior components introduced in the Smalltalk community in order to integrate the traditional class inheritance with a composition mechanism: a class is composed by traits and inherits from superclasses. This offers the advantage of promoting code reuse. In this paper, we tackle the problem of re-engineering a Java hierarchy into traits, by adapting to a Java setting a methodology developed by Lienhard, Ducasse, and Arévalo for a Smalltalk setting, based on Formal Concept Analysis. We illustrate the approach by applying it to the Java input stream library. We also obtain two by-products: (i) we identify clearly some workarounds that programmers must exploit in order to overcome some of the limitations of Java single inheritance; (ii) we single out some features a Java with traits might include, as none of the proposals in the literature in this sense has taken the lead yet.

- by Marco Naddeo
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- Formal Concept Analysis, Trait

This study uses longitudinal panel data and short-term retest data from the same respondents in the German Socio-economic Panel to estimate the contribution of state and trait variance to the reliable variance in judgments of life satisfaction and domain satisfaction. The key finding is that state and trait variance contribute approximately equally to the reliable variance in well being measures. Most of the occasion specific variance is random measurement error, although occasion-specific variation in state variance makes a reliable contribution for some measures. Moreover, the study shows high similarity in life satisfaction and average domain satisfaction for the stable trait component (r = .97), indicating that these two measures are influenced by the same stable dispositions. In contrast, state variance of the two measures is distinct, although still highly correlated (r = .77). Error variances of the two measures are only weakly correlated, indicating that most of the error component is indeed due to random measurement error.

- by Jürgen Schupp
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- Sociology, Social Indicators, Stability, Panel Data

Measurement: Composite clinical rank order on iden-tity diffusion vs identity integrity, measuring continuity vs discontinuity of past, present and future; integra-tion vs lack of integration in inter-personal and work relationships; inte-gration vs lack of integration of the total personality; and effectiveness vs ineffectiviness in self-definition and achievement of ends. The criteria were largely based on Erikson's discussion of identity.(See also under'Erikson's Stages of Psychol-social Development'; P 1.4. 1).

- by Ruut Veenhoven
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- Quality of life, Character, Disposition, Trait

- by Oliver Purschke
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- Ecology, Biological Sciences, Beta diversity, Environmental Sciences

Bioturbation, the biogenic modification of sediments through particle reworking and burrow ventilation, is a key mediator of many important geochemical processes in marine systems. In situ quantification of bioturbation can be achieved in a myriad of ways, requiring expert knowledge, technology, and resources not always available, and not feasible in some settings. Where dedicated research programmes do not exist, a practical alternative is the adoption of a trait-based approach to estimate community bioturbation potential (BPc). This index can be calculated from inventories of species, abundance and biomass data (routinely available for many systems), and a functional classification of organism traits associated with sediment mixing (less available). Presently, however, there is no agreed standard categorization for the reworking mode and mobility of benthic species. Based on information from the literature and expert opinion, we provide a functional classification for 1033 benthic invertebrate species from the northwest European continental shelf, as a tool to enable the standardized calculation of BPc in the region. Future uses of this classification table will increase the comparability and utility of large-scale assessments of ecosystem processes and functioning influenced by bioturbation (e.g., to support legislation). The key strengths, assumptions, and limitations of BPc as a metric are critically reviewed, offering guidelines for its calculation and application.

- by Stephen Widdicombe
- •
- Bioinformatics, Life Sciences, Biogeochemical cycles, Biodiversity
- by lee boss
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- Earth Sciences, Oceanography, Computer Science, Aquatic Ecology

The multiaxial nature of DSM-III has stimulated interest in the personality disorders. There are also indications that it has produced an increase in their diagnosis. However, there is clinical and psychometric evidence that a personality evaluation undertaken while a patient is in a dysphoric mental state may distort or misrepresent traits, the so-called trait-state problem in personality assessment. The present study appears to be the first to investigate this phenomenon with a clinical interview rather than with personality tests. It examined the effect of anxiety, depression, and level of global impairment on the diagnosis of personality disorder and the assessment of the criteria for the individual Axis II disorders. Eighty-four patients, most of whom had current Axis I diagnoses, were evaluated by seven experienced clinicians with a new semistructured interview, the Personality Disorder Examination. The sample evidenced a trend toward acknowledging fewer maladaptive personality traits at follow-up than at entry. There was no evidence, however, that anxiety or depression had affected either the diagnosis of a personality disorder or the criteria associated with most of the individual personality disorders.

- by Gary Zammit
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- Psychology, Anxiety Disorders, Psychometrics, Personality

РЕЗЮМЕ. У спортсменів високої професійної майстерності на висоті максимальних фізичних навантажень спостерігаються статистично достовірні зміни з боку клітинного імунітету, які багато в чому нагадують аналогічні зміни при хронічному гепатиті С. Прийом спортсменами адеметіоніну у відновний період приводив до нормалізації показників клітинного імунітету, які залишалися стабільними у віддалений період. Мета дослідження-провести порівняльний аналіз субпопуляцій лімфоцитів у спортсменів високої професійної майстерності в період максимальних фізичних навантажень і у хворих на хронічний гепатит С і визначити вплив гепатопротектора адеметіоніну на показники клітинного імунітетту в обох групах. Матеріал і методи. Було обстежено 38 практично здорових осіб, 34 спортсмени-біатлоністи високої професійної майстерності на висоті максимальних фізичних навантажень і 40 хворих на хронічний гепатит С. Оцінювали показники клітинного імунітету: Т-лімфоцити (CD3+, CD19-), Т-хелпери/Т-індуктори (CD4+, CD8-), Т-супре сори/Т-цитотоксичні клітини (CD4-, CD8+), імунорегуляторний індекс, цитотоксичні клітини (CD3+, CD56+), NK-клітини (CD3-, CD56+), В-лімфоцити (CD3-, CD19+), моноцити (CD14), загальний лейкоцитарний антиген (ЗЛА, CD45). Методи діагностики: проточна цитофлуориметрія. Результати. Визначені показники клітинного імунітету, які змінюються у спортсменів високої професійної майстерності в період максимальних фізичних навантажень; показаний позитивний вплив адеметіоніну на нормалізацію імунного статусу спортсменів під час його прийому і у віддалений період. При хронічному гепатиті С під час прийому адеметіоніну також спостерігали нормалізацію показників клітинного імунітету, але вона була нетривалою і зникала після відміни гепатопротектора. Висновки. Адеметіонін позитивно впливає на показники клітинного імунітету як у спортсменів високої професійної майстерності в період максимальних фізичних навантажень, так і у хворих на хронічний гепатит С, але в останніх нормалізація була нетривалою. КЛЮЧОВІ СЛОВА: фізичні навантаження; клітинний імунітет; спортсмени; гепатит С.

- by Konstantinos Stamatiou
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- Psychology, Anxiety, Trait, Trait Anxiety

Background. Although the Big Five model (BFM) of personality has been the dominant paradigm in personality research since the mid-1990s, it has recently been challenged by the HEXACO model, which contains an additional factor called Honesty-Humility. Since both these models of personality were developed using the same factor analytic techniques, there has been an ongoing but inconclusive debate about the relative merits of these competing models. Objective. This paper assesses the robustness of the Honesty-Humility trait using a technique based on the semantic relationships between personality trait adjectives. Design. Trait marker adjectives for the HEXACO Honesty-Humility and BFM Agreeableness and Neuroticism personality domains in the English language are translated into, and back-translated from, six Asian languages to generate lists of closely related trait terms known as schedonyms. The numbers of schedonyms found within and across the three personality domains are then compared, to determine whether the HEXACO Honesty-Humility factor is semantically distinct from the BFM traits of Agreeableness and Neuroticism. Results. Our findings indicate that the Honesty-Humility trait domain is semantically distinct from the BFM traits of Agreeableness and Neuroticism, and therefore that there is at least one more personality trait beyond the BFM. The implications of these findings, and the potential applications of this semantically-based technique for establishing the universal structure of the human personality, are briefly discussed. Conclusion. Our semantic analysis provides clear evidence that there is an Honesty-Humility trait domain in addition to the Agreeableness and Neuroticism traits, and therefore that HEXACO provides a better description of human personality than the BFM.

- by Hew Gill
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- Psychology, Social Psychology, Personality, Big Five Personality Traits

This study set out to create measures of the five personality disorder trait domains outlined in Section III of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) from the Personality Assessment Inventory items (Morey, 2007). Rasch rating scale model analyses and classical test theory analyses were applied to existing data sets (N = 3,877; community, clinical, offender, college) to identify relevant items. Five scales were created that had acceptable unidimensionality and generally conformed to Rasch model expectations. The ability of the items to cover the underlying construct and their differential item function by sex were acceptable, though a few of the proposed scales had weaknesses in these areas. Internal consistency was acceptable for all scales and the factor structure was generally consistent with expectations, but some scales had concerning cross-loadings. Preliminary analyses demonstrated validity of the scal...

- by Mark Anthony Ruiz
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- Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Personality, Personality Disorders
- by Joel Lubar
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- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Electrophysiology, Psychometrics

Previous work on trait perception has evaluated accuracy at discrete stages of relationships (e.g., strangers, best friends). A relatively limited body of literature has investigated changes in accuracy as acquaintance within a dyad or group increases. Small groups of initially unacquainted individuals spent more than 30 hr participating in a wide range of activities designed to represent common interpersonal contexts (e.g., eating, traveling). We calculated how accurately each participant judged others in their group on the big five traits across three distinct points within the acquaintance process: zero acquaintance, after a getting-to-know-you conversation, and after 10 weeks of interaction and activity. Judgments of all five traits exhibited accuracy above chance levels after 10 weeks. An examination of the trait rating stability revealed that much of the revision in judgments occurred not over the course of the 10-week relationship as suspected, but between zero acquaintance a...

- by Frank Bernieri
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- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Perception, Personality
- by Elsa Pacciani
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- Biology, Morphology, Etruscan, DNA
- by Elsa Pacciani
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- Biology, Morphology, Etruscan, DNA

Im Zentrum dieser Arbeit stehen multiple Ziele als Merkmale zur Erfassung aktueller sowie uberdauernder Motivation. Im Unterricht sind sowohl auf Kompetenzerwerb gerichtete Ziele als auch Ziele, die dem Wohlbefinden dienen, valent. Zur Kategorie der Wohlbefindensziele zahlt das Bestreben, mit Mitschulern zu kommunizieren (Affiliationsziel) und moglichst wenig arbeiten zu mussen (Arbeitsvermeidungsziel). Zur Kategorie kompetenzbezogener Ziele gehort das Bestreben, eigene Fahigkeiten erweitern zu wollen (Lernziel), sowie bessere Leistungen als andere erreichen (Annaherungs-Leistungsziel) bzw. schlechte Leistungen gegenuber anderen verbergen zu wollen (Vermeidungs-Leistungsziel). Bisher ist unklar, ob man Ziele als uberdauernde Trait- oder situationsabhangige State-Merkmale konzipieren sollte. Mit dieser Arbeit werden beide Aspekte differentiell konzeptualisiert und deren Zusammenhang in zwei Studien untersucht. Fraglich ist daruber hinaus, wie State-Ziele entstehen. Aus verschiedenen ...

- by Kathrin Bürger
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- State, Trait, Validity