Wood chemistry Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

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- Materials Engineering, Wood Science, Timber, Wood chemistry

The rate of interaction between the CS2 and the alkali solution was studied in presence as well as in absence of cellulose.The sulphide and trithiocarbonate were considerably higher in presence of cellulose, even in the earliest period of the reaction where it was still far away from the equilibrium state; this is most probably due to catalytic, respectively autocatalytic effect of the cellulose. Increasing the agitation velocity resulted into higher rates of sulphide and thiocarbonate formation, either in presence or in absence of cellulose proving that the reaction is mainly a diffusion one. Emulsion xanthation is chiefly governed by the diffusion of the CS2 into the alkali solution and to a lesser extent by the diffusion of the dissolved CS2 into the cellulose fibres. Hence, reactivity or rate curves measurements, by applying light agitation, are considerably governed by the rate of diffusion of CS2 into the alkali solution, rather than the rate of diffusion of CS2 into the pulp supermolecular structure. Therefore, no accurate differentiation between the pulps according to their supermolecular resistance to diffusion could be obtained. On the other hand, intensifying the agitation velocity accelerates both diffusion processes and thus diminishes as well the diffusion resistance due to pulp supermolecular structure leading to slight differences between pulps. The diffusion of CS2 into the alkali solution was considerably eliminated by including or occluding the fibres with CS2 before adding the alkali solution. Xanthation was then carried out by applying the lightest possible agitation velocity. In this way, the rate of the reaction is mainly governed by diffusion resistance due to the pulp supermolecular structure and good differentiation between pulps was obtained.
By this method, CS2 less than 50% based on cellulose and 10% NaOH were sufficient to dissolve cellulose, especially of low DP, till 12 % conc. Inclusion respectively occlusion before or after partial alkalization in one or more step was favorable in technical fibrous xanthation.

Generation of solid waste (SW) is a major problem in urban areas and its management is obligatory functions for both urban local authority and the urban people. Present paper presents a study of household solid waste generation (HSWG) rate, composition, characterization, potentials of its recyclable components and households' attitudes towards waste management in commercial capital city of Bangladesh named as Chittagong City (hereafter called Chittagong City). This study was conducted at Midtown Housing Society, Rahamatgong and Sarif colony of Jamalkhan Ward under Chittagong City Corporation (CCC). The study involved a structured questionnaire and encompassed 55 households from five different socioeconomic groups (SGs): low (LSG), lower middle (LMSG), middle (MSG), upper middle (UMSG) and high (HSG). It was found that the residential waste generation rate was 0.28 Kg/person/day and an average household generation of 1.48 kg of waste per day. The household solid waste (HSW) compr...

- by Mohammed Hossain and +1
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- Wood Science, Solid Waste Management, Wood chemistry, Wood science and technology

This study was conducted to identify the types of non-wood forest products from the mangrove forests that are used by people of the mangrove fringe, reviewing the contribution of non-wood forest product sales of mangrove forest on the edge of the mangrove population income sources and investigate the local use of mangrove's non-wood forest products of socioeconomic development of the mangrove fringe population. The method which was used is by distributing the questionnaires and carried out formal interviews with the respondents. The locations which were studied are Kampung Limau Limauan, Kampung Bukit Kelapa, Kampung Longgom Kecil and Kampung Indrasun Laut. The questionnaires comprises of three parts which the first, second and third parts are containing the information regarding on the demographic of the respondent, the inventory of the mangrove's non-wood forest products which sells by the respondent and the contribution of the mangrove's non-wood forest product to the development respondent's socio-economy respectively. The respondents as a whole are more than 53 people and only 13 people only involved in the recruitment of mangroves. Of the total, found only three respondents who actually depend on the mangrove's non-wood forest products, while 10 others were only made to take the job as a sideline of mangrove forests. The types of mangrove's non-wood forest products stated are mangrove crab (Scylla sarrata) , shell (Cerithidea obtuse), cat fish (Plotosus sp.), mullet fish (Valamugil seheli) and marine shell (Polymesuda expansa). However, only four out of six products are marketed which are marine shell, shell, and mangrove crab and cat fish while the other is for domestic purposes. Based on data collected on correlation of the relationship between the average incomes of non-wood forest product sales of mangrove forests with a total average monthly income of respondents, it shows a positive relationship with r=0.527. The value of contribution of the average income from the selling of mangrove's non-wood forest product over the total average of monthly income is 28.7 %. The Local usage value of mangrove's product is calculated based on the formula of Local usage value = ∑Pi Qi – Ci. The value of the local use non-wood forest products from the mangrove forests which are marketed by RM 1924.40 per month while the total value of products marketed locally applied to each individual is at RM 148.03 a month. As a conclusion, mangrove forests do contribute to the development of residence's socio-economy although the value is low.

- by Razak Wahab and +1
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- Wood Plastic Composite, Wood chemistry, Wood Engineering, Wood science and technology
- by Barbara Ozarska
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- Engineering, Wood Science, Wood chemistry, Building

Quinones and their derivatives are the main causes on the natural termite resistance in teak wood. By using different termite test methods, the previous paper in this series reported on the termite resistance of teak trees of juvenile ages (8-and 22-year old trees). In this study, the radial distribution of quinones (tectoquinone, lapachol, desoxylapachol and its isomer) and squalene in the different extracting solvents (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) were analyzed by means of gas chromatography. Appreciable tree to tree variations were observed in extractive component contents even in the same stand. Each solvent gave different tendencies in analysis of variance of component contents. Significant differences in desoxylapachol or its isomer, and squalene content were found among the outer heartwood of 8-and 22-year old trees, as well as between the inner and outer parts of the heartwood. The highest correlation degree between extractive content and its components was measured in the tectoquinone content (r=-0.68). By using paper disc method, only modest correlations were observed between the mass loss and the content of isodesoxylapachol (r=-0.60) in the sapwood region whereas no significant corellations were measured in the heartwood region.

- by Ganis Lukmandaru
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- Wood chemistry

The chemical contents in cultivated 3 year-old bamboo culms of Gigantochloa brang, G. levis, G. scortechinii and G. wrayi were studied. Different composition were exhibited in the extractives, holocellulose, α-cellulose, lignin, and ash contents between the four (4) bamboo species, location in the culms and position at the nodes and internodes. The extractive content in four species ranged from 8.30 to 9.23%. The extractive content of G.brang, G.levis, G.scortechinii and G.wrayi were 8.30%, 9:23%, 8:00% and 8.62% respectively. The holocellulose content for G. levis were 85.08%, G. wrayi 84.53%, G. brang 79.94% and G. scortechinii 74.62%. The holocellulose content for the cultivated bamboo genus Gigantochloa were 74% to 85%. The α-cellulose is the chemical constituents in the holocellulose. The highest was G.brang (51.58%) followed by G. scortechinii (46.87%), G.wrayi (37.66%) and G. levis (33.80%). The lignin content ranged between 24.84 to 32.65%.The highest were obtained in G. scortechinii (32.55%), G. wrayi (30.04%%), G. levis (26.50%) and lowest in G. brang (24.83%). The ash content in four species of Gigantochloa bamboo ranged between 0.88 to 2.86%. The ash content is the highest in G. scortechinii (2.83%) follow by G. levis (1.29%), G. brang (1.25%) and the lowest in G.wrayi (0.88%).

- by Razak Wahab
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- Wood Plastic Composite, Wood Science, Wood Anatomy, Wood chemistry

The objective of this study was to determine the isothermal drying kinetics of Acacia mangium wood blocks by employing a relative humidity-controlled drying chamber. A model was developed based on solution of Fick's second law and evaluated through the coefficient of determination (R 2 ), sum of square error (SSE), root mean square error (RMSE), and reduced chi-square (χ 2 ). This model was compared to semi-theoretical models which are commonly used to describe the drying behavior of biomass in previous studies. The porosity and shrinkage characteristics of dried specimens were also evaluated. Based on the findings in this work, it was determined that the proposed model resulted in an excellent fit with experimental data for all four drying temperature levels of 30, 35, 40, and 45 ∘ C to describe the isothermal drying kinetics of Acacia mangium . It appears that volumetric shrinkage of the samples decreased quadratically with decreasing moisture ratio. The activation energy of the drying process was determined to be 41.07 kJ/mol.

- by Mohammed Danish and +1
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- Drying Technology, Structural Equation Modeling, Wood Science, Wood Anatomy

The biomass and energy-calorific values of six of the most common tree species used for wood fuel production in the Transition Forest Zone of Ghana were assessed. Moisture content (mc), volatile matter (vm), ash content (ash), fixed carbon (fc) and calorific value (cv) were determined for the species; Azadirachta indica, Senna siamea, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Afzelia africana, Pterocarpus erinaceus and Khaya senegalensis. Results showed that A. africana, K. senegalensis, P. erinaceus and A. indica have the highest mc, vm, ash content and fixed carbon content, respectively. P. erinaceus gave the highest gravimetric yield (gy) of 33.30% during carbonization, which correlated very well with green density of the species. A. africana and A. indica posses the highest (5.17 kcal/g) and lowest (3.39 kcal/g) calorific values for fuel wood, respectively. Similarly, A. indica and A. africana have the highest (6.79 kcal/g) and lowest (6.07 kcal/g) calorific values for charcoal respectively. Contrary to the assertion that fast growing species produce poor quality wood fuel, this work has shown that exotic fast growing species such as S. siamea produces good quality charcoal.

- by Harrison Appiah and +1
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- Wood chemistry, Moisture Content, Calorific Value

Attempt was made to evaluate the wood variation in Dalbergia sissoo (shisham) from the local markets of Himachal Pradesh. The highest moisture content (20.17%) was observed in the wood samples of Nalagarh site. Highest specific gravity of 0.644 was observed in Dattowal and lowest (0.748) in Nalagarh site. Significant variation in mechanical properties was observed for all the studied parameters. The maximum bending strength was recorded in Baroh and Sundernagar site (0.006 kN/mm2) and maximum tensile strength (0.094 kN/mm2) was noticed in the wood samples from Baroh site. The maximum compressive strength parallel to grain (0.069 kN/mm2) was observed in Kangu site and maximum compressive strength perpendicular to grain (0.038 kN/mm2) was found in Baroh site. The maximum modulus of elasticity parallel to grain (0.231 kN/mm2) was recorded in Ghumarwin and maximum modulus of elasticity perpendicular to grain (1.653 kN/mm2) was noticed in wood samples of Galore site. The greater modulus of elasticity due to tension and bending was found in the wood samples of the sites Baroh (2.876 kN/mm2) and Kangu (10.369 kN/mm2) respectively. The maximum bending modulus of rupture was observed in the wood samples from the sites of Sundernagar (0.116 kN/mm2) and for teak was found to be 0.323 kN/mm2. The maximum elongation for shisham wood samples for bending was found in Nalagarh site (0.039 mm) and for tension in the site of Sarahan (0.033 mm). The mechanical properties of shisham wood were compared with standard teak wood samples and it was found that the wood samples of shisham were superior in some mechanical properties.

- by Dr. PAVIN PRAIZE SUNNY and +1
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- Wood Plastic Composite, Wood Science, Wood Anatomy, Wood chemistry

Bamboo has many uses and acknowledged to be associated to the daily activities of the rural communities in Malaysia as well as all over the world where they are found in abundant. Lately however, the role and importance of bamboo in the daily use are decreasing swallowed by modernization. Recognizing this, various efforts are made by the scientists and researchers to find new methods to take advantage of the diversity in the o uses of bamboo to be at par with life today.
In most aspects of bamboo utilization, they are often vulnerable to the attack of micro-organisms such as fungi (occurring at the level of moisture content above the fiber saturation point), insects, borers, termites and fungi. The service lives of bamboos are subjected by their biological deterioration. The durability of bamboos and their products are dependent on the climatic conditions and the environment in which they are used. To overcome this problem are encouraged to bamboo preserved to extend shelf life.
This book is divided into 13 chapters. Chapters 1, 2 and 3 describe the introduction to bamboo, distribution of bamboo and, bamboo structure and identification. Chapters 4 and 5 described propagation and cultivation techniques of bamboo, and the anatomical, fiber morphology and microstructure of bamboo.
Chapter 6 describes the physical and mechanical properties of the bamboo. Strength and resilience in the context of the natural structure of bamboo are also explained. Chapter 7 discussed the bamboo processing techniques. The durability and chemical constituents are presented in chapter 8. The bamboo biodegradation are discussed in details in chapter 9. Chapter 10 provides information on the ecological effects of the decay of bamboo.
The bamboo microstructures are discussed in chapter 11. The ultrastructure before and after the bamboo are attack are viewed through the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). They provide in-depth information on the effects of the fungi and insects attacks especially on the physical and mechanical strength of bamboo.
Chapter 12 of this book describes in detail the method of control and the type of preservative used and its effectiveness to control fungal attack on bamboo and its products. This includes the traditional and chemical treatments applicable to bamboo. Information on the various products including some of the traditional and modern from bamboo can be found in chapter 13. These products include some of the traditional and modern products.
This book is written to provide technical information to the public and those involves in the bamboo industry on various

Mahogany woods from community forests generally have relatively low qualities due to lack of maintenance activities and for their young harvesting stage. Heat treatment is known as wood modification method that could improve the quality of the wood. The aim of this study was to determine the interaction effect of temperature and method of heat treatment on the chemical properties of young mahogany wood. Materials used in this research were mahogany wood boards from community forest which were heat-treated using oven and steam methods performed at the temperature of 90°C, 120°C, and 150 o C for 2 hours. In this research, some chemical changes were analyzed. Results of the research showed that the interaction of temperature and heat treatment method gave a significant decreasing on the pentosan amount, and hot-water extractive solubility, particularly the steaming at 150 o C. The increasing temperature of heat treatment significantly decreased the content of holocellulose, α-cellulose, hemicellulose, and pH values whereas it increased lignin content, extractives (cold-water and alcohol-benzene extractives) and solubility in 1% NaOH. Steaming method provided lower levels in the content of holocellulose, ethanol-benzene extract, cold-water solubility, and pH values compared to the oven heating. However, the steaming method over 120 0 C should be considered as it would reduce the wood strengths.

- by Ganis Lukmandaru
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- Wood chemistry

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of time and temperature activation on bagasse activated charcoal quality and the chemical structure of bagasse activated charcoal. The study was designed in a completely random design with 3 x 3 factorial, each treatment was 5 times repeated. Bagasse was carbonized in an electrical retort at 400oC for 3.5 hours, then activated at 800oC, 900oC and 1000oC for 30, 60 and 90 minutes at each temperature. The quality of bagasse activated charcoal showed that the yield was 72.565 ~ 91.7845%, 5.9 ~ 9.58% moisture content, 39.7 ~ 52.7% volatile matter, 18.4 ~ 25.3% ash content, 26.3 ~ 36.7% fixed carbon, 8.44 ~ 13.4% benzena adsorption, 1036.182 ~ 1474.329 (mg/g) iodium adsorption, 121.913 ~ 124.801 (mg/g) methylene blue adsorption. The surface area of bagasse activated charcoal was 250.45 m2/gr. The FTIR analysis indicated that surface of bagasse activated charcoal contained bonding of C-X, S═O, C-N, N-H and C═C. The SEM analysis showed that there were wide pore diameter and plenty of pores. The application of bagasse activated charcoal at two villages reduced the color, turbidity and iron contents until to 65%, 30% manganese contents while hardness of water and pH didn’t change.

- by Wawan Sujarwo
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- Water and wastewater treatment, Waste recycling, Wood chemistry, Charcoal
- by Mohamed Abdelaal
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- Pulp and Paper, Wood chemistry

Rattans had many uses and acknowledged to be associated with the rural communities in Malaysia as well as all over the world where these materials are found. Lately, however, the role and importance of rattans in the daily use are decreasing swallowed by modernization. Recognizing this, various efforts are made by the scientists and researchers to find new methods to take advantage of the diversity of the uses of rattans to be at par with life today.
In most aspects of rattans utilization, they are often vulnerable to the attack of microorganisms such as fungi (occurring at the level of moisture content above the fiber saturation point), insects, borers, termites, and fungi. The service lives of rattans are subjected to their biological deterioration. The durability of rattans and their products are dependent on the climatic conditions and the environment in which they are used. To overcome these problem rattans are normally oil cured in treatment tank with diesel as the heating medium in enhancing their shelf life.
The handbook is divided into 16 Chapters. Chapters 1 and 2 describe the introduction and the general morphology of rattans plants. Chapter 3 discussed the various propagation techniques in rattans cultivation. Rattans cultivated in the natural forests and rattans interplanting in various trees plantations are described in Chapters 4 and 5 respectively. Chapter 6 discussed the physical and mechanical properties of rattans culms. Chapter 7 described the rattans harvesting techniques.
Chapter 8 discussed on the rattans primary processing that include deglazing, oil-curing process, drying, fumigation, bleaching, and rattans grading. Chapter 9 described the techniques used in rattans treatment especially on the oil-curing process. Processing of rattans cores and skins are discussed in Chapter 10. Chapter 11 described the rattans furniture industry. Chapter 12 explained on various finishing techniques that could be applied in enhancing the appearances of the rattans products. Rattans products are described in Chapter 13. The durability is presented in Chapter 14. Chapter 15 described on the cost structure and economics aspects in setting up of the rattans-based industry. Finally, Chapter 16 gives an overall conclusion on the book of rattans.
This handbook is written to provide first-hand information to the public, and the would-be investors in rattans cultivation, processing and products manufacturing.

Novel composite materials having desired performance properties can be developed by nanotechnology. The major objective of this research was to produce nanomaterial-reinforced particleboard composites with enhanced physical and mechanical performance. Urea formaldehyde adhesive used to produce particleboard composites was reinforced with nanoSiO2, nanoAl2O3, and nanoZnO at loading level of 0%, 1%, and 3%. To evaluate physical properties density, thickness swelling, water absorption, and equilibrium moisture content were determined while modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, bonding strength, and screw withdrawal strength tests were carried out to evaluate mechanical properties of the particleboard composites. The results acquired in this work revealed that nanomaterial reinforcement technique significantly affected the physical and mechanical performance properties of the particleboard composites. The findings showed that the modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, bonding s...

- by Turgay AKBULUT
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- Wood Science, Timber, Nanoparticles, Nanotechnology
- by Opu Affan Gifary
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- Chemistry, Forestry, Wood Science, Wood chemistry

The market for new durable products of modified wood has increased substantially during the last few years, especially in Europe. This increased interest depends partly on the restricted use of toxic preservatives due to increased environmental concern, as well as the need for reduced maintenance for wood products that are mainly for exterior use. Furthermore, as sustainability becomes a greater concern, the environmental impact of construction and interior materials should be included in planning by considering the entire life cycle and embodied energy of the materials used. As a result, wood modification has been implemented to improve the intrinsic properties of wood, widen the range of sawn timber applications, and acquire the form and functionality desired by engineers, without bringing environmental friendliness into question. The different wood modification processes are at various stages of development , and the challenges that must be overcome to expand to industrial applications differ amongst them. In this paper, three groups of wood modification processes are discussed and exemplified with modified wood products that have been newly introduced to the market: (i) chemical processing (ace-tylation, furfurylation, resin impregnation etc.); (ii) thermo-hydro processing (thermal treatment); and (iii) thermo-hydro-mechanical processing (surface densification). Building on these examples, the paper will discuss the environmental impact assessment of modification processes and further development needs.

- by Opu Affan Gifary
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- Chemistry, Forestry, Wood Science, Wood chemistry

Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell is one of pulp woods that is being developed through breeding plantation programs
in Indonesia. The research aimed at exploring the chemical and morphological characteristics of fiber, and
to determine the rank of plus trees from 4 provenances based on the suitability for pulps. The materials included
the plus trees of E. pellita (9 years) from the 2nd generation of progeny tests in Pelaihari, South Borneo.
Wood properties under investigation included the chemical properties and morphological fiber characteristics (fiber dimensions and its derived properties). In the present study, data were analyzed using descriptive statistic, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Pearson’s correlation. Results showed that the chemical properties of E. pellita, i.e. the contents of ethanol-toluene extractives, hot water soluble extractives, holocellulose, alphacelullose, and lignin were 3.08 ± 1.00%, 1.41 ± 0.38%, 75.26 ± 2.58%, 49.02 ± 2.88%, and 29.49 ± 1.86%, respectively. The average values of wood fiber morphology were 1.02 ± 0.08 mm (fiber length), 13.25 ± 1.64 μm (fiber diameter), of 6.94 ± 1.70 μm (lumen diameter), 3.15 ± 0.52 μm (fiber wall thickness), 0.97 ± 0.30 (Runkel ratio), 0.57 ± 0.10 (Luce’s shape factor), 78.21 ± 10.34 (slenderness ratio) and 130.91 ± 33.77 × 103 μm3 (solids factor). The AHP scoring rank indicated that the best individuals were 28.4.3.28 (Kiriwo Utara), 12.1.5.28 (North Kiriwo), 19.11.5.45 (Serisa Village), 3.8.4.9 (South Kiriwo), and 6.6.3.15 (South Kiriwo). Pearson correlation analysis showed significant correlations between the levels of fiber length with alpha-cellulose content (r = 0.39) as well as the fiber length with ethanol-toluene extractive contents (r = -0.41).

- by Ganis Lukmandaru
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- Wood chemistry, Wood fiber, Eucalyptus

Chemical properties of 32 teak woods representing 3 different diameter classes (slow, medium, and fast growth-rate) at the same age class were evaluated. The content of cell wall component and extractives of outer heartwood part were determinated according to ASTM and TAPPI standard. The extractives components of wood were characterized by Gas-Chromatography Mass-Spectrometry (GC-MS). By analysis of variance, there was not significant difference among the growth-rate in the content of holocellulose, α-cellulose, pentosan, Klason lignin, acid soluble lignin, ash, and hot-water soluble extractives. The diameter class significantly affected the ethanol-benzene soluble extractives which faster growth-rate trees tend to have higher values than those of slower growth-rate trees. However, based on GC and GC-MS, there was not significant differences in the levels of major components of ethanol-benzene extracts both of quinones (deoxylapachol and its isomer, lapachol, tectoquinone, and tectol) and non-quinones (palmitic acid and squalene).

- by Ganis Lukmandaru
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- Wood chemistry

Plants have evolved their lignocellulosic cell walls through complex structural and chemical mechanisms to protect itself against microbial attacks, which makes native lignocellulosic biomass recalcitrant to enzymatic deconstruction. Pretreatment is a crucial step in the biological conversion of biomass as it can render structural changes in the plant cell wall to reduce the biomass recalcitrance, thus enhancing its sugar release performance. There have been many efforts to develop effective pretreatment technologies to overcome the biomass re-calcitrance with a primary focus on the efficient conversion of biomass carbohydrates to liquid fuels, while lignin is significantly underutilized despite its bulk amount and high-value opportunities. In this study, the effects of two recent organosolv pretreatment strategies, co-solvent enhanced lignocellulosic fractionation (CELF) and γ-Valerolactone (GVL) pretreatments, on physicochemical properties of poplar were investigated and compared with the effects of conventional ethanol organosolv pretreatment. Diverse physicochemical properties of biomass including chemical compositions, molecular weights of cellulose and lignin, aromatics and inter-unit linkages of lignin, lignin hydroxyl group contents, cellulose crystallinity, and accessible surface area of cellulose were analyzed before and after pretreatments. The results revealed how each organic solvent pretreatment system affected biomass structural characteristics and recalcitrance.

- by Art Ragauskas
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- Wood chemistry, Biofuel, Pretreatment, Organosolv

The literature relating to the pKa-values of guaiacyl- and syringyl-derived phenols has been thoroughly surveyed and summarized. In addition, the pKa-values of a number of guaiacyl, syringyl and other phenols related to lignin have been determined using a spectrophotometric method combined with multivariate evaluation. Differences and similarities between the acidities of a number of substances are extensively discussed. The pKa-value strongly affects the delignification during pulping, bleaching and leaching of lignin during pulp washing.

- by Martin Ragnar
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- Biochemistry, Organic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Wood chemistry

This study was aimed at finding out the chemical and colour properties of keruing (Dipterocarpus humeratus), mersawa (Anisoptera laevis) and kapur (Dryobalanops keithii) timbers as their limited information up to now. Tree samples were obtained from Muara Wahau forest, East Borneo. Sapwood and heartwood then were cut from the base parts of the trees. Chemical examinations refered to ASTM standard. Colour measurements were performed through CIELAB coordinate system. The results of extractive measurements of 3 species showed that the amounts of ethanol-toluene extractive (ETE) ranged from 2.37-4.60 % in the sapwood (SW) and 2.58-4.81 % in the heartwood (HW), hot-water solubles (HWS) ranged from 2.14-6.49 % (SW) and 1.14-5.77 % (HW), then cold-water solubles (CWS) were 1.61-6.39 % (SW) and 1.06-3.26 % (HW). The tendency from sapwood to heartwood showed an increasing levels in ETE and decreasing in HWS and CWS. The measurement in the cell wall components showed that the contents of lignin ranged from 27.39 – 33.29 % (SW) and 25,77-34,19 % (HW), holocellulose ranged from 70.50-73.73 % (SW) and 65.94-74.84% (HW), as α-cellulose were 45.83-49.62 % (SW) and 44.23-52.32 % (HW). From sapwood to heartwood, a slight difference in lignin and cellulose levels were found. The solubility in NaOH 1 % levels were 12.06-17.07% (SW) and 11.85-20.79 % (HW), ash contents were 0.72-3.64 % (SW) and 0.74-4.73 % (HW), whereas the pH values ranged from 5.56-8.02 (SW) and 7.09-7.96 (HW). With regard to colour properties, the brightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) indexes in the sapwood were 48-53, 6-11, and 9-20, respectively. In the heartwood, the values were 40-49, 9-16, dan 14-18, respectively.

- by Ganis Lukmandaru
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- Wood chemistry, Wood properties, Wood Physics

Study of lipophilic and hydrophilic extractives in heartwood, sapwood and knots of 39 industrially important conifer species: 14 pines (Pinus), 7 spruces (Picea), 9 firs (Abies), 5 larches (Larix), 3 hemlocks (Tsuga) and Douglas-fir... more

- by Linda Nisula
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- Flavonoids, Conifers, Wood chemistry, Fatty acids

Abstract A rapid method for simultaneous determination of furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in the filtrate of an acidic treatment of biomass was developed based on UV spectrophotometer. Interference from acid soluble lignin is... more

- by Hou-min Chang and +2
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- Materials Engineering, Wood chemistry, Forestry Sciences, Spectrum

The objective of this research is to find out the extractive composition of mangium wood. A total of 25 mangium trees (24-years) from 5 provenances (Sidei Papua, West of Morehead, Daintree, Ellerbeck, Red Cardwell, and El Arish) were investigated. The extractive contents were determined by successive soxhlet extraction in two solvents (n-hexane and methanol). The results showed that the effect of provenance factor is not significant by analysis of variance. The range of n-hexane extracts were 1-6% which the highest value was obtained in the heartwood whereas methanol extracts ranged from 3-18% as the highest value was measured in the bark. In the n-hexane extracts based, neutral fractions dominated (80-95%) the composition the sapwood and heartwood. After saponification, the similar tendency was also observed which the unsaponifiables (60-80%) composed the most part in the neutral fraction of sapwood and heartwood. In the methanol extracts based, residue fractions (55-65%) composed the most part in the bark while dichloromethane fractions were comparatively high (30-41%) in the sapwood parts. In the heartwood, buthanol and residue fractions dominated (15-77%) in considerable varied patterns. Differences due to provenance factor was also observed, both in the n-hexane and methanol extract fractions.

- by Ganis Lukmandaru
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- Algebra, Chemistry, Instructional Design, Southeast Asian Studies

Please, help me! I have a few questions about this Triptych: 1. Russian Byzantine Triptych or Greek/ Cyprus or other Slavic states of S-E of Europe? 2. Middle of the 18-th century? 3. what kind of wood? softwoods, but a more special... more

Please, help me! I have a few questions about this Triptych:
1. Russian Byzantine Triptych or Greek/ Cyprus or other Slavic states of S-E of Europe?
2. Middle of the 18-th century?
3. what kind of wood? softwoods, but a more special one: larch, black pine
Few, but important questions. Please share with me your knowledge or suggestions!

- by Andrei Hrib
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- Iconography, Conservation, Wood Science, Wood Anatomy
- by Marie-Jeanne Scholl
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- Archaeology, Wood chemistry, Conservation and Restoration, Mineralization
- by Tatiana Dizhbite
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- Wood chemistry, Polyphenols

The study was aimed at testing environmental-friendly plant essential oils for their protecting efficiency of valuable woods against colonization by mould and wood-decay fungi. Sixteen essential oils were applied to Fagus orientalis and Pinus taeda wood samples by vacuum impregnation and infected with Aspergillus niger, Penicillium commune (moulds), Coniophora puteana (brown rot), Trametes versicolor (white rot), Chaetomium globosum (soft rot) and natural infection by airborne spores. Lavender oil, lemon grass oil and thyme oil were the most effective oils against all fungi tested.

- by Maderas. Ciencia y Tecnologia and +1
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- Wood Science, Wood chemistry, Wood Engineering, Wood Products

Significant developments in the area of wood modification have been achieved during the last three decades. These developments can be attributed to increased environmental concerns, the escalating demand for a high and constant quality of wood products, and the rising prices of the durable tropical timber as well as its very limited availability, as affected by illegal logging. As a consequence, a number of wood modification techniques such as chemical and impregnation modifications or heat treatments have been introduced, and some of these technologies have reached the industrial level. This review paper deals with two successful technologies, that is, wood acetylation and wood furfurylation. It briefly discusses the advantages of the new modified products and presents in short their improved properties. Published findings indicate that chemical modification of wood, to a full or partial degree, by means of acetylation or furfurylation, offers a way to transform low durability wood species to new 'green' wood materials having advanced qualities and properties.

- by George I Mantanis
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- Wood Science, Wood Anatomy, Wood chemistry, Wood science and technology

White Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.) is one of the fast growing species in Indonesia and has the potential
as the raw material for pulp and paper. In this research, 3, 5, and 7 years old White Jabon woods were
pulped under different active alkali charge of 15%, 18%, 21%, 24%, and 27%, and its effect on delignification
degree, kappa number, pulp yield, pulp viscosity, brightness, unbeaten freeness, and delignification selectivity
was investigated. The results showed that tree age and active alkali concentration influenced the quality of pulp
and pulping properties, except for that of unbeaten freeness. Delignification degree increased with increasing
active alkali charge, and this brought about the decrease of pulp kappa number. The pulping yield tended to
decrease below the Klason lignin of approximately 4%. Even though the 3 years old wood resulted in the
highest brightness and highest delignification selectivity, the highest pulp viscosity was obtained with the 5
years old wood. The dominant fiber length of all wood ages was in the range of 1.2 - 2.0 mm. The 3 years
old wood was considered to be the most promising raw material for kraft pulping in the view point of pulping
properties, pulp quality and harvesting rotation.
Keywords : White Jabon, kraft pulping, active alkali, tree age, pulping property

- by Nyoman Wistara and +1
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- pulp and paper Technology, Wood chemistry, Biofuel and Bio Ethanol Production from Biomass
- by Zaidon Ashaari and +2
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- Multidisciplinary, Wood chemistry, Wood Engineering, Wood science and technology

The genus Dalbergia contains many valuable timber species threatened by illegal logging and deforestation, but knowledge on distributions and threats is often limited and accurate species identification difficult. The aim of this study was to apply DNA barcoding methods to support conservation efforts of Dalbergia species in Indochina. We used the recommended rbcL, matK and ITS barcoding markers on 95 samples covering 31 species of Dalbergia, and tested their discrimination ability with both traditional distance-based as well as different model-based machine learning methods. We specifically tested whether the markers could be used to solve taxonomic confusion concerning the timber species Dalbergia oliveri, and to identify the CITES-listed Dalbergia cochinchinensis. We also applied the barcoding markers to 14 samples of unknown identity. In general, we found that the barcoding markers discriminated among Dalbergia species with high accuracy. We found that ITS yielded the single highest discrimination rate (100%), but due to difficulties in obtaining high-quality sequences from degraded material, the better overall choice for Dalbergia seems to be the standard rbcL+matK barcode, as this yielded discrimination rates close to 90% and amplified well. The distance-based method TaxonDNA showed the highest identification rates overall, although a more complete specimen sampling is needed to conclude on the best analytic method. We found strong support for a monophyletic Dalbergia oliveri and encourage that this name is used consistently in Indochina. The CITES-listed Dalbergia cochinchi-nensis was successfully identified, and a species-specific assay can be developed from the data generated in this study for the identification of illegally traded timber. We suggest that the use of DNA barcoding is integrated into the work flow during floristic studies and at national herbaria in the region, as this could significantly increase the number of identified specimens and improve knowledge about species distributions.

- by Mihaly Czako and +1
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- Botany, Natural Products Chemistry, Biomass, Plant Biology

A nation – wide market survey study discovered that more than 47 timber species are being sold on Ghanaian market whose technological properties are not known. Therefore to ensure efficient utilization and promotion of these timber resources, their technological properties must be determined. Two species namely Cola gigantea and Ficus sur were selected to determine their technological properties. This study focused on the green and air – dried moisture contents, basic density, anatomical properties and the treatment characteristics of Cola gigantea and Ficus sur from Pra – Anum Forest Reserve in the Moist Semi Deciduous Forest Zone of Ghana. The green and air – dried moisture contents were determined using ASTM D4442 – 07; basic density of the species was done using the immersion method ASTM D2395 – 07a and the anatomical description using IAWA committee, 1989 protocols. The treatability studies were conducted using 0.5 % Copper Chrome Arsenate type C (CCA – C) preservative AWPA P5 – 08 and vacuum-pressure impregnation method by varying the pressure magnitudes (600 kPa to 1200 kPa) and treatment durations (30 to 240 minutes). The depth of penetration was done by AWPA A3 - 08, the assessment of permeability of the wood species by Fougerousse, 1976 method and
preservative oxide retentions by AWPA A9 - 01. The heartwood of C. gigantea has significantly higher green moisture than its sapwood at P<0.05. There was no significant difference in green moisture content between the sapwood and heartwood of F. sur at P≥0.05. Green moisture content varied along the bole of both species. Air – dried moisture content varied slightly within and between species but the differences were not significant. Mean basic densities were 479 kg/m3 for Cola gigantea and 386 kg/m3 for F. sur. The mean basic density values for sapwood of both species were significantly different at P< 0.05 from their respective heartwood.
The mean basic densities varied from the butt to the top portions of both species. The ground tissue proportions namely vessels: parenchyma: fibers were 8 %: 43 %: 49 % for C. gigantea and 9 %: 47 %: 44 % for F. sur. The fiber length, lumen diameter, and double wall thickness were 2.0
mm, 14.8 μm and 9.9 μm for C. gigantea and 1.5 mm, 23.9 μm 7.5 μm for F. sur. There was no significance between sapwood and heartwood volumetric retention of both species. F. sur significantly has higher volumetric retention than C. gigantea at P≤ 0.05. The ratio of mean
longitudinal to transverse penetrations was about 32 to 1 for C. gigantea sapwood and 39 to 1 for its heartwood and those of Ficus sur sapwood and its heartwood were 22 to 1 and 24 to 1 respectively. The ratio of longitudinal to transverse penetrations was 36 to 1 for Cola gigantea
and 23 to 1 for Ficus sur. The sapwood of F. sur and heartwood of both species were rated as moderately resistant when treated at 1200 kPa for 30 minutes or more whilst the sapwood of C. gigantea was rated as moderately resistant when treated at 1200 kPa for at least 60 minutes. The heartwood of both species is relatively more permeable than their respective sapwoods. For the same range of pressure magnitude and duration as well as 0.5 % CCA-C concentration used in this study, the mean oxide retention of Cola gigantea sapwood ranges were 1.41 to 2.21 kg/m3 and its heartwood were 1.39 to 2.29 kg/m3 and those of Ficus sur sapwood were 1.86 to 3.21 kg/m3 and 1.89 to 3.19 kg/m3 for its heartwood. Ficus sur can also be used as substitute for
Triplochiton scleroxylon (wawa), Pycnanthus angolensis (otie) and Antiaris toxicaria (kyenkyen). Both species are treatable and therefore can be impregnated with the adequate amount of preservative to prolong their service life.

The properties of eco-composite boards from agro-waste of oil palm empty fruit bunches were studied. The oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) obtained from a private oil palm plantation. By using fibre cutter and particle crusher, these EFB refined. Hardeners and wax added at 1% and 3% during the mixing process. Boards with densities of 500, 600 and 700 kg/m 3 produced using resin urea formaldehyde as the bonding agent at 10, 12 and 14%. The boards conditioned in a conditioning chamber set at 20±2 °C and 65% relative humidity before undergoing subsequent testing. The EN Standards specifications applied in the preparation of test samples and testing. Results showed the highest modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) achieved in this study were 22.91 N/mm 2 and 2059.56 N/mm 2. The internal bonding was found to be at 0.98 N/mm 2 , and 467.47 N/mm 2 and 512.37 N/mm 2 respectively for the edge and face screw withdrawal. Boards with 700 kg/m 3 density and 14% resin content met the requirement of standard specifications. Scanning electron microscopy machine used to study the resin-fibre bonding property. Resin and fibre in the board inspected carefully, and voids appeared at the cross-section of the board with density 500 kg/m 3 at 10% resin suggesting moisture penetrated into the board via the open spaces and weakened the linkages existed, thus cause the board to have low properties. The thermogravimetric analysis indicates maximum rate of decomposition for the EFB boards occurred at 380.83 °C. This study shows that the board's density and resin content applied influence on the board's overall properties with boards produced at 700 kg/m 3 density with 14% resin content showed excellent overall properties with good dimensional stability.

- by Razak Wahab
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- Wood Science, Wood chemistry, Wood Based Composites, Engineering wood products

In this study, some characteristics of Rhizophora spp. particleboards bonded with Serishoom (traditional animal–based adhesive) as a phantom material was investigated. The Rhizophora spp. particleboards were fabricated in two Serishoom adhesive treatment levels (6% and 12%) with three Rhizophora spp. particle sizes (≤ 149 µm, 149 µm – 500 µm, and 500 µm – 1000 µm) at 1 g.cm-3 of the target density. The internal bond strength and the dimensional stability of the Serishoom-bonded Rhizophora spp. particleboards were improved by using the smaller Rhizophora spp. particle size and the higher Serishoom adhesive treatment level. The effective atomic numbers of the Serishoom-bonded Rhizophora spp. particleboards were determineted to be 7,56 to 7,58 by an energy dispersive X-ray, which is in good agreement with those of water and breast tissue. In addition, the density distribution profiles of the fabricated Serishoom-bonded Rhizophora spp. particleboards were determined by the Kriging method with the use Surfer8 computer software, which indicated that there was good density homogeneity throughout the Serishoom-bonded Rhizophora spp. particleboards. The results showed a potential of the Serishoom-bonded Rhizophora spp. particleboard bonded with Serishoom to be used as a phantom material.

- by Ehsan Taghizadeh Tousi and +1
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- Wood Plastic Composite, Wood Science, Timber, Wood chemistry

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT The effect of heat treatment on tropical bamboo Gigantochloa scortechinii on the physical, strength and durability were studied. Matured bamboo culms of 4-year-old culms were harvested and subjected to high-temperature condition using palm oil as a heating media. Two group of samples; green and air-dried were used in the studies. The temperature applied were 140C, 180C and 220C with an exposure duration of 30, 60 and 90 min respectively. The results show the heat treated bamboo retained most of their original physical and strength properties after undergoing the heat treatments process. Green or air-dried bamboo culms can be dried to an MC of 6-7% within 2 to 3 hours of treatment. The basic densities of bamboo were found to improve slightly by the heat application. The overall strength properties of the heat treated bamboo were found to decrease. The modulus of elasticity in bending strength was reduced between 2-33% in the green condition and between 6-9% in the air-dried condition. For the modulus of rupture in bending strength, the value was reduced between 1-23% in green condition and between 4-16% in air-dried condition. The compression strength was reduced in the range between 2-3% in green and 2-35% in air-dried conditions. The shear strength was reduced in the range between 16-24% in green and between 12 to 24% in air-dried conditions.

- by Razak Wahab
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- Wood Science, Wood chemistry, Wood Technology, Wood Based Composites
- by Brian Brogdon and +1
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- Materials Engineering, Science and Technology, Wood chemistry, Chlorine dioxide

- by Maderas. Ciencia y Tecnologia
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- Wood Science, Timber, Nanoparticles, Nanotechnology

An increasing demand, the higher prices and scarcity of wood in the market may cause the craft industry to search other raw materials than wood. Bamboos must be the raw materials that can be used as building construction and handicrafts industry with abundant potency. Black petung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper (Schult) Backer ex Heyne c.v. ‘black’ is one of bamboos, which is widely used to support the craft industry. This study aims to determine the quality of black petung bamboo propagated by culm and rhizome cuttings, based on chemical properties as fiber content, ash content and starch content and physical properties as moisture content, specific gravity and shrinkage ratio T/R. The qualities for chemical and physical properties of black petung bamboo indicated to be 60.85 ~ 67.13% in culm cutting propagation and 61.34 ~ 62.73% in rhizome cutting propagation by fiber content, 2.90 ~ 4.52 % in culm cutting propagation and 4.19 ~ 5.38 % in rhizome cutting propagation by ash content, 6.32 ~ 8.17% in culm cutting propagation and 7.62 ~ 8.11% in rhizome cutting propagation by starch content, 9.27 ~ 10.17% in culm cutting propagation and 9.84 ~ 10.38% in rhizome cutting propagation by moisture content, 0.508 ~ 0.607 in culm cutting propagation and 0.491 ~ 0.567 in rhizome cutting propagation by specific gravity, 0.289 ~ 0.903% in culm cutting propagation and 0.253 ~ 1.047% in rhizome cutting propagation by shrinkage ratio (T/R). Black petung bamboo propagated by culm cutting has a better quality than that by rhizome cutting, according to the test results for chemical and physical properties.

- by Wawan Sujarwo
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- Bamboo, Wood chemistry, Plant propagation, Wood Quality