Wood fiber Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Plastic materials have a variety of chemical and mechanical properties that will be useful for a wide variety of applications. However, plastic waste creates pollution and poses a great threat due to the problem of non-degradability affecting ecological environments. Thermoset polymers, which are used extensively in the polymer industry today, have recycling problems. This situation creates serious environmental problems. The most important feature of thermoplastic materials is that they can be recycled. The use of thermoplastic polymers creates significant advantages in recycling and environmental issues. The rapid evolution in additive manufacturing provides a new path to the circular economy using recycling. Thermoplastic or thermoset materials can be processed in additive manufacturing. Additive Manufacturing Methods (AM) are used today in different industries to produce prototypes and even final products. The polymer material is used in 51% of the parts produced with AM. The Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) method is the most popular method preferred for shaping polymers with AM. The FFF method is a method of extruding a spool of thermoplastic filament through a heated nozzle and melting the material. Also, FFF is known to have low cost and high printing speeds compared to other AM techniques. PLA material, which is a completely bio-based thermoplastic polymer with many desirable properties, including easy processing ability, strength, hardness, and biodegradability, is widely used in material processing by the FFF method. In this study, the PLA matrix was reinforced with natural fibers to increase the mechanical properties and contribute to recycling. Bio-composite compounds with 15% wood fiber reinforced PLA matrix by weight were prepared. Specimens produced by bio composite materials production were carried out using the FFF method and injection molding methods. Thermal analysis of the prepared compounds, filaments, and produced specimens was carried out. The tensile strength properties of the specimens produced by FFF and the injection molding method were compared. In addition, the bio-composite materials produced were examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Surface interactions and homogeneous fiber distribution between matrix and fiber were investigated.

- by and +2
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- Composite Materials and Structures, Injection Molding Process, Wood fiber, Additive Manufacturing and 3D printing

In this study, processing–structure–mechanical properties relationships in expanded wood fiber polystyrene composites (EPSC) made with a physical blowing agent were investigated. A systematic investigation was performed based on a statistical experimental design. The samples were saturated with carbon dioxide at high pressure and ambient temperature and the saturated specimens were expanded at elevated temperatures. The relations between impact and tensile properties of EPSC and foaming process and structure were studied. Fiber content was found to be the most important parameter controlling impact strength and tensile modulus. The impact strength of EPSC was increased about three times when the fiber content increased to 20%. Using the Halpin–Tsai equation, a model was developed to relate tensile modulus to the density of EPSC.
(citation # 48)

In this paper a novel way of a digital analysis of fibers orientation with a five-step algorithm was presented. In the study, a molded piece with a dumbbell shape prepared from wood-polymer composite was used. The injection molding process was examined in experimental and numerical way. Based on the developed mathematical algorithm , a significant compliance of fiber orientation in different areas of the molded piece was obtained. The main aim of this work was fiber orientation analysis of wood-polymer composites. An additional goal of this work was the comparison of the results reached in numerical analysis with results obtained from an experiment. The results of this research were important for the scientific and also from the practical point of view. In future works the prepared algorithm could be used to reach optimal parameters of the injection molding process.

- by Grzegorz Janowski and +1
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- Composite Materials and Structures, Image Analysis, Natural fibre composites (Engineering), Matlab

Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell is one of pulp woods that is being developed through breeding plantation programs
in Indonesia. The research aimed at exploring the chemical and morphological characteristics of fiber, and
to determine the rank of plus trees from 4 provenances based on the suitability for pulps. The materials included
the plus trees of E. pellita (9 years) from the 2nd generation of progeny tests in Pelaihari, South Borneo.
Wood properties under investigation included the chemical properties and morphological fiber characteristics (fiber dimensions and its derived properties). In the present study, data were analyzed using descriptive statistic, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Pearson’s correlation. Results showed that the chemical properties of E. pellita, i.e. the contents of ethanol-toluene extractives, hot water soluble extractives, holocellulose, alphacelullose, and lignin were 3.08 ± 1.00%, 1.41 ± 0.38%, 75.26 ± 2.58%, 49.02 ± 2.88%, and 29.49 ± 1.86%, respectively. The average values of wood fiber morphology were 1.02 ± 0.08 mm (fiber length), 13.25 ± 1.64 μm (fiber diameter), of 6.94 ± 1.70 μm (lumen diameter), 3.15 ± 0.52 μm (fiber wall thickness), 0.97 ± 0.30 (Runkel ratio), 0.57 ± 0.10 (Luce’s shape factor), 78.21 ± 10.34 (slenderness ratio) and 130.91 ± 33.77 × 103 μm3 (solids factor). The AHP scoring rank indicated that the best individuals were 28.4.3.28 (Kiriwo Utara), 12.1.5.28 (North Kiriwo), 19.11.5.45 (Serisa Village), 3.8.4.9 (South Kiriwo), and 6.6.3.15 (South Kiriwo). Pearson correlation analysis showed significant correlations between the levels of fiber length with alpha-cellulose content (r = 0.39) as well as the fiber length with ethanol-toluene extractive contents (r = -0.41).

- by Ganis Lukmandaru
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- Wood chemistry, Wood fiber, Eucalyptus

This article compares and contrasts formaldehyde emission regulations for interior wood composite panels in the US, the European Union, Japan, and China. Historical context, product-specific emission limits, test methods, and product certification requirements are detailed for each emission standard. In particular, the recently enacted California Air Resources Board (CARB) formaldehyde regulation is compared with established international formaldehyde regulations and differences in four key areas, emission limits, documentation, deconstructive testing, and enforcement, are highlighted. Implications of CARB and US Environmental Protection Agency regulatory actions are discussed, and future work is suggested in the rapidly evolving and highly debated arena of formaldehyde emission policy.

- by Wenping Shi
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- Indoor Air Quality, Wood fiber

The fibers orientation in the polymer matrix is an important factor determining mechanical properties of products made of composites by means of an injection molding process. The fibers arrangement has an effect on shrinkage of the composite and the dimensional accuracy of molded piece. The knowledge of fiber orientation can determine the proper dimensions and design of the molding cavities and then correct some of physical and mechanical properties of the molded piece. The orientation of fillers depends on many factors, among which the important role play processing parameters including the injection speed. The aim of this study was to assess the orientation of the fibers in wood-polymer composite on the selected examples. The knowledge and proper use of micromechanical models allow to evaluate the fibers flow and their orientation in polymer matrix. The research was performed both for numerical simulations and experimental studies for results verification.

This article evaluates the effectiveness of selected micromechanical models, such as Folgar-Tucker and RSC, in numerical calculations concerning fiber orientation prediction in a polymer matrix for the WPC composite containing 15% by mass of wood fibers. In addition, the obtained values of fiber orientation tensor in the polymer matrix allowed to assess the influence of the applied micromechanical models on the possibilities of predicting the mechanical properties of the WPC composite using the Mori-Tanaka homogenization model. It should be noted that the default micro-mechanical model suggested in CAE software including the injection moulding process modules is the Folgar-Tucker model. Hence, it is important to investigate whether the second optional model, i.e. RSC, should be the main model used in predicting the processing and mechanical properties of WPC composites.

- by P. Winistorfer
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- Carbon Dioxide, Energy Consumption, Wood fiber, Life Cycle

The effect of physiographic region on microfibril angle (MFA) in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in the southern United States was evaluated. MFA was determined at 1.4, 4.6, 7.6, 10.7, and 13.7 m up the stem of 59 trees, representing five physiographic regions. A nonlinear mixed-effects model was developed to test for regional differences in the initial value of MFA, the rate at which MFA changes with ring number from pith, and the lower bound of MFA achieved. Our results suggest that the parameters of interest differ significantly by region. It was found that MFA differs significantly between the South Atlantic, Gulf, and Hilly regions, compared to the North Atlantic and Piedmont regions. The initial value of MFA was found to be smaller in the Piedmont compared to all other regions. Similarly, the rate at which MFA changes with ring number was found to be significantly smaller in the North Atlantic and Piedmont regions. A test of the lower bound of MFA indicates that the Piedmont re...

- by Richard Daniels
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- Wood fiber
- by Stephen Shaler
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- Wood fiber
- by Philip Araman
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- Time of Flight, Statistical Significance, Wood fiber, Life Cycle
- by Marc McDill
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- Wood fiber

In this paper a novel way of a digital analysis of fibers orientation with a five-step algorithmwas presented. In the study, a molded piece with a dumbbell shape prepared from wood-polymer composite was used. The injection molding process was examined in experimental and numerical way. Based on the developed mathematical algorithm, a significant compliance of fiber orientation in different areas of the molded piece was obtained. The main aim of thisworkwas fiber orientation analysis of wood-polymer composites. An additional goal of thiswork was the comparison of the results reached in numerical analysis with results obtained from an experiment. The results of this research were important for the scientific and also from the practical point of view. In future works the prepared algorithm could be used to reach optimal parameters of the injection molding process.

- by Mark Coggeshall
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- Engineering, Genetics, Irrigation, Wood fiber
- by Ricarda Riina
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- Wood fiber, Forestry Sciences

Pulp and paper sludge can be recycled in the manufacture of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) because it contains wood fibers. A comparative study was conducted to evaluate the properties of MDF made from virgin fibers mixed with different pulp and paper sludge sources. A factorial design was used in which factors were mill pulping processes, thermal-mechanical pulping (TMP), chemical-thermal-mechanical pulping (CTMP), and kraft pulping, and percentage of sludge mixed with virgin fibers (0, 25, 50, and 75%). Virgin fibers were obtained from paper birch wood, an underutilized species. Chemical composition, physical characteristics, pH, and buffer capacity of sludge were measured. MDF properties decreased mostly linearly with sludge content. Panel properties negatively correlated with the proportion of nonfibrous material such as ash and extractives. TMP and CTMP sludge sources produced panels of similar quality, and kraft sludge produced the lowest quality. It was concluded that the am...

- by Ahmed Koubaa
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- Materials Science, Wood fiber

The problem of describing the migration of dissolved boron in wood is treated with special reference to the commonly used remedial treatment of wooden poles. The governing equations are derived and discussed together with some of the material parameters required. The equations are solved by the finite element method and, finally, results showing the effect of different treatment strategies are presented.

- by Lars Damkilde
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- Materials Science, Wood fiber

Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell is one of pulp woods that is being developed through breeding plantation programs in Indonesia. The research aimed at exploring the chemical and morphological characteristics of fiber, and to determine the rank of plus trees from 4 provenances based on the suitability for pulps. The materials included the plus trees of E. pellita (9 years) from the 2nd generation of progeny tests in Pelaihari, South Borneo. Wood properties under investigation included the chemical properties and morphological fiber characteristics (fiber dimensions and its derived properties). In the present study, data were analyzed using descriptive statistic, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Pearson's correlation. Results showed that the chemical properties of E. pellita, i.e. the contents of ethanol-toluene extractives, hot water soluble extractives, holocellulose, alphacelullose, and lignin were 3.08±1.00, 1.41±0.38, 75.26±2.58, 49.02±2.88, and 29.49±1.86, respectively. The average values of wood fiber morphology were 1.02±0.08 mm (fiber length), 13.25±1.64μm (fiber diameter), of 6.94±1.70μm (lumen diameter), 3.15±0.52μm (fiber wall thickness), 0.97±0.30 (Runkel ratio), 0.57±0.10 (Luce's shape factor), 78.21±10.34 (slenderness ratio) and 130.91±33.77×103μm3 (solids factor). The AHP scoring rank indicated that the best individuals were 28.4.3.28 (Kiriwo Utara), 12.1.5.28 (North Kiriwo), 19.11.5.45 (Serisa Village), 3.8.4.9 (South Kiriwo), and 6.6.3.15 (South Kiriwo). Pearson correlation analysis showed significant correlations between the levels of fiber length with alpha-cellulose content (r = 0.39) as well as the fiber length with ethanol-toluene extractive contents (r = -0.41).

- by MUDJI SUSANTO
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- Wood chemistry, Wood fiber, Eucalyptus
- by Agus Prayitno
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- Materials Engineering, Wood fiber, Forestry Sciences, Wood properties
- by Ruben A. ANANIAS
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- Materials Engineering, Wood fiber, Forestry Sciences
- by Ahmed Koubaa
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- Materials Engineering, Growth, X Rays, Wood Quality
- by Marc Mazerolle and +1
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- Materials Engineering, X Rays, Wood Quality, Wood fiber

In Eastern Canada, black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) has recently been introduced in the finger-jointing industry. However, little information is available on some of the key manufacturing parameters that influence the finger-jointing process. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of wood machining parameters on the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of finger-joined black spruce in order to optimize the performance of the product. Parameters investigated in this study were the chip-load and the cutting speed. A feather profile was selected with an isocyanate-based adhesive and an end-pressure of 3.43 MPa. A factorial analysis showed a statistically significant interaction between cutting speed and chip-load on the UTS. Within the range of values studied, the cutting speed was the most significant variable affecting finger-joined black spruce. The influence of chip-load on the tensile strength of finger-joints was lower, being apparent only at...

- by Cecilia Bustos
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- Materials Engineering, Image Analysis, Statistical Significance, Wood fiber

The SWST Distinguished Service Award is given in recognition of extraordinary contributions in wood science and technology. Such service may have been made in an educational, technological, industrial, or scientific area in furtherance of... more

- by Douglas Gardner
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- Wood fiber
- by Marc Mazerolle and +1
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- Materials Engineering, Growth, X Rays, Wood Quality
- by Charles Pittman and +1
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- Wood fiber

This research is intended to expand information on fiber characteristics for better understanding their complexity and potential in industrial use. Tensile properties of four types of individual cellulosic fibers, bamboo, kenaf, Chinese fir, and ramie, were measured by a custom-designed microtensile tester. Load-displacement curves for most individual fibers were found to be linear until failure. Average values of at least 30 individual fibers of bamboo, kenaf, Chinese fir, and ramie were 1685, 983, 908, and 1001 MPa for tensile strength; 26, 19, 14, and 11 GPa for tensile modulus; and 7.1, 5.4, 8.3, and 8.9% for elongation at break, respectively. Cross-sectional areas of cell walls measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy were 117, 140, 217, and 337 μm 2 , respectively, an inverse relation with tensile modulus. Among the fibers, bamboo had the greatest tensile strength and modulus, whereas the other three did not have any statistical difference. Ramie had the largest elongati...

- by Sheldon Shi
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- Materials Science, Wood fiber

Beetle-killed loblolly pine chips were steam-exploded (SE) with a severity factor of 4.8 in a batch reactor into a fibrous mass followed by a sieve step to remove oversize pieces (>16 mesh). The sieved SE fibers ( y , was decreased slightly by inclusion of 50% SE fibers with no compatibilizer. Addition of 2.5% MAPP improved significantly the flexural properties of the composites, especially the σ y which was eventually superior to that of neat PP. DMA and DSC measurements revealed that the SE fibers increased the crystallinity of PP by forming more crystalline fractions around wood fibers or fiber fragments. Addition of MAPP resulted in a reduction in the damping and an increase in the heat of fusion of the PP in the composites, suggesting a stronger interface between the matrix and SE fibers. The better interfacial adhesion was also demonstrated by SEM observations showing fiber breakage occurring on the fractured surfaces of the PP composites with MAPP as a compatibilizer.

- by Suzhou Yin
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- Materials Science, Wood fiber

- by Gerson Antonio Heidinger Espinoza
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- Computed Tomography, Image Analysis, Density, Optimization
- by William Luppold
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- Wood fiber, Softwood
- by Md.Qumruzzaman Chowdhury
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- Materials Engineering, Wood fiber, Forestry Sciences, Wood properties
- by Ahmed Koubaa
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- Materials Engineering, X Rays, Wood Products, Wood fiber
- by Darrel Nicholas
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- Statistical Analysis, Arsenic, X Rays, Copper

Parallel to the increases in world population, consumption of paper are growth and this lead to raw materials problems. Therefore, the use of nonwood materials (wheat straw, cotton stalk, bamboo, bagasse, kenaf etc.) has gained tremendous attention in pulp and paperboard industry. China and India are the main countries used nonwood plants. In this study, the use of nonwood plants in paper and paperboard industry, the chemical composition and fiber dimensions of nonwoods are reviewed. Besides nonwood pulping capacities of some countries and the cereal production amount of Turkey and world are given.

- by Zehra Odabas Serin
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- Pulp and Paper + Recycled Paper, Wood fiber, Nonwood