Eucalyptus Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

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- Technology, Biology, Genome Size, Medicine

Fertilization of Eucalyptus plantations using sewage sludge on unfertile tropical soils represents an alternative to using mineral N and P fertilizers. A 44-month field experiment was conducted to study the effects of increasing application of sludge, and its interactions with mineral N and P fertilizers, on wood volume. Four rates of sludge (0, 8, 15 and 23 Mg ha À1 , dry base), N (0, 47, 95 and 142 kg ha À1) and P (0, 28, 56 and 84 kg ha À1 of P 2 O 5) were combined in a 4 Â 4 Â 4 factorial scheme in a totally randomized block design. Response surface and age-shift modeling was used to establish an initial recommendation for mineral fertilization of the Eucalyptus plantations treated with sludge and to analyze the implications of increased growth on the duration of the forest cycle in a tropical climate. The results showed that from 8 to 44 months after planting, the sludge application (with or without N and P) yielded a statistically larger wood volume (P < 0.05), compared to ...

- by Antonio Enedi Boaretto
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- Environmental Science, Soil, Environmental Management, Medicine
- by David Tissue
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- Water, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon, Photosynthesis
- by David Ayre
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- Geography, Reproduction, Seed Dispersal, Hybridization

The pattern of morphological variation in isolated, lowland populations of Eucalyptus pauciflora was analysed phenetically using multivariate classification and ordination techniques. The main aim was to discover how variable were the lowland populations in the context: (1) of the physiological and morphological variation in the species at higher altitudes; and, (2) o f the scattered nature of these sites, which are possibly relics from a wider distribution during the last glaciation. Outgroups were used as aids to interpreting the patterns. A dult morphology showed little variation at lowland sites, although some small differences were observed, and some populations showed signs of recent hybridisation with E. obliqua and E. radiata. Within the total range of E. pauciflora however, seedlings showed two form s with the lower altitude populations possibly showing the ancestral condition. An equivocal large population at Wartook Reservoir, Grampians, suggested that introgression between E. pauciflora and E. willisii has occurred in the past, resulting in a stable intermediate form.

- by Jann Williams
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- Eucalyptus, Morphological Variation
- by Sarah Mansfield
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- Zoology, Insecticides, Bacillus thuringiensis, Animals

A novel endophytic actinobacterium, designated strain EUM 378T, was isolated from the surface-sterilized root tissue of Eucalyptus microcarpa, a eucalyptus tree known as Grey Box. Phylogenetic evaluation based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, including alignment with taxon-specific 16S rRNA gene signature nucleotides, placed this isolate as a member of the family Nocardioidaceae. Strain EUM 378T showed >5.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence divergence from other members of this family and was related most closely to Actinopolymorpha alba YIM 48868T (94.2 %) and Actinopolymorpha singaporensis IM 7744T (94.4 %). This Gram-positive, aerobic actinobacterium has well-developed substrate mycelia that fragment into small rods. Chemotaxonomic data revealed that the cell wall contains ll-diaminopimelic acid, ribose, glucose and rhamnose. MK-10(H6) is the predominant menaquinone. Chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic evidence confirmed that strain EUM 378T represents a novel species of a new genus, fo...

- by Chris Franco
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- Evolutionary Biology, Microbiology, Medical Microbiology, Phylogeny
- by Roberto G de Almeida
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- Diet, Brazil, Animal Feed, Female

The essences from sylviculture have been used for pulp and paper and charcoal industry. Hence, value-added examples for construction are essential. However, this use needs to be ensured by criteria prescribed by technical standards such as ABNT NBR 7190 (1997) used here. The present paper evaluated Corymbia citriodora wood to promote the effective construction use through the material characterization. Thus, fourteen mechanical properties and two physical properties were estimated. Changes in the property values under moisture content reduction were observed at two conditions: the initial at 30% and the standard point at 12%, according to prescriptions of this cited technical standard. In total, 2189 repeats were carried out in this document. Seven properties showed visible improvements and influences in the resistance from the observed moisture reduction: perpendicular and parallel compression values and static bending in the modulus of rupture, parallel tensile in the modulus of elasticity, and strength properties of shear stress, tangential cleavage and toughness. Mechanically, Corymbia citriodora wood can be applied efficiently for civil construction, since these results followed the trends pointed out by literature.

- by Victor De Araujo and +1
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- Materials Science, Wood Science, Timber, Mechanical Behavior Of Materials

DNA extraction from minute hymenopterans and their larvae is difficult and challenging because of their small size indicating a low amount of starting material. Hence, 11 DNA extraction methods were compared to determine their efficacy in isolating DNA. Success of each method was scored on a 2% agarose gel after PCR of the cox 1 mitochondrial locus. A silica-membrane-based approach was the most successful, followed by a method using a combination of incubation buffers and a method using magnetic beads. The method using buffers was the most cost- and time effective. Using this method, larvae from Eucalyptus seed capsule galls could be assigned a role (parasitoid, gall former or inquiline) in the gall-inhabiting complex.

- by Bernard Slippers
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- Molecular Ecology, Biological Sciences, DNA, Phylogeny
- by Cristina Valls
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- Multidisciplinary, Reaction Time, Eucalyptus, Laccase

Eucalypt varieties have been identified as multipurpose materials. With origins in the Oceania region, this genus has been applied for purposes such as pulp and paper, bioenergy, civil construction, and furniture. Very suitable as firewood and charcoal, Eucalyptus microcorys would have good potentialities as structural solutions for construction. But, this wood species is not easily found as building parts in the Brazilian market. This paper aimed to develop a broad evaluation of this species to highlight their features for the utilization as structural lumber. Based on the Brazilian standard document ABNT NBR 7190 (1997), sixteen properties were evaluated at two moisture contents conditions, green and dried points. About 966 repeats were realized in these tests. Nine properties showed influences with the moisture reduction as well as perceptible increases in their resistances: static bending, parallel and perpendicular compressions, and parallel tensile in the modulus of rupture; perpendicular compression and parallel tensile in the modulus of elasticity; and shear stress and hardness properties in parallel and perpendicular directions. Eucalyptus microcorys wood reached good resistance properties, justifying its potentiality for structural uses.

- by Victor De Araujo and +1
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- Timber, Mechanical Behavior Of Materials, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Polymers, Mechanical properties
- by bekir bal
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- Wood Science, Wood mechanics, Wood Engineering, Wood science and technology

The response of nocturnal stomatal conductance (g(s,n)) to rising atmospheric CO(2) concentration ([CO(2)]) is currently unknown, and may differ from responses of daytime stomatal conductance (g(s,d)). Because night-time water fluxes can have a significant impact on landscape water budgets, an understanding of the effects of [CO(2)] and temperature on g(s,n) is crucial for predicting water fluxes under future climates. Here, we examined the effects of [CO(2)] (280, 400 and 640 μmol mol(-1)), temperature (ambient and ambient + 4°C) and drought on g(s,n,) and g(s,d) in Eucalyptus sideroxylon saplings. g(s,n) was substantially higher than zero, averaging 34% of g(s,d). Before the onset of drought, g(s,n) increased by 85% when [CO(2)] increased from 280 to 640 μmol mol(-1), averaged across both temperature treatments. g(s,n) declined with drought, but an increase in [CO(2)] slowed this decline. Consequently, the soil water potential at which g(s,n) was zero (Ψ(0)) was significantly more...

- by Melanie Zeppel and +2
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- Soil, Carbon Dioxide, Climate, Biological Sciences

We determined the size characteristics of foragers of the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens in a mature eucalyptus forest in Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, at daytime (7: 30 to 10: 00 hr) and nighttime (19: 00 to 23: 00 hr). There were no significant differences between daytime and nighttime ant mass (Ma), but leaf fragment mass (Ml) and burden (B = [Ma + Ml]/Ma), which indicates relative load capacity, were significantly greater at daytime. There was a positive linear relationship between Ma and Ml for the combined daytime and nighttime data, and increases in Ma resulted in lower B. We compared A. sexdens characteristics with published results for Atta cephalotes, a closely related species. A. sexdens is larger and therefore able to carry heavier loads, but its burden is about 72% of the average value for A. cephalotes. We suggest that the lower load capacity of A. sexdens in comparison to A. cephalotes is related to its relatively larger size.<br>Nós determ...

- by Marcos Antonio Lima Bragança
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- Geography, Biology, Brazil, Ecology

The potential of the effluent waste produced in the distillation of eucalyptus leaves was evaluated as a natural material for the cotton dyeing. Selected physical-chemical parameters of the effluent and the concentrated were determined. The effluent and its concentrate showed acidic pH, and total solid content of, 3.4% and 48.1 % the content of condensed tannins, were 0.6% and 10.9%, respectively. The dyed fabric dye concentrations of 10 and 50%, based on the mass of the fabrics, had acceptable washing and light fastness according to test method CB-17, ABNT. After washing, the color change was evaluated as 3-4 for both concentrations. The multi-fiber fabric staining was greater than 4 for both concentrations. In the light fastness test, the color change was 2-3 and 3, at concentrations 10% and 50% respectively. The results showed that this solid waste has potential for cotton dyeing, with washing fastness properties acceptable by the textile industry. Further study is required to in...

Eucalypt species have become a multiple raw material. Some species have low coverage in the use as durable goods. Low-used variety is the Eucalyptus alba, despite its popularity in railway companies. This study aimed to investigate sixteen physical-mechanical properties of E. alba, aiming to enlarge its use in civil construction. Tests were carried out for different moisture contents (12 and 30%). All results were analyzed by t-test. Apparent density, parallel compression in rupture moduli, parallel compression and tensile in elasticity moduli, cleavage, shear stress, and perpendicular and parallel hardness revealed an increasing with the moisture reduction. Obtained results in properties of shear stress, cleavage and parallel and perpendicular hardness enable E. alba wood utilization in construction for structural flooring production.

- by Victor De Araujo and +1
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- Wood Science, Timber, Mechanical Behavior Of Materials, Eucalypts

O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar as propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira de Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden et Cambage. Foram determinadas as seguintes propriedades físicas: massa específica aparente a 12 e 0% de umidade, massa específica aparente básica e os coeficientes de contração, além das propriedades mecânicas, por meio dos ensaios de flexão estática, compressão paralela às fibras, cisalhamento e dureza, para a idade de seis anos. Com base nos resultados obtidos na determinação das propriedades físicas, a madeira de E. benthamii, na idade estudada, pode ser classificada como moderadamente pesada e dimensionalmente instável. Em relação às propriedades mecânicas, de modo geral, a espécie apresentou baixa resistência, o que possivelmente está relacionado com a grande proporção de madeira juvenil presente no material estudado. Palavras-chave: eucalipto, qualidade da madeira, propriedades tecnológicas.

- by Floresta Ambiente and +1
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- Wood Quality, Eucalyptus, Eucalipto, Technological properties
- by José Reinaldo Moreira Silva
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- Wood Science, Timber, Wood Engineering, Lumber industry

Beim Stichwort Aromata denkt man unwillkürlich zunächst an Kräuter und kleine Stauden wie Kamille, Thymian oder Fenchel, kaum jemand wird einen Baum an vorderster Stelle nennen. Dabei nutzt die Phytotherapie auch zahlreiche Bäume, und bei nicht wenigen spielt das ätherische Öl unter den Wirkstoffen eine entscheidende Rolle, so etwa bei den Zimtbäumen (Cinnamomum-Arten) einschließlich Kampferbaum, den Myrtengewächsen (Myrtaceen) mit den Eukalyptus-Bäumen, Bergamotte oder Citrus-Arten, den Balsambäumen (Bur-seraceen) mit den Myrrhe-und Boswellia-Arten und den Nadelhölzern (Coniferales / Pinales) wie Fichte und Kiefer. Letztere und die Eukalyptusbäume sollen hier beispielhaft behandelt werden.

- by Johannes G . Mayer and +1
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- History of Medicine, Phytopharmacology, Herbal Medicine, Phytomedicine

Biomass for energy and products based on solid wood are some of the most popular
applications of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. However, this species is still underused in construction throughout Latin America. The objectives of this study were the evaluation of the properties of Eucalyptus camaldulensis to determine and expand its utilization for structural elements. Two physical and fourteen mechanical properties were evaluated for wood characterization of Eucalyptus camaldulensis with support of Brazilian standard NBR 7190 (1997). Woods were obtained from plantations from Restinga city, São Paulo state, Brazil. Two moisture contents were observed, the first in the fiber saturation point at 30%, and the second in the standard point at 12% according to the Brazilian standard at equilibrium moisture content. This study evaluated 538 repetitions. Finally, the results obtained were statistically analyzed by the t-test at 5% of significance. Ten resistance properties indicated an improvement in their properties during the reduction of the studied moisture content: parallel and normal compression, normal traction and flexion in the rupture modules; normal compression and flexion in the modulus of elasticity; normal and parallel hardness; shearing; and cracking. Thus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis can be used for structural purposes, due to the improvement of its mechanical properties with the reduction of humidity and by presentation of mechanical property values conforming to Brazilian standard.

- by Victor De Araujo and +1
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- Wood Science, Timber, Wood Engineering, Engineering and timber construction
- by Almir Sales
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- Brazil, Nondestructive Evaluation, Density, Multidisciplinary

Recyclability is the ability of a material to reacquire the same properties it had originally. The aim of this work was to verify the recyclability of three printing and writing papers, from the characteristics of their fibers after two recycles. Three ECF bleached kraft eucalyptus bond commercial papers from Argentina and Brazil were studied (A, B, C). The papers were repulped and refined using different levels and intensities of energy (1st recycle). Laboratory sheets were produced, and they were repulped and refined again (2nd recycle). The microscopic characteristics of repulped papers were obtained by authomatic equipment based on image analysis. Differences found in the behavior of the different samples can be explained by fiber parameters. The fiber length was significantly different in the three papers (A> B> C) and globally decreased in the second recycle (about 6%). Sample A had the highest initial fiber length and length/width, but it largely decreased with refining...

- by María Otero
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- Engineering, Paper Recycling, Eucalyptus
- by Juan Delgado-Rojas and +1
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- Forestry, Carbon, Biomass, Plant Biology
- by Eleni Gomes
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- Thermodynamics, Technology, Kinetics, Biotechnology

Eucalyptus oil (EO) and its major component, 1,8-cineole, have antimicrobial effects against many bacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), viruses, and fungi (including Candida). Surprisingly for an antimicrobial substance, there are also immune-stimulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, and spasmolytic effects. Of the white blood cells, monocytes and macrophages are most affected, especially with increased phagocytic activity. Application by either vapor inhalation or oral route provides benefit for both purulent and non-purulent respiratory problems, such as bronchitis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There is a long history of folk usage with a good safety record. More recently, the biochemical details behind these effects have been clarified. Although other plant oils may be more microbiologically active, the safety of moderate doses of EO and its broad-spectrum antimicrobial act...

- by Davis Lamson
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- Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Asthma, Humans, Immunity
- by Dorila Veloso
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- Principal Component Analysis, Brazil, Multidisciplinary, Pulp and Paper
- by Sapna Mishra
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- Biological Sciences, Insecticides, Animals, Terpenes
- by Gustavo Lopez
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- Plant breeding and genetics, Plant Genetic Resources, Domestication, Eucalyptus

Scholars studying the globalization of Australian trees have previously emphasized the rapid natural propagation of Australian trees outside of their native habitats, believing their success to be a reversal of ‘‘ecological imperialism’’ from the ‘‘new world’’ to the ‘‘old world.’’ This article argues that the expansion of Australian trees should not be viewed as a biological phenomenon, but as the result of a long-term attempt by powerful states and state-sponsored scientists to select and breed Australian species that could grow in a variety of climates and ecological conditions. Five non- biological factors largely determined the success of these attempts to grow Australian trees: the abundance or paucity of natural forests, state power, the amount of scientific research directed to planting Australian trees, the cost of labor, and the ability to utilize hardwood timbers and bark. This paper compares the use of Australian trees in Australia, India, and South Africa to demonstrate that biology was not the determining factor in the long-term success of many Australian genera and species.

- by Brett Bennett
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- Globalization, Environmental History, History of Science, World History
- by Josué Racero
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- Indian studies, India, Indology, Cocos

Paper recyclability implies in the paper capacity to be recycled maintaining its properties to the maximum. Four commercial papers from Argentina and Brazil were studied, including three eucalyptus kraft (A, B, C) and one sugar cane bagasse soda-AQ (D), all with different bleaching processes. Their physical and chemical properties and a first laboratory recycling were evaluated. A refining of the pulp with a PFI mill, applying two energy levels at two different intensities -measured by number of revolutions and load -was accomplished to reach the same °SR (between 30 and 40, approximately). The refining energy and the yield were registered in each case. The properties of laboratory handsheets, and the aging to 24, 48, 72 and 144 hours were evaluated. The statistical analysis of the results indicates that the properties of the initial eucalyptus papers were similar, whereas they were generally inferior in the case of the bagasse paper. The bagasse and eucalyptus papers presented simi...

- by Julieta Benitez
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- Paper Recycling, Eucalyptus
- by Eduardo Dellacassa
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- Engineering, Wine, Smell, Fruit
- by Carlos A Peres
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- Botany, Landscape Ecology, Conservation Biology, Biology
- by Ros Gleadow
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- Biochemistry, Natural Products Chemistry, Plant Secondary Metabolites, Cassava

The history of the treatment of tuberculosis in Australia has largely been focused on the development of medical treatments, the architectural features of custom-built sanatoria and the human impact of the disease in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. These discussions often mention contemporary debates amongst medical men and the laity regarding the best treatment, but the influence of medical climatology in deciding where medical facilities should be placed is often overlooked. The first sanatorium in the Colony of Victoria had two branches: Echuca and Mount Macedon. These two locations differ in terms of altitude, the surrounding forest and meteorological variation. Yet, both sites were considered suitable at the time for the location of a sanatorium, possibly due to the health-promoting and aesthetic aspects of nearby eucalypt forests. This article explores why they may at first modernly appear to be substantially different locations, but contemporary medical climatology emphasised their similarities.

- by Rebecca Le Get
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- Environmental History, Australian History, Tuberculosis, Eucalyptus
- by Juliana S Farinaci
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- Forest Transition, Ecological Modernisation, Eucalyptus

Natural dyes are gaining interest due their expected low risk to human health and to the environment. In this study, the
wash fastness of a natural coloring matter from the liquid waste produced in the steam treatment of eucalyptus wood in textile fabrics was investigated. Specifically, eucalyptus wood extract was used to dye cotton, nylon and wool in an exhaust dyeing process without the addition of the traditional mordanting agents and then submitted to wash fastness analysis. The resulting dyed fabrics were evaluated for color fastness. It was found that wash fastness of dyed fabrics was very good to cotton and excellent to nylon and wool.

- by Ticiane R Fiaschitello
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- Textiles, Wood Science, Waste Management, Environmental Sustainability

This review highlights climate change and its drivers, impacts, and mitigation and adaptation options in Ethiopia. Both climate variability and change have been occurring in Ethiopia. Evidences show that since 1960 the mean annual temperature of the country has risen by about 1.3°C, an average rate of 0.28°C per decade, and spatial and temporal rainfall variability has been increasing. As such, Ethiopia has been experiencing the impacts of both climate variability and change. Climate change has led to recurrent droughts and famines, flooding, expansion of desertification, loss of wetlands, loss of biodiversity, decline in agricultural production and productivity, shortage of water, and increased incidence of pests and diseases such as spread of cereal stemborers and malaria to higher elevation areas. On the other hand, Ethiopia has shown both conservation and policy responses to combat climate change. Protected area systems, afforestation and reforestation programmes, renewable energy sources and energy efficiency, ecological agriculture, flexible livestock production, homegardens and traditional agroforestry systems, harvesting and use/marketing of non-timber forest products and climate change education, are all feasible strategies for mitigating and adapting climate change. Indeed, there is a need to employ the right mix of climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies prioritized in space and time so as to reduce vulnerability of biodiversity and humanity to the escalating impacts of climate change. To this end, capacity building should be a priority. Moreover, there is a need to collaborate with the international community to combat climate change, which is a global challenge.

- by Haileab Zegeye
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- Botany, Plant Ecology, Climate Change, Conservation Biology

The aim of this review is to highlight the roles of tourism/ecotourism in conservation and development in Ethiopia. Tourism industry is currently emerging as one of the most important economic sectors in the world. In 2013, tourism accounted for 6 % of the world's overall exports, 9.1 % of the employment (1 in 11 jobs) and 9 % of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In line with the growth of international tourism, the tourism industry in Ethiopia is now growing fast. Indeed, there is a great potential for the development of the tourism industry in Ethiopia. Ethiopia has many remarkable natural, historical and cultural tourist attractions. It is one of the most important tourist destinations in the world. International tourist arrivals in Ethiopia increased from 138,856 in 1997 to 596,341 in 2012. Tourism receipts (revenues) also increased from USD 43 million in 1997 to USD 1.2 billion in 2012. Tourism is, generally, with minimum impacts on the environment. Moreover, tourism contributes to the conservation and management of natural, historical and cultural resources. Some of the revenues generated from tourism can be used (should be used) for conservation of biodiversity (establishment and management of protected areas, greening landscapes), preservation and restoration of historical and cultural resources and raising the environmental awareness of residents and visitors. Tourism significantly contributes to the local and national economy. In 2011, tourism accounted for 6.6 % of the overall export. In 2012, tourism generated over 700,000 jobs and accounted for 2.29 % of the GDP. Therefore, tourism plays a great role in natural and cultural heritage conservation and socioeconomic development. Ethiopia needs to promote sustainable tourism including ecotourism. On the other hand, if tourism is not properly planned and managed, tourism development can lead to negative economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts. Tourism development in Ethiopia should be based on the principles of sustainability-social equity, economic efficiency and environmental sustainability. Sustainable tourism maximizes the benefits of tourism and minimizes its negative impacts. Ethiopian tourism, through effective policy and plans, is expected to make major progress in the future.

- by Haileab Zegeye
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- Botany, Plant Ecology, Climate Change, Conservation Biology
- by Erika Esau
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- Landscape Architecture, Architectural History, Australian History, California History

- by Fernando Felissia
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- Paper Recycling, Eucalyptus

O efeito de variáveis no tingimento com corantes sintéticos é bem conhecido, porém pouco avaliado nos corantes naturais. A natureza química complexa e difícil de ser determinada completamente dos corantes naturais, faz necessária uma avaliação de variáveis no tingimento têxtil visando conhecer o comportamento do corante natural nesse processo. Para tanto, o corante natural de eucalipto, obtido a partir do resíduo do tratamento da madeira de eucalipto por vapor, foi avaliado. As variáveis selecionadas para o estudo foram a concentração do corante no tecido, a forma de aplicação em pó e “in natura”, o tempo na temperatura constante, a temperatura máxima de tingimento, o pH do banho de tingimento, a adição de sais metálicos, sulfato de ferro e sulfato de alumínio e potássio. Os resultados de cor dos tingimentos foram avaliados estatisticamente. Uma vez definida a condição ótima do tingimento com o corante natural em algodão, foram também tingidos os tecidos de lã e nylon. Os tecidos tingidos com o corante natural de eucalipto apresentaram boa solidez de cor à lavagem e fricção e solidez à luz típica dos corantes naturais. O estudo de variáveis no tingimento permitiu o conhecimento do efeito destas na cor dos tecidos tingidos com o corante natural, bem como da definição de um método sistemático de avaliação das propriedades dos corantes naturais nos tingimentos de têxteis.

- by Ticiane R Fiaschitello
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- Technology, Cleaner Production, Textiles, Waste recycling
- by Antonio Diaz-Espejo
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- Water, Carbon Dioxide, Photosynthesis, Biological Sciences
- by Gustavo Lopez and +1
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- Biodiversity, Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell is one of pulp woods that is being developed through breeding plantation programs
in Indonesia. The research aimed at exploring the chemical and morphological characteristics of fiber, and
to determine the rank of plus trees from 4 provenances based on the suitability for pulps. The materials included
the plus trees of E. pellita (9 years) from the 2nd generation of progeny tests in Pelaihari, South Borneo.
Wood properties under investigation included the chemical properties and morphological fiber characteristics (fiber dimensions and its derived properties). In the present study, data were analyzed using descriptive statistic, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Pearson’s correlation. Results showed that the chemical properties of E. pellita, i.e. the contents of ethanol-toluene extractives, hot water soluble extractives, holocellulose, alphacelullose, and lignin were 3.08 ± 1.00%, 1.41 ± 0.38%, 75.26 ± 2.58%, 49.02 ± 2.88%, and 29.49 ± 1.86%, respectively. The average values of wood fiber morphology were 1.02 ± 0.08 mm (fiber length), 13.25 ± 1.64 μm (fiber diameter), of 6.94 ± 1.70 μm (lumen diameter), 3.15 ± 0.52 μm (fiber wall thickness), 0.97 ± 0.30 (Runkel ratio), 0.57 ± 0.10 (Luce’s shape factor), 78.21 ± 10.34 (slenderness ratio) and 130.91 ± 33.77 × 103 μm3 (solids factor). The AHP scoring rank indicated that the best individuals were 28.4.3.28 (Kiriwo Utara), 12.1.5.28 (North Kiriwo), 19.11.5.45 (Serisa Village), 3.8.4.9 (South Kiriwo), and 6.6.3.15 (South Kiriwo). Pearson correlation analysis showed significant correlations between the levels of fiber length with alpha-cellulose content (r = 0.39) as well as the fiber length with ethanol-toluene extractive contents (r = -0.41).

- by Ganis Lukmandaru
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- Wood chemistry, Wood fiber, Eucalyptus
- by Mayur S Patil
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- Computer Science, Survey, Opensource, Eucalyptus

Agro-and forest-industrial wastes are abundant and low cost sources of carbohydrates and phenolic compounds, which can be converted into biofuels, biomaterials, and high added-value compounds by different pathways in small and large biorefineries. The development of technologies based on hydrothermal treatments could improve the utilization of lignocellulosic wastes through the separation of its components (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and extractives) in sequential processes. The adopted technologies for the separation and conversion of these lignocellulosic wastes into synthesis intermediates or products of high added value represent an important part of the total production cost. Low liquid to solid ratios and mild temperatures in the pre-treatment are interesting ways of reducing energy costs, subsequently economizing both steam and electricity. This work focuses on the advantages of using low liquid to solid ratios in the hydrothermal treatment of different agro-and forest-industrial wastes, paying particular attention to the performance of separation, purification, and conversion of hemicelluloses. Relevance of Agro-and Forest-Industrial Waste Biorefineries are analogous to petroleum refineries, which produce multiple fuels and products from petroleum, but instead use biomass as raw materials. Biorefinery technology is an alternative to the petroleum-based industry for energy, chemical, and material production from unconventional raw material. Given its renewable nature and low associated pollution, lignocellulosic biomass can be regarded as an important and sustainable source of carbohydrate (cellulose and hemicelluloses) fuel, cellulosic pulp, biomaterials, and a variety of chemicals. Lignocellulosic residues generated by the agro-industry are available in large quantities at low cost. The chemical, thermochemical, and biological conversions of this waste into its main components allow the production of chemical intermediates for the manufacture of various products. The use of forest and agricultural lignocellulosic residues as raw materials to generate high value added products is important because of their renewable nature and high availability (Area and Vallejos 2012).

- by María Cristina Area
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- Economics, Biorefinery, Hemicelluloses, Eucalyptus