power electronics and PV system Research Papers (original) (raw)

Ce papier a pour objectif de valoriser une nouvelle technique MPPM (MPPT) pour extraire le maximum de puissance générer par le panneau photovoltaïque. L’environnement Proteus est utilisé pour implémenter et simuler la nouvelle approche MPPM grâce à la carte Arduino UNO et un afficheur LCD. Les résultats de simulation prouvent la meilleure performance de notre commande MPPM par rapport à les deux traditionnelles techniques P&O et INC de dépister le point de puissance maximale PPM sous des conditions de changement brusque de l’éclairement solaire.

Currently the use of energy from photovoltaic panels is a reality, and its extensive use will become extremely important in the research for solutions to energy and environmental problems. In this context, MPPT techniques are the most important part to extract the maximum power available. In this study, a DC-DC conversion system according to the boost topology has been designed. System tests were carried out outdoor at different solar radiation. First, the characteristic curve of the photovoltaic panel has been plotted, afterward the MPPT tracking system was connected. The controller communicates tracking data (current, voltage, duty cycle and power) at each step of the algorithm. Sometimes the algorithm deviates from the real maximum power point at first, making a false decision, but comes close thereafter. It is necessary to perform further investigations on this problem. An improvement of the used method is intended to take into account of all the constraints, so it would be possible to provide a simple and reliable system that tracks the maximum power point with minimum circuit and thus minimum consumption of energy.

- by Abdelhamid M'RAOUI
- •
- Photovoltaics, Renewable Energy, power electronics and PV system

This article presents a simple control strategy to improve the performance of a synchronous reluctance motor drive system fed by a photovoltaic source. The photovoltaic generator parameters are selected based on maintaining the system operating point at the maximum output power of the photovoltaic generator at an average insolation level of 0.5 kW/m2. The proposed control strategy has three main functions; ensuring successful motor starting, maintaining the motor voltage within a permissible range, and forcing the photovoltaic array to operate at the maximum power point possible. Two modes of operation are studied for the proposed system depending upon the level of insolation compared with a critical value, which is the level below which the synchronous reluctance motor cannot work synchronously under the given pumping load. A sample of simulation results is introduced to confirm the effectiveness of the suggested strategy. It has been found that, using the proposed control strategy, the pump flow rate has been increased compared with an uncontrolled system.

- by M. Nabil and +2
- •
- Standalone PV system, power electronics and PV system

— In India, the role of Distributed Generation (DG) is increasingly being acted as a substitute and it is large alternative of conventional electric power supply. The government and other energy awareness organizations have tried to promote solar home system in off-grid region. Even though centralized economic system that solely depends on cities is hampered due to energy problems, the use of solar power never been tried in cities in large scale due to technical inconvenience, high installation cost and high maintenance cost of battery bank. To overcome these problems, this paper proposes an optimized design of grid-tied PV system without battery which is suitable for India. This system requires less installation cost, less maintenance cost and this system capable to supply a load when the grid power fails. This paper also analyzes the implementation outcome of integrating this grid-tied PV system in grid connected areas, especially in the capital of India.

- by Ranjay Kumar Ojha
- •
- power electronics and PV system

Phase shift full bridge zero voltage switching (PSFB ZVS) converters are extensively used in high power applications such as superconductivity and electroplating. Those converters require high output current, low voltage and reduction of conduction and switching losses. In order to do that, we need to design suitable parameters of the PSFB ZVS, but normal design method is complicated. This paper presents a novel design method of PSFB ZVS for high current low voltage power supply. The conduction loss reduction was carried out by adding small capacitor which contributes to resonant tank with leakage inductor and auxiliary inductor. The resonant tank was designed and analyzed to achieve ZVS and full range control. Magnetizing inductance was selected with a suitable value for lowinput current. Values of the resonant tank, magnetizing inductance were designed step by step. The PSFB output parameter was designed for power supply of 500 A, 10 V. The simulation results demonstrated the advantages of the novel design method with optimal values of the resonant tank and magnetizing inductance. The terms of conduction and switching loss reduction, ZVS conditions were analyzed in detail by the proposed design method.

- by Mohiuddin Mahbub
- •
- power electronics and PV system
- by YUSUF ERTAŞ
- •
- Power Electronics, power electronics and PV system

Improved and controlled power quality is one of the essential and fundamental need in any power driven industry for optimum utilization of resources. However critical problems in power quality have been recognized such as sags, swells, harmonic distortions and other interruptions. Out of these sags and swells are predominantly found and have severe impact on the electrical devices or electrical machines and therefore needs to be compensated at an earliest to ensure any mal-operation or failure. To crack these problems custom power devices are used like unified power-quality conditioner (UPQC), distribution-STATCOM (DSTATCOM) and dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). The DVR is a one of the custom power device used for the compensation of voltage sag and swell with an advantage of active/reactive power control. A major volume of literature reported in past several years on different configurations of DVR and different control technique used in it. In context of this a detailed review on DVR has been presented with different possible power circuit topologies and control techniques available to reconcile these power quality issues. This review article will contribute in better selection of control strategy and power circuit for optimum performance of DVR for a particular requirement. Also it presents a very helpful investigation for the researcher in this field.

In recent trends, renewable energies are infinite, safe, and are becoming a reliable source for electricity requirements. However, they have certain variations in their results because of climate change, which is its major issue. To solve this challenge, a hybrid renewable energy system was created by combining various energy sources. Energy management strategies must be employed to determine the best possible performance of renewable energy-based hybrid systems, as well as to fulfil demand and improve system efficiency. This work describes an Energy Management System (EMS) for a Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) called Improved Mayfly Optimization-based Modified Perturb and Observe (IMO-MP&O). The developed EMS is based on basic conceptual constraints and has the goal of meeting the energy demand of connected load, ensuring energy flow stabilization, and optimizing battery utilization. In addition, the suggested IMO-MP&O can identify the condition and operating state of every HRES sub-system and assure the network stability of frequency and voltage changes. Numerical simulations in the MATLAB/Simulink environment were used to evaluate the proposed EMS. The simulated results show that the proposed IMO-MP&O achieves the harmonic error of 0.77%, which is less than the existing Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control and Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based Z-Source Converter methods.

Photovoltaic is direct conversion of sunlight into electricity through electronic means that occurs at atomic level of semiconductors materials. It is neat, silent and elegant process of generating electric power in environmentally friendly manner. In this paper, the design analyses roof-mounted Grid-connected 148.5kWp Photovoltaic System with Energy Storage for use in a Local Government secretariat in Nigeria. The design was simulated using PV*SOL software to evaluate the system's production performance and to know the amount of electric power generation for every day of the year. The result shows that the PV system's daily production far exceeds energy demand in the building. The maximum monthly demand is 2893.22kWh while the least energy production is 13,802kWh which occur in July. The highest production occurs in November with 20,258kWh; followed by March energy yield of 20,053kWh. Hence, the system could serve as good revenue source for the government by exporting more than 75% of the power generated to the grid in exchange for good cash from electricity utility; while at same time serving as motivation for home owners in the community as well as other governmental offices to generate some or all of their energy need.

In comparison to conventional power plants characterized by Synchronous Generators (GS), Distributed Generation units (DG) usually do not have damping or rotational inertia properties. With the increase of DG sources in the electrical system, the impact of low inertia and damping effect on the stability and dynamic performance of the grid increases. A solution to improve the stability of a power system is to provide virtual inertia by Virtual Synchronous Generators (VSG).
Using simulation in the PSCAD/EMTDC® software, this paper proves the efficiency of the virtual synchronous generator as a strategy to improve the static and dynamic stability of the frequency in power systems, by comparisons with the conventional control strategy, the PQ control, in a modeled scenario with characteristic conditions of the Sistema Interligado Nacional (SIN).

This paper makes a comparative assessment of three popular maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms used in photovoltaic power generation. A 120 W p PV module is taken as reference for the study that is connected to a suitable resistive load by a boost converter. Two profiles of variation of solar insolation at fixed temperature and varying temperature at fixed solar insolation are taken to test the tracking efficiency of three MPPT algorithms based on the perturb and observe (P&O), Fuzzy logic, and Neural Network techniques. MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation software is used for assessment, and the results indicate that the fuzzy logic-based tracker presents better tracking effectiveness to variations in both solar insolation and temperature profiles when compared to P&O technique and Neural Network-based technique.

The increasing demand for energy and the need to move towards environmentally friendly methods of
generation has resulted in increased penetration of Distributed Generation. New developments are not
only using these to supply active power at customer level but also to mitigate voltage dips in
microgrids.Current literature has shown the power quality problem of voltage dips result in serious
operating problems in robotic equipment and sensitive loads like adjustable speed drives and carries
with it huge financial implications.
This research project presents two microgrid models one with rotating machines in the form of wind
turbines and small water hydro and the other with static generation in the form of PV arrays and their
application for voltage dip mitigation as a result of a three phase fault on the line connecting the
microgrid to the external grid.The results for each model are presented and then a comparison on the
voltage dip capability of the two microgrids.

The following research proposal is presented as a technological solution focused on the design of a current controller for a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) inverter. In order to achieve a suitable grid-connection, it is required a filter interface between the voltage source inverter (VSI) and the electrical grid. In the earlier times, the interface was composed of a single inductor. A single inductor filter (L filter) has the disadvantage of not fully eliminating switching harmonics. To overcome this issue, LCL filters have gained preference over L filters. Systems based on LCL filters produce less switching harmonics and have reduced size inductors. However, LCL filters present an undesired resonance, and are more sensitive to electric grid harmonics. Due to these drawbacks, it is necessary to design more sophisticated controllers to guarantee stability and good performance. Generally, the knowledge of the state variables in the LCL filter is required to solve the instability problem associated to the overall system. Nevertheless, measurement of all state variables is an expensive solution because of the quantity of required sensors. In this paper it is proposed a current controller based on a reduced-order observer to reduce the number of measured state variables.

- by Josue Alonzo
- •
- Photovoltaics, Solar Energy, grid connected PV inverters, Solar PV

—Electronic-smart meters are increasingly installed in electricity networks of many countries. In several cases, their operation in parallel with Photovoltaic (PV) inverters and other power electronic devices can result in measurement errors reaching up to 45%. In practice, this problem cannot be tackled by current standards due to the gap in standardization of electromagnetic immunity and emissions in the 2-150 kHz range. This paper provides a comprehensive review of international and national standards, guidelines, technical reports and papers on this challenging Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) issue highlighting the gap in the 2-150 kHz range. The ongoing standardization activity to establish both emission and immunity levels and suitable testing procedures is described in detail. Laboratory setups for testing the immunity of smart meters and the emissions of grid-tie inverters are described and experimental results to validate the suitability of the proposed approaches are presented.

— This research work addresses a comparative examination of the two basic non-isolated DC-DC converters that could be interfaced effectively for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic (PV) systems via tracking algorithm of controlling the duty ratio of these converters. Examination of two famous DC-DC convertor topologies i.e. buck, and buck-boost converters has been performed here to scrutinize the behavior of converter behavior relating to changing atmospheric attributes, sequentially the deviation in the duty ratio (due to MPPT), and tracking efficiency. With the variant in the atmospheric conditions, the working value of resistance at the maximum power point (Rmpp) varies. In order to efficiently operate the system at the maximum power point, the MPPT algorithm must make the system work near to the value of Rmpp for the intermittent atmospheric pattern of varying insolation and temperature. The effectiveness of the MPPT algorithm can be scaled by this very obligation. The simulation study verifies that, although buck, and buck-boost converters are implemented as power converters for MPPT control, they are don't equally efficient. The consequence of diverse loads having values different to Rmpp on converter-side output is analyzed for the two important topologies, and it is inferred that the buck-boost converter topology most efficiently tracks the maximum power point (MPP) in case of varying temperature, insolation, and loading effect.

The noninverting buck-boost converter has attracted significant attention in the photovoltaic (PV) module integrated application, as it offers high efficiency while maintaining a low cost and a simple topology. When this converter is employed, special care must be taken at the transition between buck and boost operating modes, as a dead-zone in the voltage transfer function can cause abrupt perturbations in the controlled voltage, decreasing the regulation quality and ultimately lowering the power conversion efficiency. In this paper, a new dead-zone compensation technique is proposed with the scope of smoothing the transition between operating modes, eliminating the voltage ripple and improving the regulation performance, while maintaining high efficiency. The converter under analysis is studied together with its gate driving circuit, which is based on a bootstrap capacitor power supply for the high-side switches. The proposed dead-zone compensation technique is deduced by using the principle of maintaining the ideal voltage gain function across the converter operating range. The technique is analyzed, implemented and tested on a purposely built PV module integrated noninverting buck-boost converter. The experiments reveal a sensible improvement of the voltage regulation during mode transition, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed technique and its fitness for the PV application.

In comparison with conventional power plants characterized by Synchronous Generators (SG), Distributed Generation (DG) units do not have damping or rotational inertia properties. With the increase of DG sources in the electrical system, the impact of the low inertia and damping effect on the stability and dynamic performance of the grid increases. One solution to improve the stability of a power system is to provide virtual inertia by Virtual Synchronous Generators (VSGs). The article proposes the development of a Virtual Synchronous Generator as a control mechanism for a large DG. At the same time, it presents the conventional control strategy of DGs in the Brazilian commercial scenario, the instantaneous power control (PQ control). With the software PSCAD/EMTDC ® , both control strategies are submitted to a scenario similar to the National Interconnected System (SIN), composed of disturbances, in order to discuss the contribution of the strategies in the static and dynamic stability of the frequency are discussed, proving the efficiency of the Virtual Synchronous Generator strategy in the theme.

- by Patrick Trivilin
- •
- Electrical Engineering, Power Electronics, Power Quality, Power System

Pakistan is primarily an agriculture country with the capability of producing wheat, cotton, sugarcane and rice, which together are more than 75% of the total crop output. Underground water is the main source of irrigation. Most of the water pumps use diesel generator while others run on electricity. The diesel is very expensive and electric supply situation is very unreliable in Pakistan. Photovoltaic (PV) powered water pumps are an attractive alternative solution, but due to the high cost of solar panels, they are not within the reach of a common farmer. In this paper, a novel architecture for an irrigation water pump, simultaneously powered by utility and PV panels, is proposed. No battery backup is required. The system employs maximum power point tracking. The pump controller receives a single control input to produce desired water flow rate and concurrently maximizing the utilization of PV resource. The proposed solution allows the farmer to incrementally add solar panels to an existing grid powered pumping system, thereby reducing the initial investment required for full solar deployment. The investment in the partial deployment of solar panels is paid back to the farmer in reduced electricity tariff.

- by Waqas Hassan and +1
- •
- Irrigation, Water Pump, Induction Motor Drives, Solar PV

PV systems integrate power electronic interfaces. The most vital among the drawbacks of power electronic loads are the production of harmonics. Several strategies have been invented to reduce harmonics. With the beginning of artificial intelligence (AI) and expert system (ES) based techniques; the researchers are better able to optimize the harmonic filters. Active filters have been surveyed by some scientists; however, so far no collective survey on harmonic reduction techniques is available. In an attempt to contribute with the scientific community, this paper discusses the major harmonic reduction techniques available in literature. This paper presents harmonic reduction methods in solar PV system using both Power filters and Multi-level inverter

—The challenges of modern power systems will inevitably impose increased ancillary service requirements to pho-tovoltaic (PV) plants in the future, including operating reserves. Recent studies investigate methods to maintain active power reserves without energy storage in the standard case of uniform illumination. In this paper, this functionality is extended to partial shading conditions, often encountered in PV systems. A new control scheme is proposed that permits operation at a reduced power level, estimating at the same time the shading conditions and maximum available power. This is achieved by applying a least squares curve fitting algorithm on voltage and current measurements, without relying on any irradiance or temperature sensors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first power reserves control scheme for PV systems under partial shading presented in the literature. The robustness and effectiveness of the proposed method is validated under rapidly changing shading conditions through simulations and experimental tests on a 2 kW PV system prototype. Index Terms—Active power control, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), partial shading, power reserves, photovoltaic (PV) system.

- by Efstratios Batzelis and +2
- •
- power electronics and PV system

Bu makalede, fotovoltaik (PV) panel, DC/DC
dönüştürücüler, Maksimum Güç Noktası Takibi (MPPT),
lityum-iyon akü ve PID kontrolcüler içeren ve çıkışta sabit bir
DC gerilim elde etmek amacı güden bir fotovoltaik sistemin
tasarımı ve simülasyonu üzerinde durulmaktadır. İlk olarak
genel sistem modellenmiş ve bu tür sistemlerin simülasyonu
için geliştirilmiş MATLAB/Simulink-SimPowerSystems aracı
ile benzetimleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. MATLAB programında
yaygın olarak kullanılan standart doğrusallaştırma yöntemleri,
bu şekilde doğrusal olmayan bir sisteme yönelik kontrolcü
tasarımında yeterli değildir. Çünkü sistemde DC/DC
dönüştürücülerin anahtarlaması için PWM sinyalleri
kullanılmakta ve bu da MATLAB tarafından
doğrusallaştırılamayan bir yapı oluşturmaktadır. Bu nedenle
sistem giriş/çıkışlarının simüle edilmesine dayalı alternatif bir
yöntem kullanılmıştır. Tasarlanan PV sistemi, değişken
sıcaklık ve ışınım düzeyleri ile simüle edilmiş, sistem
performansı ve verimliliği değerlendirilmiş ve tasarlanan
kontrolcülerin farklı atmosferik koşullarda maksimum güç
noktasında PV panelini çalıştırma, sabit bir çıkış DC gerilimi
sağlama ve panelin ürettiği ve yükten arta kalan güçle aküyü
şarj etme konusunda yeterli olduğu görülmüştür.

The strive to increase the energy yield of photovoltaic (PV) power systems has made PV module integrated dc-dc converters (dc-MICs) a reality of modern PV plants. These converters regulate their input voltage, and their dynamic behavior is heavily influenced by the non-linear characteristic of the PV module. The regulation of the PV module voltage and average inductor current by means of a linear cascaded controller is a popular control technique, simplifying the converter dynamics, and providing inherent current limiting; however, it is prone to instability depending on the interaction between the PV source and the interfacing converter, as well as the value of the controller parameters. These factors present a clear challenge for control design; moreover, the converter transient response undesirably depends on the PV module operating point. In order to solve these issues, while maintaining regulation of PV module voltage and average inductor current, this paper proposes to adopt a non-linear controller designed with the feedback linearization control (FLC) technique. The control laws are derived and implemented in a non-inverting buck-boost dc module integrated converter, as this is a favorite topology for the PV interfacing application. A digitally controlled converter prototype is built and used to obtain experimental results, where the FLC technique is compared with a linear cascaded control technique. The results confirm the superior performance of the presented FLC technique, which is robust and able to regulate the converter input voltage with fast and consistent dynamics, regardless of the PV module or load operating conditions.

A multilevel boost converter (MLBC) with fractional order- proportional integral (FO-PI)-based perturb and observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller is proposed to enhance the performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems. Two control schemes for the MLBC were investigated: i) MLBC with FO-PI-based P&O MPPT controller and ii) MLBC with only P&O MPPT controller. The simulation results, carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK package, show that the performance of the MLBC with FO-PI-based P&O MPPT controller much over weights that of the MLBC with only P&O MPPT controller in terms of rise time, peak overshoot and settling time. These results indicate that the proposed system constitutes a good candidate for implementation in PV applications, in order to extract maximum electric power and to supply high output voltage to the load.

This paper proposes a dual-switch DC-DC converter with high-voltage gain for solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems. High-voltage gain is obtained by combining the coupled inductor (CI) and switched-capacitor (SC) voltage boosting techniques. Combining CI and SC techniques, the design flexibility is increased, and low voltage stresses on the semiconductor devices are achieved, which leads to the adoption of low-voltage-rating semiconductor devices with low ON-state resistance resulting in low switching and conduction losses. Unlike the conventional boost converter, thanks to the existence of leakage inductance, the output diode turns off naturally in the proposed converter, which suppresses the reverse-recovery problem and losses. Operation principle and steady-state analysis are discussed to show the advantages of the proposed DC-DC converter. To verify the operation of the proposed converter, a performance comparison is provided. Moreover, the simulation of a 200 W converter with 20 V input and 400V output is carried out using PLECS Blockset.

- by Ramin Rahimi and +1
- •
- Photovoltaics, Power Electronics, Renewable energy resources, Power Electronics, renewable energy systems, electric vehicles

— Arc faults in a PV system are difficult to study using models developed for conventional power sources mainly due to non-linear behavior of PV current and its dependence on external factors such as irradiance, shading and maximum power tracking controls. This paper presents a unique model derived from fundamentals of Mayr and Cassie arc models and introducing a hyperbolic tangent function to approximate arc current at near zero gap. Arc impedance widely changes with heat dissipated through arcs periphery. Unique feature of the proposed model is that it takes into account this change of impedance with time which could be used to analyze arcs with changing lengths due to movements of current carrying elements. A test bench has been built with adjustable gap between two electrodes to conduct experiments. Both experimental results and simulation outcomes are presented to verify the proposed model.

Modern scientific advances have enabled remarkable efficacy for photovoltaic systems with regard to the exploitation of solar energy, boosting them into having a rapidly growing position among the systems developed for the production of renewable energy. However, in many cases the design, analysis, and control of photovoltaic systems are tasks which are quite complex and thus difficult to be carried out. In order to cope with this kind of problems, appropriate software tools have been developed either as standalone products or parts of general purpose software platforms used to model and simulate the generation, transmission, and distribution of solar energy. The utilization of this kind of software tools may be extremely helpful to the successful performance evaluation of energy systems with maximum accuracy and minimum cost in time and effort. The work presented in this paper aims on a first level at the performance analysis of various configurations of photovoltaic systems through computer-aided modelling. On a second level, it provides a comparative evaluation of the credibility of two of the most advanced graphical programming environments, namely, Simulink and LabVIEW, with regard to their application in photovoltaic systems.

- by Dionisis Kandris and +1
- •
- Standalone PV system, PV system simulation, Solar PV, power electronics and PV system

The paper proposes the multilevel current waveform generation with a new configuration H-bridge Current Source Inverter (CSI) from a single DC power source. In this new topology, the H-bridge inverter acts as main circuit and the inductor cells acts as an auxiliary circuit in the generation of multilevel current waveform. This paper describes five level current waveform generation & the sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique is associated with three level shifted multicarrier is introduced in these topology to control the intermediate levels of multilevel current waveform. The main and auxiliary circuits are connected in parallel to generate a multilevel current waveform. The design and performance is evaluated by using MATLAB Simulation.

Novel individual power extraction topologies through partial current processing (PCP) technique are proposed for series connected photovoltaic panels. In the presented PCP technique only the mismatch currents between the series connected panels are processed. Both of the proposed current fed and voltages fed topologies process the mismatch currents without the need for an isolation transformer. These features increase the system efficiency while decreasing the ratings of the power
electronics interface. The simulation and experimental results are presented in this paper to confirm the validity of the proposed configurations, and to verify its effectiveness.

- by Fatih Cingoz and +1
- •
- Solar PV, power electronics and PV system, Grid connected PV system
- by Mohammad Istiaque Reja and +2
- •
- Microcontrollers, grid connected PV inverters, Solar PV Systems Installation, power electronics and PV system

In this work, an approach to the mathematical modeling and simulation of a photovoltaic cell is presented. Previous work on the Shockley diode equation uses the Fermi – Dirac statistics. In this report, we will use the classical Maxwell Boltzmann statistics. For simplicity, the model considered is the single diode photovoltaic cell model. The Shockley diode equation is first formulated using Maxwell Boltzmann (MB) statistics. A single diode model equation is then derived and simulated. Matlab was used to perform the simulations using looping iterative method. Results that were obtained were identical with the typical single diode photovoltaic cell model current - voltage and power - voltage plots.

This study scrutinizes the reliability and validity of existing analyses that focus on the impact of various environmental factors on a photovoltaic (PV) system's performance. For the first time, four environmental factors (the accumulation of dust, water droplets, birds' droppings, and partial shading conditions) affecting system performance are investigated, simultaneously, in one study. The results obtained from this investigation demonstrate that the accumulation of dust, shading, and bird fouling has a significant effect on PV current and voltage, and consequently, the harvested PV energy. 'Shading' had the strongest influence on the efficiency of the PV modules. It was found that increasing the area of shading on a PV module surface by a quarter, half, and three quarters resulted in a power reduction of 33.7%, 45.1%, and 92.6%, respectively. However, results pertaining to the impact of water droplets on the PV panel had an inverse effect, decreasing the temperature of the PV panel, which led to an increase in the potential difference and improved the power output by at least 5.6%. Moreover, dust accumulation reduced the power output by 8.80% and the efficiency by 11.86%, while birds fouling the PV module surface was found to reduce the PV system performance by about 7.4%.

International Journal of Electrical and communication engineering (IJECE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles contributing new results in all areas of Applied Control Systems, Electrical Engineering and Electronics Engineering. The Journal of Electrical and communication engineering (IJECE) is an abstracted and indexed international journal of high quality devoted to the publication of original research papers from Control Systems, Electrical Engineering, Power Systems, Automation, Electronics Engineering, Networks and Communication Systems and their broad range of applications.

),"Comparison of developed FLC and P&O MPPT algorithms for improving PV system performance at variable irradiance

– Distributed energy resources (DER) are much smaller electricity generation units compared to conventional generating plants. DERs offer the benefits like voltage control, network loss minimization and reliability. Studies conducted have indicated that placement and sizing of DER have critical influence over distribution network operation. Optimal placement and sizing of distributed energy resources (OPSDER) is essential to ensure stable as well as reliable operation of the power system. Many techniques have been applied for this purpose. OPSDER problem has been solved keeping single as well as multiple objectives in the view and taking into account the constraints imposed. This paper reviews the various optimization techniques employed for OPSDER.

- by Dr. Ramachandran Manickam
- •
- power electronics and PV system

1500 Vdc System launched recently for initial focus on large scale parks. Plant developers and designers are not yet confident about system performance and durability of components in countries like India with tropical weather. This paper will highlight the concerns of developers and designers on technical and commercial ground. Also this paper will show advantages and initial plant design concepts of 1500 Vdc, and actual savings now if any.

- by rahul shelke
- •
- power electronics and PV system

Acknowledgements The work is in collaboration with the Belgian company more@mere, info@moreatmere.com, www.bgemc.com. Abstract In this article, a high voltage two channel differential probe has been developed and tested in order to satisfy the requirements of power electronic measurements. The bandwidth of at least 10MHz is verified using a 50MHz sine wave generator. Voltage edges at 5V/ns like in real converters generated from a DC chopper are also applied and the probe is perfectly able to follow such signals. The probe is tested by using high voltage source up to 8kV DC and no coronas and flashovers were observed between the PCB layout and the components and between the components as well.

- by Mitko Bozalakov and +1
- •
- Power Electronics, Renewable Energy Systems, Power Electronics and Drives, power electronics and PV system

DC-DC converters are widely used in regulated switched mode power supplies and in DC motor drive applications. There are several sources of unwanted nonlinearity in practical power converters. In addition, their operation is characterized by switching that gives birth to a variety of nonlinear dynamics. DC-DC buck and boost converters controlled by pulse-width modulation (PWM) have been simulated. The voltage waveforms and attractors obtained from the circuit simulation have been studied. With the onset of instability, the phenomenon of subharmonic oscillations, quasi-periodicity, bifurcations, and chaos have been observed. This paper is mainly motivated by potential contributions of chaos theory in the design, analysis and control of power converters, in particular and power electronics circuits, in general.

- by Sajid Iqbal and +1
- •
- Power Electronics, Mathematical Biology, Chaos Theory, Mathematical Modelling

The several government subsidies available in Poland contributed to an increased interest in PV installations. Installed PV capacity increased from 100 MW in 2016 up to 2682.7 MW in July 2020. In 2019 alone, 104,000 microinstallations (up... more

- by Artur Dyczko
- •
- Engineering, Energy Policy, Poland, Physical sciences

Testing and evaluation of the photovoltaic array are important issues for researchers and students alike in the renewable energy field. The collected data from the PV power plant gives a clear vision for the power plant production, array efficiency and fault detection. The presented system offers an electronic load connected to the PV array which is slightly increased from zero to the maximum designated value. It displays and stores all the voltage, current, and power measurements. It also calculates the voltage and current at the maximum power point, and the fill factor. All the measured data are documented within an Excel file on the computer; curves are plotted automatically to give the user a complete vision for the array behavior, power faults and the mismatching of the PV modules can be easily detected from these curves. The presented system describes all the electronic circuit schematics, how to select the appropriate electronic components with the proper rated values and offers a low-cost design that can be implemented with ease.

Conventional RCC uses Type-I compensator or Integrator which cannot track the Maximum Power Point (MPP) for all the operating condition without Adaptive Gain Tuning. The Type-II compensator based closed loop control scheme of the proposed MPPT makes it robust against all types of disturbances, panel and plant parameter variations. The RCC technique is very simple to implement and the total MPPT controller can be easily implemented using analog circuitry only. However, the challenge lies in designing the compensator as the RCC technique, along with PV panel, exhibits highly non-linear dynamics. Conventional Bode plot technique is used for designing the compensator where the plant parameters (Gain and Phase) are obtained by perturbing the panel operation around the MPP at crossover frequency. This paper proposes a compensator based implementation of Dynamic Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) for rapidly changing irradiation and load variation using Ripple Correlation Control (RCC) technique. The proposed control scheme has a very fast convergence and is very prompt in tracking irradiance variation and load disturbance rejection. The efficacy of the proposed MPPT and the compensator are verified by simulation.

his paper presents an overview of the recent development trends of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and the performance in the Tanzanian context. The two types of solar power generation that are considered in this paper are: i) solar PV systems and ii) concentrated solar power (CSP). The two are compared in terms of cost of energy and energy storage mechanism. Moreover, the effect of ambient temperature on the solar PV module is analyzed. In addition, a detailed analysis on using solar axis tracking to increase the power generation is also presented. The extent to which the cell surface temperature and orientation of the solar module which determine the power generation is modeled. Since Tanzania has the possibility to utilize the solar irradiance in the Coastal region to generate solar power, and therefore it is selected as the case study in this paper.

A survey on electric power consumption on hourly basis was
conducted among 150 urban and 150 rural residents of Madurai District in Tamil Nadu based on the questionnaire prepared with the details of electrical appliances. The survey analysis reflected the income-based discrimination towards electric power usage by the three types of residents. An average electric usage of 500 KWh, 500–1,000 KWh and 1,000–2,000 KWh was analysed for the residents with an income less than 3,333,3,333, 3,333,3,333–$8,333 and above $8,333 respectively. The 2.1KWp solar PV system was designed and the corresponding payback period for the stand-alone and grid connected systems was calculated. Using the hybrid optimisation model for electric renewables (HOMER) software, the feasibility of grid-connected PV system corroborated the utilisation of solar energy of about 54%. The minimum net present costs
(NPC) and cost of energy (COE) of 13.9/unitand13.9/unit and 13.9/unitand0.195/unit respectively for the grid connected system were considered economical and environmental friendly with respect to the low emissions of CO2, SO2 and NO2 of 771, 2.13,1.04 kgs per year.

- by Palpandian .M
- •
- power electronics and PV system

This study scrutinizes the reliability and validity of existing analyses that focus on the impact of various environmental factors on a photovoltaic (PV) system’s performance. For the first time, four environmental factors (the accumulation of dust, water droplets, birds’ droppings, and partial shading conditions) affecting system performance are investigated, simultaneously, in one study. The results obtained from this investigation demonstrate that the accumulation of dust, shading, and bird fouling has a significant effect on PV current and voltage, and consequently, the harvested PV energy. ‘Shading’ had the strongest influence on the efficiency of the PV modules. It was found that increasing the area of shading on a PV module surface by a quarter, half, and three quarters resulted in a power reduction of 33.7%, 45.1%, and 92.6%, respectively. However, results pertaining to the impact of water droplets on the PV panel had an inverse effect, decreasing the temperature of the PV p...

An improved MPPT tactic is proposed in this paper for temperature variation in photovoltaic panel sourced boost converter. In this article the improved algorithm has easily added to a novel MPPT tactic proposed in [1]and it can significantly improve the tracking accuracy, without increasing the implementation complexity of the PV systems. The improved technique has been simulated in Matlab/Simulink environment. In addition, the proposed algorithm yielded consistently more favorable results than did the MPPT algorithm in [1].

The paper presents an extensive comparison between two pulse width modulation (PWM) control schemes, namely carrier-based and space vector based PWM for a seven-phase voltage source inverter. Sinusoidal carrier-based PWM and space vector PWM techniques are employed to control multiphase power converters supplying variable speed multiphase motor drive systems. Implicit relationships that exist between the two PWM techniques are comprehensively explored; this paper, reveal the underlying relationship between the two PWM techniques in terms of several parameters such as modulating signals and space voltage vectors, modulating signals and space voltage vector sectors, switching pattern of space vector and type of carrier. Furthermore, sharing of zero vectors among different chosen space vectors is elaborated that leads to the formulation of different types of modulation. Digital implementation of the two modulation schemes is elaborated. Simulation results are validated using experimental investigation. Index Terms-Carrier-based pulse width modulation (PWM), multiphase motor drive system, space vector PWM, voltage source inverter. NomeNclature a* The transposition of 'a'. d-q The fundamental stationary reference frame. k Number of sectors of output voltage vectors. n Total number of output phases. ξ(t) Duty ratio. V i Output phase voltage (i = 1, 2, ...7, in volt). I to XIV Sector of voltage space vector. M Maximum modulation index. m Even numbered sector of voltage space vectors. S k (k→1 to 4) Inverter switches. t a1 , t a2 and t a3 Application time of the inverter voltage space vectors (in sec). t b1 , t b2 and t b3 Application time of the inverter phase opposed voltage vectors (in sec). t s Switching period (in sec). N Zero sequence voltage signal. v sm , v m , v l Small, medium and large length voltage vector. V max , V min Maximum and minimum voltage max, out of V 1 to V 7. x 1-y 1 and x 2-y 2 The auxiliary orthogonal planes.