Voting Rights Act of 1965 (original) (raw)
. 1965eko Boto Eskubide Legea (ingelesez: Voting Rights Act of 1965) Estatu Batuetako lege federal historikoa da, boto eskubidean arraza-bereizkeria debekatzen duena. Lyndon B. Johnson presidenteak sinatu zuen 1965eko abuztuaren 6an, afro-amerikarren eskubide zibilen aldeko mugimendua goren unean zegoelarik; ondoren, Kongresuak bost zuzenketa egin zizkion, testuaren bermeak zabaltzeko. Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Konstituzioaren 14. eta 15. zuzenketek bermatzen zituzten boto eskubideak babesteko egina, lege honek arraza-gutxiengoen boto eskubidea segurtatu zuen herrialde osoan, batez ere hegoaldean. Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Justizia Sailaren arabera, eskubide zibilen alde herrialdean inoiz promulgatu den legerik eraginkorrena da.
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| dbo:abstract | يعد قانون حق التصويت لعام 1965 جزءًا بارزًا من التشريع الفيدرالي الذي يحظر التمييز العنصري في التصويت في الولايات المتحدة. وقع عليه الرئيس ليندون ب. جونسون ليصبح قانونًا في ذروة حركة الحقوق المدنية في 6 أغسطس عام 1965، وعدل الكونغرس القانون 5 مرات لاحقًا من أجل توسيع مجال حماياته. وُضع القانون لإنفاذ حقوق التصويت التي يكفلها التعديلان الرابع عشر والخامس عشر من دستور الولايات المتحدة، وسعى لتأمين حق التصويت للأقليات العرقية في جميع أنحاء البلاد، وخاصة في الجنوب. ووفقًا لوزارة العدل الأمريكية، يعتبر القانون أكثر تشريعات الحقوق المدنية الفيدرالية فاعلية على الإطلاق في البلاد. مثلما أنه «أحد أكثر تشريعات الحقوق المدنية أثرًا في تاريخ الولايات المتحدة». يحتوي القانون على العديد من الأحكام التي تنظم الانتخابات. توفر «الأحكام العامة» للقانون حماية وطنية لحقوق التصويت. ويعد القسم 2 حكمًا عامًا يمنع كل ولاية وحكومة محلية من فرض أي قانون تصويت يؤدي إلى التمييز ضد الأقليات العرقية أو اللغوية. وتوجد أحكام عامة أخرى تحظر على وجه التحديد اختبارات محو الأمية والإجراءات المماثلة التي كانت تستخدم تاريخيًا لحرمان الأقليات العرقية من حق التصويت. يحتوي القانون أيضًا على «أحكام خاصة» تنطبق على بعض الولايات القضائية فقط. وهناك بند خاص أساسي هو القسم 5 من متطلبات الإذن المسبق، والذي يحظر بعض السلطات القضائية من تنفيذ أي تغيير يؤثر على التصويت دون الحصول على موافقة مسبقة من النائب العام الأمريكي أو محكمة المقاطعة الأمريكية في العاصمة بأن التغيير لا يميز ضد الأقليات المحمية. وهناك حكم خاص آخر يتطلب من الولايات القضائية التي تحتوي على الأقليات اللغوية الهامة توفير بطاقات اقتراع ثنائية اللغة ومواد انتخابية أخرى. ينطبق القسم 5 ومعظم الأحكام الخاصة الأخرى على الولايات القضائية التي تشملها «صيغة التغطية» المنصوص عليها في القسم 4 (ب). وصممت صيغة التغطية في الأصل لتشمل الولايات القضائية التي حدث فيها تمييز صارخ في التصويت في عام 1965، وقد حدّث الكونغرس الصيغة في عامي 1970 و1975. وفي قضية مقاطعة شيلبي ضد هولدر (2013)، ألغت المحكمة العليا الأمريكية صيغة التغطية باعتبارها غير دستورية، معتبرة أنها لم تعد ملائمة للظروف الحالية. ولم تبطل المحكمة المادة 5، لكن المادة 5 دون صيغة التغطية أصبحت غير قابلة للتنفيذ. وشهدت الولايات القضائية التي كانت مشمولة في السابق بصيغة التغطية زيادة كبيرة في معدل عمليات تطهير تسجيل الناخبين بعد قرار شيلبي. وفي عام 2021، أدى حكم المحكمة العليا في قضية برنوفيتش ضد اللجنة الوطنية الديموقراطية إلى المزيد من عمليات الإزالة للأقسام المتبقية من قانون حقوق التصويت لعام 1965. وبعد صدور القرار، لم يعد من الممكن استخدام القسم 2 لتنظيم جمع بطاقات الاقتراع والتصويت خارج الدوائر الانتخابية. تظهر الأبحاث أن القانون أدى بنجاح إلى زيادة إقبال الناخبين وتسجيل الناخبين بشكل كبير، لا سيما بين السود. ورُبط القانون أيضًا بنتائج ملموسة، مثل توفير المزيد من المنافع العامة (مثل التعليم العام) للمناطق التي ترتفع فيها نسبة السكان السود، والمزيد من أعضاء الكونغرس الذين يصوتون للتشريعات المتعلقة بالحقوق المدنية. (ar) Der Voting Rights Act of 1965 (deutsch Wahlrechtsgesetz von 1965) ist ein US-amerikanisches Bundesgesetz, das die gleiche Beteiligung von Minderheiten, besonders Afroamerikanern, bei US-Wahlen gewährleisten soll. Im Einzelnen schaffte es diskriminierende Analphabetismus-Tests für potenzielle Wähler ab, verbot Gerrymandering, wenn es Minderheiten benachteiligte, zentralisierte die Wählerregistrierung auf Bundesebene in Gegenden, in denen weniger als 50 Prozent der Einwohner registrierte Wähler waren und gab dem US-Justizministerium diverse Kontrollrechte über das Wahlgesetz in Gegenden, in denen Afroamerikaner mehr als fünf Prozent der Bevölkerung stellen. Das Gesetz passierte beide Häuser des Kongresses mit großer Mehrheit, wurde vom damaligen Präsidenten Lyndon B. Johnson am 6. August 1965 unterzeichnet und 1970, 1975, 1982 und 2006 jeweils vom Kongress erneuert. Im Juni 2013 hob der Oberste Gerichtshof der Vereinigten Staaten Paragraph 4b des Gesetzes auf, welcher die Bundesstaaten und Countys festlegt, deren Wahlrecht einer vorherigen Freigabe nach Paragraph 4a des Gesetzes bedarf. Jene Entscheidung führte in Politik und US-Öffentlichkeit zu kontroversen Diskussionen. (de) . 1965eko Boto Eskubide Legea (ingelesez: Voting Rights Act of 1965) Estatu Batuetako lege federal historikoa da, boto eskubidean arraza-bereizkeria debekatzen duena. Lyndon B. Johnson presidenteak sinatu zuen 1965eko abuztuaren 6an, afro-amerikarren eskubide zibilen aldeko mugimendua goren unean zegoelarik; ondoren, Kongresuak bost zuzenketa egin zizkion, testuaren bermeak zabaltzeko. Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Konstituzioaren 14. eta 15. zuzenketek bermatzen zituzten boto eskubideak babesteko egina, lege honek arraza-gutxiengoen boto eskubidea segurtatu zuen herrialde osoan, batez ere hegoaldean. Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Justizia Sailaren arabera, eskubide zibilen alde herrialdean inoiz promulgatu den legerik eraginkorrena da. (eu) La Ley de Derecho al Voto de 1965 (en inglés Voting Rights Act of 1965) es una ley histórica dentro de la legislación estadounidense ya que prohibió las prácticas discriminatorias en el derecho al voto a los afroamericanos en los Estados Unidos.Esta ley consiguió que después de casi 100 años de la promulgación Decimoquinta Enmienda a la Constitución de los Estados Unidos -la cual prohíbe cualquier tipo de discriminación al voto basándose en la raza o en el color de los ciudadanos de los Estados Unidos- el derecho constitucional al voto estuviera protegido ya que hasta el momento había estados que para votar exigían pruebas de alfabetización o el pago de algún impuesto, utilizando estos recursos para limitar el derecho al voto de la gente negra. Dicha ley fue promulgada por el presidente Lyndon B. Johnson, el cual ya había promulgado la Ley de Derechos Civiles el año anterior. Esta ley da poderes al Congreso de los Estados Unidos de supervisar la administración electoral de los estados, siempre que el estado tenga un historial de prácticas discriminatorias y no pudiendo hacer ningún cambio que afecte a los resultados electorales de ningún estado sin la autorización expresa del Departamento de Justicia de los Estados Unidos. Esta ley ha sido reformada cuatro veces siendo las más reciente una extensión de 25 años hecha por el presidente George W. Bush en 2006. Esta ley es considerada un hito dentro de la legislación de los derechos civiles, aunque alguna de sus disposiciones ha generado controversias a lo largo de los años. En la renovación de 2006 algunos miembros del Partido Republicano se opusieron a la renovación de la ley, con el argumento de que la consideraban una extralimitación del poder federal al no existir ya estados del sur que en su legislación limiten el derecho a voto por causas raciales. (es) Le Voting Rights Act of 1965 est l'une des plus importantes lois du Congrès des États-Unis, interdisant les discriminations raciales dans l'exercice du droit de vote. Le texte a été adopté le 4 août 1965 et signé par le président Lyndon B. Johnson le 6 août suivant, au plus fort du mouvement afro-américain des droits civiques. Le Congrès sous domination démocrate a par la suite déposé cinq amendements à cette loi durant la présidence de Johnson, pour étendre l'influence du texte. Conçu pour renforcer le droit de vote des Afro-Américains garanti depuis les XIVe et XVe amendements de la Constitution, la loi assure ce droit pour les minorités dans tout le pays, et particulièrement dans le Sud des États-Unis. Selon le département de la Justice des États-Unis, elle est considérée comme la loi civique la plus efficace de l'histoire du pays. Le texte contient de nombreuses clauses régulant les procédures électorales. Les dispositions générales prévoient des garanties sur le droit de vote à l'échelle nationale. La section 2 est une disposition générale qui interdit à tous les États et gouvernements d'État d'imposer des lois électorales qui entraîneraient une discrimination envers une minorité, qu'elle soit raciale ou linguistique. D'autres dispositions générales proscrivent spécifiquement les tests d'alphabétisation et autres moyens historiquement utilisés pour priver les minorités de leurs droits. Le texte contient aussi des dispositions spécifiques qui ne s'appliquent qu'à certaines juridictions (États et comtés). Une disposition spécifique fondamentale est la Section 5, qui exige un précontrôle de certaines juridictions : ces juridictions ont l'interdiction de mettre en place des changements sur le vote sans l'aval du procureur général des États-Unis ou de la cour fédérale de district de Washington, D.C. afin de vérifier que ce changement ne discrimine aucune minorité protégée. Une autre disposition spécifique requiert que les juridictions, où les minorités linguistiques sont très présentes, disposent de scrutins bilingues. La section 5 et la majorité des autres dispositions s'appliquent à des juridictions qui relèvent de critères spécifiques prescrits dans la section 4. Ceci avait pour but d'englober les juridictions imposant de sévères discriminations électorales en 1965 ; elles furent mises à jour en 1970 et en 1975. Dans l'affaire Shelby County v. Holder (2013), la Cour suprême a invalidé la liste des critères comme inconstitutionnelle, statuant qu'elle n'était plus apte à répondre aux circonstances actuelles. La Cour n'a pas invalidé la section 5, mais sans critères, celle-ci n'est plus applicable. (fr) Undang-Undang Hak Suara 1965 (bahasa Inggris: Voting Rights Act of 1965) adalah sebuah karya markah tanah dari legislasi federal di Amerika Serikat yang melarang diskriminasi rasial dalam pemungutan suara. UU tersebut ditandatangani oleh Presiden Lyndon B. Johnson pada puncak Gerakan Hak Sipil pada 6 Agustus 1965, dan Kongres kemudian lima kali mengamendemenkan UU tersebut untuk memperluas perlindungannya. (in) 1965年投票権法（英語：Voting Rights Act of 1965）は、アメリカ合衆国議会（連邦議会）で成立し、投票時の人種差別を禁止したことで一時代を画した法律である。1965年8月6日に公民権運動の高まりの中でジョンソン大統領が署名して法制化された。連邦議会はその後5度に渡って法律の修正を行い、その保護範囲を拡大した。憲法修正第14条と修正第15条によって保証された投票権を確保するために考案され、国内全体で特に南部における人種的少数者の投票権を確保した。司法省によれば、国内で法制化された公民権法の中でも最も実効力あるものと考えられている。 (ja) Il Voting Rights Act è una legge considerata come punto di riferimento della legislazione federale negli Stati Uniti che proibisce la discriminazione razziale nel voto. La legge è stata firmata il 6 agosto 1965 dall'allora Presidente Lyndon B. Johnson, e il Congresso ha successivamente modificato la legge cinque volte per ampliare le sue protezioni. Progettata per far rispettare i diritti di voto garantiti dal quattordicesimo e quindicesimo emendamento della Costituzione degli Stati Uniti, la legge garantiva il diritto di voto alle minoranze razziali in tutto il paese, in particolare negli stati del sud. Secondo il dipartimento di Giustizia degli Stati Uniti, la norma è il pezzo più efficace della legislazione federale sui diritti civili mai adottata nel paese. La legge contiene numerose disposizioni che regolamentano le elezioni. La sezione 2 è una disposizione generale che vieta a ogni Stato e governo locale di imporre qualsiasi legge di voto che comporti discriminazioni contro le minoranze razziali o linguistiche. Altre disposizioni generali vietano le prove di alfabetizzazione e disposizioni analoghe che, nel tempo, sono stati utilizzati per privare le minoranze razziali del diritto di voto. Nel 2013 una delle sezioni della legge è stata decurtata per decisione della Corte Suprema (caso Shelby County v. Holder). (it) The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting. It was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson during the height of the civil rights movement on August 6, 1965, and Congress later amended the Act five times to expand its protections. Designed to enforce the voting rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, the Act sought to secure the right to vote for racial minorities throughout the country, especially in the South. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, the Act is considered to be the most effective piece of federal civil rights legislation ever enacted in the country. It is also "one of the most far-reaching pieces of civil rights legislation in U.S. history." The act contains numerous provisions that regulate elections. The act's "general provisions" provide nationwide protections for voting rights. Section 2 is a general provision that prohibits state and local government from imposing any voting rule that "results in the denial or abridgement of the right of any citizen to vote on account of race or color" or membership in a language minority group. Other general provisions specifically outlaw literacy tests and similar devices that were historically used to disenfranchise racial minorities. The act also contains "special provisions" that apply to only certain jurisdictions. A core special provision is the Section 5 preclearance requirement, which prohibited certain jurisdictions from implementing any change affecting voting without first receiving confirmation from the U.S. attorney general or the U.S. District Court for D.C. that the change does not discriminate against protected minorities. Another special provision requires jurisdictions containing significant language minority populations to provide bilingual ballots and other election materials. Section 5 and most other special provisions applied to jurisdictions encompassed by the "coverage formula" prescribed in Section 4(b). The coverage formula was originally designed to encompass jurisdictions that engaged in egregious voting discrimination in 1965, and Congress updated the formula in 1970 and 1975. In Shelby County v. Holder (2013), the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the coverage formula as unconstitutional, reasoning that it was no longer responsive to current conditions. The court did not strike down Section 5, but without a coverage formula, Section 5 is unenforceable. The jurisdictions which had previously been covered by the coverage formula massively increased the rate of voter registration purges after the Shelby decision. In 2021, the Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee Supreme Court ruling reinterpreted Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, substantially weakening it. The ruling interpreted the "totality of circumstances" language of Section 2 to mean that it does not generally prohibit voting rules that have disparate impact on the groups that it sought to protect, including a rule blocked under Section 5 before the Court inactivated that section in Shelby County v. Holder. In particular, the ruling held that fears of election fraud could justify such rules, even without evidence that any such fraud had occurred in the past or that the new rule would make elections safer. Research shows that the Act had successfully and massively increased voter turnout and voter registrations, in particular among black people. The Act has also been linked to concrete outcomes, such as greater public goods provision (such as public education) for areas with higher black population shares, and more members of Congress who vote for civil rights-related legislation. (en) 1965년 선거권법(Voting Rights Act of 1965)은 투표에 관한 차별을 전반적으로 엄격하게 금지시킨 미국 역사상 기념비적 법률이다. 1964년 민권법을 서명한 린든 B. 존슨 대통령에 의해 서명되었다. (ko) De Voting Rights Act van 1965 is een mijlpaal in de federale wetgeving in de Verenigde Staten die rassendiscriminatie bij het stemmen verbiedt. De wetgeving kwam tot stand tijdens het hoogtepunt van de activiteiten van de Civil Rights Movement. De wet trad in werking na ondertekening door President Lyndon B. Johnson op 6 augustus 1965, en het Congres veranderde later de VRA vijf keer met amendementen om zijn bescherming uit te breiden. De wet was ontworpen om de stemrechten ook praktisch te garanderen die formeel gewaarborgd werden door het veertiende en amendement van de grondwet van de Verenigde Staten. Zo verzekerde de Voting Rights Act het recht om te stemmen voor raciale minderheden in het hele land, vooral in het zuiden. Volgens het United States Department of Justice wordt de wet beschouwd als het meest effectieve stuk federale burgerrechtenwetgeving dat ooit in het land is aangenomen. De wet bevat tal van bepalingen die de verkiezingen reguleren. De 'algemene bepalingen' van de wet bieden nationale bescherming voor stemrechten. Sectie 2 is een algemene bepaling die elke staat en lokale overheid verbiedt om enige stemwetgeving op te leggen die resulteert in discriminatie van raciale of taalminderheden. Andere algemene bepalingen verbieden taalvaardigheidstesten en soortgelijke procedures die in het verleden werden gebruikt om raciale minderheden te ontmoedigen. De wet bevat ook "speciale bepalingen" die alleen van toepassing zijn op bepaalde rechtsgebieden. Een belangrijke speciale bepaling is de eis voor voorafgaande toestemming van Sectie 5, die bepaalde rechtsgebieden verbiedt om enige verandering die van invloed is op de stemming te implementeren zonder voorafgaande goedkeuring van de United States Attorney General of de United States District Court for the District of Columbia, die bewaken dat de verandering niet discrimineert tegen beschermde minderheden. Een andere speciale bepaling vereist dat jurisdicties met aanzienlijk taalminderheden tweetalige stembriefjes en ander tweetalig verkiezingsmateriaal verstrekken. Sectie 5 en de meeste andere speciale bepalingen zijn van toepassing op rechtsgebieden die vallen onder de "dekkingsformule" voorgeschreven in paragraaf 4 (b). De dekkingsformule was oorspronkelijk bedoeld om jurisdicties te omvatten die zich schuldig maakten aan flagrante stemmingsdiscriminatie in 1965, en het Congres werkte deze formule in 1970 en 1975 bij. In Shelby County v. Holder (2013) sloeg het Hooggerechtshof van de Verenigde Staten de dekkingsformule neer als ongrondwettelijk, vanuit de redenering dat het niet langer overeenstemde met de huidige omstandigheden. Het hof heeft afdeling 5 daarbij niet geschrapt, maar zonder een dekkingsformule is afdeling 5 niet-afdwingbaar.Sinds de uitspraak in 2013 hebben vele staten met een Republikeinse meerderheid hun kieswetten herzien. Volgens de Democraten zijn daarbij opnieuw belemmeringen opgeworpen voor minderheden om van hun stemrecht gebruik te maken. (nl) A Lei dos direitos de voto de 1965 (Voting Rights Act, em inglês) é um marco na legislação federal dos Estados Unidos, por ter estabelecido o fim das práticas eleitorais discriminatórias, decorrentes da segregação racial nos Estados Unidos. A lei foi sancionada pelo Presidente Lyndon B. Johnson, no auge do movimento dos direitos civis, em 6 de agosto de 1965, seguindo-se à Lei de Direitos Civis de 1964. (pt) 1965年的《选举權法》是美国联邦政府立法机构一个具有里程碑意义的法案，其禁止了在投票过程中的种族歧视。該法案保障了少數群體的投票權利、尤其是保障非裔美國人的投票權，至今影響深遠。 法案由美国总统林登·约翰逊在1965年8月6日签署，当时正值非裔美國人民權運動的高潮，后来美国国会对其进行了五次修订以扩大其对投票权的保护。此法案的目的为保障由美国宪法第十四修正案与第十五修正案确定的，该法案保障了全美各种族（尤其是美国南部，不少非裔美國人被剝奪了投票權）的投票权。根据美国司法部，该法案被认为是有史以来最有效的保障公民权利的法案。 该法包含许多监管选举的规定。该法的"总章程"提供全国范围内对投票权的保护。第2节的总章程禁止任何州和地方政府建立歧视种族或语言群体的法律。其他规定禁止了和类似的方法，其历来用于剥夺少数群体的投票权。 该法还包含仅适用于某些司法管辖区的"特别规定"。 一个重要的特殊规定是在第5节中的事先批准，即禁止任何影响到投票权的改变，除非得到美国司法部长或美国哥伦比亚特区联邦地区法院的批准，认为这种改变不歧视少数群体。另有特殊规定要求有大量使用其他语言的少数民族地区提供双语票箱和其他选举材料。 (zh) |
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| dbp:align | left (en) right (en) |
| dbp:amendments | * Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970 * Voting Rights Act of 1965, Amendments of 1975 * Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1982 * Voting Rights Language Assistance Act of 1992 * Fannie Lou Hamer, Rosa Parks, Coretta Scott King, César E. Chávez, Barbara C. Jordan, William C. Velásquez, and Dr. Hector P. Garcia Voting Rights Act Reauthorization and Amendments Act of 2006 (en) |
| dbp:citePublicLaw | 89 (xsd:integer) |
| dbp:colloquialacronym | VRA (en) |
| dbp:committees | dbr:United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary |
| dbp:conferencedate | 1965-07-29 (xsd:date) |
| dbp:date | 2008-10-09 (xsd:date) |
| dbp:description | 0001-08-06 (xsd:gMonthDay) Audio only (en) |
| dbp:effectiveDate | 1965-08-06 (xsd:date) |
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| dbp:filename | Remarks on the Signing of the Voting Rights Act Lyndon Baines Johnson.ogv (en) Remarks on the Signing of the Voting Rights Act Lyndon Baines Johnson.ogg (en) |
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| dbp:introducedby | Mike Mansfield and Everett Dirksen (en) |
| dbp:introduceddate | 1965-03-17 (xsd:date) |
| dbp:introducedin | Senate (en) |
| dbp:longtitle | An Act to enforce the fifteenth amendment of the Constitution of the United States, and for other purposes. (en) |
| dbp:nickname | Voting Rights Act (en) |
| dbp:passedbody | House (en) Senate (en) House with amendment (en) |
| dbp:passeddate | 1965-05-26 (xsd:date) 1965-07-09 (xsd:date) 1965-08-03 (xsd:date) 1965-08-04 (xsd:date) |
| dbp:passedvote | 77 (xsd:integer) 79 (xsd:integer) 328 (xsd:integer) 333 (xsd:integer) |
| dbp:quote | No right is more precious in a free country than that of having a voice in the election of those who make the laws under which, as good citizens, we must live. Other rights, even the most basic, are illusory if the right to vote is undermined. Our Constitution leaves no room for classification of people in a way that unnecessarily abridges this right. (en) The right to vote freely for the candidate of one's choice is of the essence of a democratic society, and any restrictions on that right strike at the heart of representative government. And the right of suffrage can be denied by a debasement or dilution of the weight of a citizen's vote just as effectively as by wholly prohibiting the free exercise of the franchise. [...] Undoubtedly, the right of suffrage is a fundamental matter in a free and democratic society. Especially since the right to exercise the franchise in a free and unimpaired manner is preservative of other basic civil and political rights, any alleged infringement of the right of citizens to vote must be carefully and meticulously scrutinized. (en) |
| dbp:scotusCases | (en) Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama, (en) Allen v. State Board of Elections, (en) Bartlett v. Strickland, (en) Bethune-Hill v. Virginia State Bd. of Elections, (en) Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee, (en) City of Richmond v. United States, (en) Cooper v. Harris, (en) Georgia v. Ashcroft, (en) Merrill v. Milligan (en) Katzenbach v. Morgan, (en) League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry, (en) Miller v. Johnson, (en) Mobile v. Bolden, (en) Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder, (en) Oregon v. Mitchell, (en) Shaw v. Reno, (en) Shelby County v. Holder, (en) South Carolina v. Katzenbach, (en) Thornburg v. Gingles, (en) Abbott v. Perez, (en) Abrams v. Johnson, (en) Beer v. United States, (en) Branch v. Smith, (en) Bush v. Vera, (en) Cardona v. Power, (en) Chisom v. Roemer, (en) City of Monroe v. United States, (en) City of Rome v. United States, (en) Clark v. Roemer, (en) East Carroll Parish Sch. Bd. v. Marshall, (en) Escambia County v. McMillan, (en) Foreman v. Dallas County, (en) Gaston County v. United States, (en) Growe v. Emison, (en) Holder v. Hall, (en) Johnson v. De Grandy, (en) Lopez v. Monterey County, (en) Morse v. Republican Party of Virginia, (en) North Carolina v. Covington, (en) Perry v. Perez, (en) Presley v. Etowah County Comm'n, (en) Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board, (en) Riley v. Kennedy, (en) Shaw v. Hunt, (en) Texas v. United States, (en) United Jewish Organizations v. Carey, (en) Voinovich v. Quilter, (en) Young v. Fordice, (en) Houston Lawyers' Association v. Attorney General of Texas, (en) Mississippi Republican Executive Committee v. Brooks, (en) |
| dbp:sectionsCreated | (en) |
| dbp:shorttitle | Voting Rights Act of 1965 (en) |
| dbp:signeddate | 1965-08-06 (xsd:date) |
| dbp:signedpresident | dbr:Lyndon_B._Johnson |
| dbp:source | —Justice Hugo Black on the right to vote as the foundation of democracy in Wesberry v. Sanders . (en) --Justice Black - on the right to vote as the foundation of democracy in Wesberry v. Sanders . (en) —Chief Justice Earl Warren on the right to vote as the foundation of democracy in Reynolds v. Sims . (en) |
| dbp:style | padding:8px; (en) |
| dbp:title | 1965.0 |
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| rdfs:comment | . 1965eko Boto Eskubide Legea (ingelesez: Voting Rights Act of 1965) Estatu Batuetako lege federal historikoa da, boto eskubidean arraza-bereizkeria debekatzen duena. Lyndon B. Johnson presidenteak sinatu zuen 1965eko abuztuaren 6an, afro-amerikarren eskubide zibilen aldeko mugimendua goren unean zegoelarik; ondoren, Kongresuak bost zuzenketa egin zizkion, testuaren bermeak zabaltzeko. Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Konstituzioaren 14. eta 15. zuzenketek bermatzen zituzten boto eskubideak babesteko egina, lege honek arraza-gutxiengoen boto eskubidea segurtatu zuen herrialde osoan, batez ere hegoaldean. Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Justizia Sailaren arabera, eskubide zibilen alde herrialdean inoiz promulgatu den legerik eraginkorrena da. (eu) Undang-Undang Hak Suara 1965 (bahasa Inggris: Voting Rights Act of 1965) adalah sebuah karya markah tanah dari legislasi federal di Amerika Serikat yang melarang diskriminasi rasial dalam pemungutan suara. UU tersebut ditandatangani oleh Presiden Lyndon B. Johnson pada puncak Gerakan Hak Sipil pada 6 Agustus 1965, dan Kongres kemudian lima kali mengamendemenkan UU tersebut untuk memperluas perlindungannya. (in) 1965年投票権法（英語：Voting Rights Act of 1965）は、アメリカ合衆国議会（連邦議会）で成立し、投票時の人種差別を禁止したことで一時代を画した法律である。1965年8月6日に公民権運動の高まりの中でジョンソン大統領が署名して法制化された。連邦議会はその後5度に渡って法律の修正を行い、その保護範囲を拡大した。憲法修正第14条と修正第15条によって保証された投票権を確保するために考案され、国内全体で特に南部における人種的少数者の投票権を確保した。司法省によれば、国内で法制化された公民権法の中でも最も実効力あるものと考えられている。 (ja) 1965년 선거권법(Voting Rights Act of 1965)은 투표에 관한 차별을 전반적으로 엄격하게 금지시킨 미국 역사상 기념비적 법률이다. 1964년 민권법을 서명한 린든 B. 존슨 대통령에 의해 서명되었다. (ko) A Lei dos direitos de voto de 1965 (Voting Rights Act, em inglês) é um marco na legislação federal dos Estados Unidos, por ter estabelecido o fim das práticas eleitorais discriminatórias, decorrentes da segregação racial nos Estados Unidos. A lei foi sancionada pelo Presidente Lyndon B. Johnson, no auge do movimento dos direitos civis, em 6 de agosto de 1965, seguindo-se à Lei de Direitos Civis de 1964. (pt) 1965年的《选举權法》是美国联邦政府立法机构一个具有里程碑意义的法案，其禁止了在投票过程中的种族歧视。該法案保障了少數群體的投票權利、尤其是保障非裔美國人的投票權，至今影響深遠。 法案由美国总统林登·约翰逊在1965年8月6日签署，当时正值非裔美國人民權運動的高潮，后来美国国会对其进行了五次修订以扩大其对投票权的保护。此法案的目的为保障由美国宪法第十四修正案与第十五修正案确定的，该法案保障了全美各种族（尤其是美国南部，不少非裔美國人被剝奪了投票權）的投票权。根据美国司法部，该法案被认为是有史以来最有效的保障公民权利的法案。 该法包含许多监管选举的规定。该法的"总章程"提供全国范围内对投票权的保护。第2节的总章程禁止任何州和地方政府建立歧视种族或语言群体的法律。其他规定禁止了和类似的方法，其历来用于剥夺少数群体的投票权。 该法还包含仅适用于某些司法管辖区的"特别规定"。 一个重要的特殊规定是在第5节中的事先批准，即禁止任何影响到投票权的改变，除非得到美国司法部长或美国哥伦比亚特区联邦地区法院的批准，认为这种改变不歧视少数群体。另有特殊规定要求有大量使用其他语言的少数民族地区提供双语票箱和其他选举材料。 (zh) يعد قانون حق التصويت لعام 1965 جزءًا بارزًا من التشريع الفيدرالي الذي يحظر التمييز العنصري في التصويت في الولايات المتحدة. وقع عليه الرئيس ليندون ب. جونسون ليصبح قانونًا في ذروة حركة الحقوق المدنية في 6 أغسطس عام 1965، وعدل الكونغرس القانون 5 مرات لاحقًا من أجل توسيع مجال حماياته. وُضع القانون لإنفاذ حقوق التصويت التي يكفلها التعديلان الرابع عشر والخامس عشر من دستور الولايات المتحدة، وسعى لتأمين حق التصويت للأقليات العرقية في جميع أنحاء البلاد، وخاصة في الجنوب. ووفقًا لوزارة العدل الأمريكية، يعتبر القانون أكثر تشريعات الحقوق المدنية الفيدرالية فاعلية على الإطلاق في البلاد. مثلما أنه «أحد أكثر تشريعات الحقوق المدنية أثرًا في تاريخ الولايات المتحدة». (ar) Der Voting Rights Act of 1965 (deutsch Wahlrechtsgesetz von 1965) ist ein US-amerikanisches Bundesgesetz, das die gleiche Beteiligung von Minderheiten, besonders Afroamerikanern, bei US-Wahlen gewährleisten soll. Das Gesetz passierte beide Häuser des Kongresses mit großer Mehrheit, wurde vom damaligen Präsidenten Lyndon B. Johnson am 6. August 1965 unterzeichnet und 1970, 1975, 1982 und 2006 jeweils vom Kongress erneuert. (de) La Ley de Derecho al Voto de 1965 (en inglés Voting Rights Act of 1965) es una ley histórica dentro de la legislación estadounidense ya que prohibió las prácticas discriminatorias en el derecho al voto a los afroamericanos en los Estados Unidos.Esta ley consiguió que después de casi 100 años de la promulgación Decimoquinta Enmienda a la Constitución de los Estados Unidos -la cual prohíbe cualquier tipo de discriminación al voto basándose en la raza o en el color de los ciudadanos de los Estados Unidos- el derecho constitucional al voto estuviera protegido ya que hasta el momento había estados que para votar exigían pruebas de alfabetización o el pago de algún impuesto, utilizando estos recursos para limitar el derecho al voto de la gente negra. Dicha ley fue promulgada por el presidente Ly (es) Le Voting Rights Act of 1965 est l'une des plus importantes lois du Congrès des États-Unis, interdisant les discriminations raciales dans l'exercice du droit de vote. Le texte a été adopté le 4 août 1965 et signé par le président Lyndon B. Johnson le 6 août suivant, au plus fort du mouvement afro-américain des droits civiques. Le Congrès sous domination démocrate a par la suite déposé cinq amendements à cette loi durant la présidence de Johnson, pour étendre l'influence du texte. Conçu pour renforcer le droit de vote des Afro-Américains garanti depuis les XIVe et XVe amendements de la Constitution, la loi assure ce droit pour les minorités dans tout le pays, et particulièrement dans le Sud des États-Unis. Selon le département de la Justice des États-Unis, elle est considérée comme la loi c (fr) The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting. It was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson during the height of the civil rights movement on August 6, 1965, and Congress later amended the Act five times to expand its protections. Designed to enforce the voting rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, the Act sought to secure the right to vote for racial minorities throughout the country, especially in the South. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, the Act is considered to be the most effective piece of federal civil rights legislation ever enacted in the country. It is also "one of the most far-reaching pieces of civil righ (en) Il Voting Rights Act è una legge considerata come punto di riferimento della legislazione federale negli Stati Uniti che proibisce la discriminazione razziale nel voto. La legge è stata firmata il 6 agosto 1965 dall'allora Presidente Lyndon B. Johnson, e il Congresso ha successivamente modificato la legge cinque volte per ampliare le sue protezioni. Progettata per far rispettare i diritti di voto garantiti dal quattordicesimo e quindicesimo emendamento della Costituzione degli Stati Uniti, la legge garantiva il diritto di voto alle minoranze razziali in tutto il paese, in particolare negli stati del sud. (it) De Voting Rights Act van 1965 is een mijlpaal in de federale wetgeving in de Verenigde Staten die rassendiscriminatie bij het stemmen verbiedt. De wetgeving kwam tot stand tijdens het hoogtepunt van de activiteiten van de Civil Rights Movement. De wet trad in werking na ondertekening door President Lyndon B. Johnson op 6 augustus 1965, en het Congres veranderde later de VRA vijf keer met amendementen om zijn bescherming uit te breiden. De wet was ontworpen om de stemrechten ook praktisch te garanderen die formeel gewaarborgd werden door het veertiende en amendement van de grondwet van de Verenigde Staten. Zo verzekerde de Voting Rights Act het recht om te stemmen voor raciale minderheden in het hele land, vooral in het zuiden. Volgens het United States Department of Justice wordt de wet b (nl) |
| rdfs:label | قانون حق التصويت لعام 1965 (ar) Voting Rights Act (de) Ley de derecho de voto de 1965 (es) 1965eko Boto Eskubide Legea (eu) Undang-Undang Hak Suara 1965 (in) Voting Rights Act (it) Voting Rights Act de 1965 (fr) 投票権法 (1965年) (ja) 1965년 선거권법 (ko) Voting Rights Act (nl) Lei dos direitos de voto de 1965 (pt) Voting Rights Act of 1965 (en) 選舉法案 (1965年) (zh) |
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