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يُعتبَر قانون مكافحة الاحتكار في الولايات المتحدة مجموعة من القوانين الفيدرالية في الغالب، التي تنظم سلوك وتنظيم الشركات التجارية، وتهدف بشكل عام إلى تعزيز المنافسة ومنع الاحتكارات. القوانين الأساسية لمكافحة الاحتكار هي قانون شيرمان لعام 1890، وقانون كلايتون لعام 1914 وقانون لجنة التجارة الفيدرالية لعام 1914. تخدم هذه القوانين ثلاثة أهداف رئيسية. أولًا، تحظر المادة 1 من قانون شيرمان تثبيت الأسعار وعمليات الكارتلات، وتحظر ممارسات التواطؤ الأخرى التي تقيد التجارة. ثانيًا، يقيد القسم 7 من قانون كلايتون عمليات اندماج واستحواذ المنظمات التي قد تقلل المنافسة بشكل كبير أو تميل إلى الاحتكار. ثالثًا، تحظر المادة 2 من قانون شيرمان الاحتكار. تنص قوانين مكافحة الاحتكار الفيدرالية على الإنفاذ المدني والجنائي لقوانين مكافحة الاحتكار. يجوز للجنة التجارة الفيدرالية وقسم مكافحة الاحتكار في وزارة العدل الأمريكية والأطراف الخاصة المتأثرة بشكل كافٍ رفع دعاوى مدنية في المحاكم لفرض قوانين مكافحة الاحتكار. عمومًا، وحدها وزارة العدل مَن ينفذ القانون الجنائي لمكافحة الاحتكار. يوجد أيضًا قوانين لمكافحة الاحتكار تتحكم بالتجارة التي تحدث فقط داخل حدود الولايات الأمريكية. يُعتبر نطاق قوانين مكافحة الاحتكار، والدرجة التي يجب أن تتدخل في حرية المؤسسة في ممارستها الأعمال التجارية، أو في حماية الشركات الصغيرة والمجتمعات والمستهلكين موضع نقاش قوي. يجادل بعض الاقتصاديين بأن قوانين مكافحة الاحتكار تعيق المنافسة بالفعل، وقد تثني الشركات عن متابعة الأنشطة التي تعود بالفائدة على المجتمع. بحسب إحدى وجهات النظر، يجب أن تركز قوانين مكافحة الاحتكار فقط على الفوائد التي تعود على المستهلكين والكفاءة العامة، بينما ترى مجموعة واسعة من النظرية القانونية والاقتصادية أن دور قوانين مكافحة الاحتكار هو أيضًا التحكم في القوة الاقتصادية من أجل المصلحة العامة. وجدت دراسة استقصائية شملت 568 اقتصاديًا عضوًا في الجمعية الاقتصادية الأمريكية (AEA) في عام 2011 إجماعًا شبه عالمي، إذ وافق 87% من المستجيبين على عبارة «يجب تطبيق قوانين مكافحة الاحتكار بقوة». (ar) 反トラスト法（はんトラストほう、英: antitrust law）は、アメリカ合衆国における競争法である。アンチトラスト法とも表記される。競争法の一般的な説明として、反トラスト法はカルテル、トラスト (企業形態)、コンツェルンの独占活動を規制する。独占禁止法ともいう。 (ja) In the United States, antitrust law is a collection of mostly federal laws that regulate the conduct and organization of businesses to promote competition and prevent unjustified monopolies. The three main U.S. antitrust statutes are the Sherman Act of 1890, the Clayton Act of 1914, and the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914. These acts serve three major functions. First, Section 1 of the Sherman Act prohibits price fixing and the operation of cartels, and prohibits other collusive practices that unreasonably restrain trade. Second, Section 7 of the Clayton Act restricts the mergers and acquisitions of organizations that may substantially lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly. Third, Section 2 of the Sherman Act prohibits monopolization. Federal antitrust laws provide for both civil and criminal enforcement. Civil antitrust enforcement occurs through lawsuits filed by the Federal Trade Commission, the United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division, and private parties who have been harmed by an antitrust violation. Criminal antitrust enforcement is done only by the Justice Department's Antitrust Division. Additionally, U.S. state governments may also enforce their own antitrust laws, which mostly mirror federal antitrust laws, regarding commerce occurring solely within their own state's borders. The scope of antitrust laws, and the degree to which they should interfere in an enterprise's freedom to conduct business, or to protect smaller businesses, communities and consumers, are strongly debated. Some economists argue that antitrust laws actually impede competition, and may discourage businesses from pursuing activities that would be beneficial to society. One view suggests that antitrust laws should focus solely on the benefits to consumers and overall efficiency, while a broad range of legal and economic theory sees the role of antitrust laws as also controlling economic power in the public interest. A survey of 568 member economists of the American Economic Association (AEA) in 2011 found a near-universal consensus, in that 87 percent of respondents broadly agreed with the statement "Antitrust laws should be enforced vigorously." (en) 미국의 반독점법(United States antitrust law)은 미국에서 경쟁법 영역에 속하는 일련의 법을 뜻한다. 반(反)트러스트(Anti-trust)법이라고도 한다. 이하, 미국연방 및 각주(各州)의 반독점법에 관하여 서술한다. (ko) A lei antitruste dos Estados Unidos, é um conjunto de leis principalmente federais que regulam a conduta e a organização de negócios para promover a concorrência e evitar monopólios injustificados. Os principais estatutos são a , a e a . Esses atos cumprem três funções principais. Em primeiro lugar, a Seção 1 da lei Sherman proíbe a fixação de preços e a operação de cartéis, e proíbe outras práticas de conluio que restringem o comércio de forma irracional. Em segundo lugar, a Seção 7 da restringe as fusões e aquisições de organizações que podem diminuir substancialmente a concorrência ou tendem a criar um monopólio. Terceiro, a Seção 2 da Lei Sherman proíbe a monopolização. As leis antitruste federais preveem a execução civil e criminal. A , a Divisão Antitruste do Departamento de Justiça dos Estados Unidos e as partes privadas afetadas podem ajuizar ações civis nos tribunais para fazer cumprir as leis antitruste. No entanto, a execução antitruste criminal é feita apenas pelo Departamento de Justiça. Os estados dos EUA também têm estatutos antitruste que regem o comércio que ocorre exclusivamente dentro de suas fronteiras estaduais. O escopo das leis antitruste e o grau em que elas devem interferir na liberdade de uma empresa de conduzir negócios ou proteger empresas menores, comunidades e consumidores são fortemente debatidos. Alguns economistas argumentam que as leis antitruste na verdade impedem a concorrência e podem desencorajar as empresas de realizar atividades que seriam benéficas para a sociedade. Uma visão sugere que as leis antitruste devem se concentrar apenas nos benefícios para os consumidores e na eficiência geral, enquanto uma ampla gama de teorias jurídicas e econômicas vê o papel das leis antitruste como também o controle do poder econômico no interesse público. Uma pesquisa com 568 economistas membros da American Economic Association (AEA) em 2011 encontrou um consenso quase universal, em que 87% dos entrevistados concordaram amplamente com a afirmação "As leis antitruste devem ser aplicadas vigorosamente". (pt) Антитре́стове законода́вство — законодавство, що забороняє монополії порушення (створення дефіцитів, тощо) і передбачає підтримання конкуренції. Наприкінці XIX сторіччя в США, як сніжний ком, наростали явища, що поставили під загрозу основу основ національної економіки — конкуренцію. Уряд повинен був захистити вільне підприємництво. Починалася історія антитрестового законодавства. Антитрестове законодавство направлене на підтримку конкуренції і перешкоджанню обмеженню торгівлі. У 1890 51-й Конгрес США приймає закон Шермана — перший федеральний законодавчий акт, направлений проти монополій, що виросли після війни між Північчю та Півднем. Закон Шермана визнав незаконним створення монополії або змову з метою створення монополії або обмеження свободи торгівлі. Мається на увазі угоду про фіксовані ціни, ціни, пропоновані на аукціонах, і про розподіл споживачів. Монополія є незаконною в тому випадку, якщо тільки одна фірма поставляє продукти або послуги не тому, що вони вищої якості, а тому, що конкуренція якимось чином пригнічена. Порушення закону Шермана розглядаються як злочинні дії. Індивідуальні дії можуть каратися штрафом до 250 тисяч дол. та ув'язненням строком до 3 років в кожному випадку. На корпорації може бути накладений штраф до 1 млн дол. в кожному випадку. (uk) |
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http://www.competitionbureau.gc.ca/ https://web.archive.org/web/20081204085802/http:/ec.europa.eu/comm/competition/index_en.html http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/ http://ssrn.com/abstract=1856553 https://southerncalifornialawreview.com/2012/03/13/the-antitrust-curse-of-bigness-article-by-barak-orbach-grace-campbell-rebling/ http://www.ftc.gov/ftc/antitrust.htm http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/shapiro/century.pdf http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/253/34/576095/ https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http:/faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/shapiro/century.pdf https://www.justice.gov/atr/cases/f3800/msjudgex.htm https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/1 https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/4 https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/wlufac/182/ |
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3.15576E8 (dbd:second) The several district courts of the United States are invested with jurisdiction to prevent and restrain violations of sections 1 to 7 of this title; and it shall be the duty of the several United States attorneys, in their respective districts, under the direction of the Attorney General, to institute proceedings in equity to prevent and restrain such violations. Such proceedings may be by way of petition setting forth the case and praying that such violation shall be enjoined or otherwise prohibited. When the parties complained of shall have been duly notified of such petition the court shall proceed, as soon as may be, to the hearing and determination of the case; and pending such petition and before final decree, the court may at any time make such temporary restraining order or prohibition as shall be deemed just in the premises. (en) It shall be unlawful for any person engaged in commerce, in the course of such commerce, to lease or make a sale or contract for sale of goods, wares, merchandise, machinery, supplies, or other commodities, whether patented or unpatented, for use, consumption, or resale within the United States or any Territory thereof or the District of Columbia or any insular possession or other place under the jurisdiction of the United States, or fix a price charged therefor, or discount from, or rebate upon, such price, on the condition, agreement, or understanding that the lessee or purchaser thereof shall not use or deal in the goods, wares, merchandise, machinery, supplies, or other commodities of a competitor or competitors of the lessor or seller, where the effect of such lease, sale, or contract for sale or such condition, agreement, or understanding may be to substantially lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly in any line of commerce. (en) |
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Clayton Act, section 7 (en) Sherman Act, Section 1 . (en) Sherman Act, Section 2 . (en) —Clayton Act 1914 §3 (en) —Sherman Act 1890 §1 (en) —Sherman Act 1890 §2 (en) —Sherman Act 1890 §4 (en) |
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No person engaged in commerce or in any activity affecting commerce shall acquire, directly or indirectly, the whole or any part of the stock or other share capital and no person subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal Trade Commission shall acquire the whole or any part of the assets of another person engaged also in commerce or in any activity affecting commerce, where in any line of commerce or in any activity affecting commerce in any section of the country, the effect of such acquisition may be substantially to lessen competition, or to tend to create a monopoly. (en) Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person or persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, shall be deemed guilty of a felony .... (en) Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal. Every person who shall make any contract or engage in any combination or conspiracy hereby declared to be illegal shall be deemed guilty of a felony .... (en) |
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反トラスト法（はんトラストほう、英: antitrust law）は、アメリカ合衆国における競争法である。アンチトラスト法とも表記される。競争法の一般的な説明として、反トラスト法はカルテル、トラスト (企業形態)、コンツェルンの独占活動を規制する。独占禁止法ともいう。 (ja) 미국의 반독점법(United States antitrust law)은 미국에서 경쟁법 영역에 속하는 일련의 법을 뜻한다. 반(反)트러스트(Anti-trust)법이라고도 한다. 이하, 미국연방 및 각주(各州)의 반독점법에 관하여 서술한다. (ko) يُعتبَر قانون مكافحة الاحتكار في الولايات المتحدة مجموعة من القوانين الفيدرالية في الغالب، التي تنظم سلوك وتنظيم الشركات التجارية، وتهدف بشكل عام إلى تعزيز المنافسة ومنع الاحتكارات. القوانين الأساسية لمكافحة الاحتكار هي قانون شيرمان لعام 1890، وقانون كلايتون لعام 1914 وقانون لجنة التجارة الفيدرالية لعام 1914. تخدم هذه القوانين ثلاثة أهداف رئيسية. أولًا، تحظر المادة 1 من قانون شيرمان تثبيت الأسعار وعمليات الكارتلات، وتحظر ممارسات التواطؤ الأخرى التي تقيد التجارة. ثانيًا، يقيد القسم 7 من قانون كلايتون عمليات اندماج واستحواذ المنظمات التي قد تقلل المنافسة بشكل كبير أو تميل إلى الاحتكار. ثالثًا، تحظر المادة 2 من قانون شيرمان الاحتكار. (ar) In the United States, antitrust law is a collection of mostly federal laws that regulate the conduct and organization of businesses to promote competition and prevent unjustified monopolies. The three main U.S. antitrust statutes are the Sherman Act of 1890, the Clayton Act of 1914, and the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914. These acts serve three major functions. First, Section 1 of the Sherman Act prohibits price fixing and the operation of cartels, and prohibits other collusive practices that unreasonably restrain trade. Second, Section 7 of the Clayton Act restricts the mergers and acquisitions of organizations that may substantially lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly. Third, Section 2 of the Sherman Act prohibits monopolization. (en) A lei antitruste dos Estados Unidos, é um conjunto de leis principalmente federais que regulam a conduta e a organização de negócios para promover a concorrência e evitar monopólios injustificados. Os principais estatutos são a , a e a . Esses atos cumprem três funções principais. Em primeiro lugar, a Seção 1 da lei Sherman proíbe a fixação de preços e a operação de cartéis, e proíbe outras práticas de conluio que restringem o comércio de forma irracional. Em segundo lugar, a Seção 7 da restringe as fusões e aquisições de organizações que podem diminuir substancialmente a concorrência ou tendem a criar um monopólio. Terceiro, a Seção 2 da Lei Sherman proíbe a monopolização. (pt) Антитре́стове законода́вство — законодавство, що забороняє монополії порушення (створення дефіцитів, тощо) і передбачає підтримання конкуренції. Наприкінці XIX сторіччя в США, як сніжний ком, наростали явища, що поставили під загрозу основу основ національної економіки — конкуренцію. Уряд повинен був захистити вільне підприємництво. Починалася історія антитрестового законодавства. Антитрестове законодавство направлене на підтримку конкуренції і перешкоджанню обмеженню торгівлі. (uk) |
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United States antitrust law (en) قانون مكافحة الاحتكار في الولايات المتحدة (ar) 미국의 반독점법 (ko) 反トラスト法 (ja) Lei antitruste dos Estados Unidos (pt) Антитрестівське законодавство (uk) |
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