Law of Japan (original) (raw)
- The law of Japan refers to legal system in Japan, which is primarily based on legal codes and statutes, with precedents also playing an important role. Japan has a civil law legal system with six legal codes, which were greatly influenced by Germany, to a lesser extent by France, and also adapted to Japanese circumstances. The Japanese Constitution enacted after World War II is the supreme law in Japan. An independent judiciary has the power to review laws and government acts for constitutionality. (en)
- Le droit japonais est l'ensemble des normes constitutionnelles et législatives s'appliquant au Japon. (fr)
- Hukum Jepang mengacu pada sistem hukum di Jepang, yang terutama didasarkan pada kode hukum dan undang-undang, dengan preseden juga memainkan peran penting. Jepang memiliki sistem hukum hukum sipil dengan enam kode hukum, yang sangat dipengaruhi oleh Jerman, pada tingkat lebih rendah oleh Prancis, dan juga disesuaikan dengan keadaan Jepang. Konstitusi Jepang yang diberlakukan setelah Perang Dunia II adalah hukum tertinggi di Jepang. Peradilan yang independen memiliki kekuatan untuk meninjau undang-undang dan tindakan pemerintah untuk . (in)
- 일본의 법(日本-法)은 일본의 법체(法體)를 말한다. (ko)
- Il diritto giapponese ha elementi di somiglianza con il diritto cinese per principi, valori e tendenze culturali, in particolare Confucianesimo e Taoismo, e nel contempo differenze dovute alla diversa struttura sociale e alla diversa storia del Giappone. Nasce con gli editti di riforma di Taika (646) che istituiscono uno stato accentrato intorno alla figura dell'imperatore, considerato al di sopra delle leggi e sottoposto solo alla legge naturale immutabile. Il diritto è inteso come l'osservanza delle regole sociali, raccolte in compilazioni giuridiche articolate in "ritsu" (regole repressive) e "ryo" (regole amministrative). Le regole sono applicate da funzionari preparati in apposite scuole. La progressiva erosione del potere centrale a favore dei governatori locali e il rafforzamento della casta dei vassalli guerrieri porta alla regola principale della fedeltà assoluta al signore, mentre le regole repressive sono applicate nei confronti dei contadini.L'adozione del Confucianesimo come dottrina sociale e giuridica ufficiale nel XVI secolo comporta un sistema imperniato sulla separazione netta dei ranghi sociali. Nel XVIII secolo si verifica un nuovo accentramento dell'attività giurisdizionale. Viene applicato il "giri", insieme di regole non scritte derivanti dalla tradizione, ovvero una serie di consuetudini applicate dai giudici nei rapporti familiari o di lavoro e nei negozi. Con l'imperatore Meiji, a partire dal 1868 viene avviata una profonda riforma del diritto sulla base dei modelli europei. Erano stati già recepiti i concetti di diritto soggettivo e di obbligazione. Nel 1881 venne istituita una Commissione di studio dei modelli costituzionali europei. Nel 1890 viene redatto il primo codice civile giapponese, entrato in vigore nel 1898 e viene redatto il codice di diritto commerciale (1890, 1911 e 1938). Il nuovo codice penale viene introdotto nel 1882, basato sul modello francese, e sostituito poi nel 1908 in base al modello tedesco. Il codice di procedura civile è introdotto nel 1891 e modificato nel 1929 in base ancora al modello tedesco e il codice di procedura penale viene introdotto a partire dal modello francese nel 1880 e poi modificato in base al modello tedesco nel 1922. Dopo la seconda guerra mondiale il diritto giapponese è fortemente influenzato dal diritto statunitense. Nel 1946 viene introdotta una nuova costituzione, che prevede l'elezione del Parlamento, l'indipendenza dell'ordine giudiziario, il controllo di costituzionalità delle leggi. La revisione del diritto codificato avviene per mezzo dell'integrazione giudiziale dei testi giuridici, in particolare per la responsabilità civile. Sono introdotte una riforma del diritto commerciale, nuove norme sulle società e l'adozione del modello statunitense per il diritto fallimentare. Nel 1949 viene introdotto il nuovo codice di procedura penale basato sul modello accusatorio anglosassone. Caratteristica del diritto giapponese è la presenza di organi di conciliazione distinti dagli uffici giudiziari, secondo il modello della "alternative dispute resolution" (risoluzione alternativa delle controversie); nei tentativi di conciliazione viene applicata la consuetudine (it)
- 日本法(にほんほう)とは、日本の法律をいう。 (ja)
- Японское право является одной из составных частей дальневосточного права (право стран Дальнего Востока) и состоит из современных правовых понятий с элементами, взятыми из глубокой древности. Базовыми понятиями японской правовой науки являются право (яп. 法 хо:), система права (яп. 法体系 хо:тайкэй) и система законодательства (яп. 法制 хо:сэй), а история права или правовой системы именуется историей законодательства (яп. 法制史 хо:сэйси). По мнению целого ряда исследователей[кого?] правосознание японцев преподносится как недостаточно высокое, отводящее правовой системе скромное место в ряду средств социальной регуляции и, напротив, придающее приоритетное значение неправовым средствам, основанным на этическом правиле гири, требующем ответить добром на добро. Именно гири является основным критерием поведения японца, а японское право, с точки зрения его функционирования, носит резко отличный характер от западноевропейского права. Не столько писаное право, сколько устоявшиеся за многие века нормы поведения являются решающими для повседневной жизни японцев. Рассматривая нормы поведения сквозь призму философских понятий таких как, добро и зло, справедливость и несправедливость, гармония и дисгармония японское традиционное право оперирует прежде всего не столько юридическим, сколько философским инструментарием, что с полным основанием позволяет включить его, наряду с китайским и в философскую правовую семью. В правовой жизни японцев наиболее существенной традицией считается тенденция разрешать споры без обращения к закону и суду, связанное с этим стремление разрешать споры путём примирения, предпочтение не акцентировать внимание на интересах и правах индивида. В Японии сохранилось и дошло до XXI века большое количество исторических документов VII—VIII веков. (ru)
- 日本法律之現代化以歐洲法律體系為基礎。在明治時代初期,歐洲法系——特別是德國與法國的民法典,是日本法律體系的模版。然而在二戰後,日本法律體系經歷了一次司法改革:對保障人權最重要的憲制性法律和刑事訴訟法依照美國法律模式進行了大規模修改。可以說,日本法律體系是大陸法系和英美法系的。現行《日本國憲法》是日本戰敗後於1946年開始實行的,包含了三十一條關於人權的條款,也確立了三權分立。日本與韓國、中華民國一樣使用《六法全書》系統。 (zh)
- Правова система Японії — це одна з далекосхідних правових систем, що характеризується поєднанням власного традиційного права та сприйнятих елементів континентальної та англо-американської сімей. (uk)
- http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20120703052444/http:/www.law.columbia.edu/center_program/japanese
- http://www.courts.go.jp/english/
- http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/%3Fre=02
- http://www.ip.courts.go.jp/eng/index.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20060217155003/http:/www.npa.go.jp/english/index.htm
- http://www.ip.courts.go.jp/eng/documents/thesis/141006_setuguusiryo/index.html
- http://www.ip.courts.go.jp/eng/documents/thesis/thes_01/index.html
- http://www.ip.courts.go.jp/eng/hanrei/judgments_list/index.html
- http://www.ip.courts.go.jp/eng/vcms_lf/2015syotyoukouen.pdf
- http://www.jetro.go.jp/en/invest/setting_up/laws/section4/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20110305153801/http:/www.jpo.go.jp/index.htm
- https://web.archive.org/web/20110525093504/http:/www.jil.go.jp/english/laborinfo/library/Laws.htm
- http://www.hawaii.edu/aplpj/articles/APLPJ_08.1_tsunemoto.pdf
- http://www.hawaii.edu/aplpj/articles/APLPJ_08.2_tsunemoto.pdf
- http://www.hawaii.edu/aplpj/articles/APLPJ_09.2_tsunemoto.pdf
- http://www.hawaii.edu/aplpj/articles/APLPJ_10.2_tsunemoto.pdf
- http://www.law.tohoku.ac.jp/link/jplaw-e.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20070225085601/http:/www.japancompany.info/law/contents.htm
- https://web.archive.org/web/20080228095856/http:/www.law.usyd.edu.au/anjel/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20110214144029/http:/www.senrei.com/
- http://www.moj.go.jp/ENGLISH/index.html
- http://crnjapan.net/The_Japan_Childrens_Rights_Network/law-japlaw.html
- http://hermes-ir.lib.hit-u.ac.jp/rs/bitstream/10086/8141/1/HJlaw0310000010.pdf
- http://www.crnjapan.com/japan_law/cases/
- http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/discussionpapers/Yoshida.html
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- The law of Japan refers to legal system in Japan, which is primarily based on legal codes and statutes, with precedents also playing an important role. Japan has a civil law legal system with six legal codes, which were greatly influenced by Germany, to a lesser extent by France, and also adapted to Japanese circumstances. The Japanese Constitution enacted after World War II is the supreme law in Japan. An independent judiciary has the power to review laws and government acts for constitutionality. (en)
- Le droit japonais est l'ensemble des normes constitutionnelles et législatives s'appliquant au Japon. (fr)
- Hukum Jepang mengacu pada sistem hukum di Jepang, yang terutama didasarkan pada kode hukum dan undang-undang, dengan preseden juga memainkan peran penting. Jepang memiliki sistem hukum hukum sipil dengan enam kode hukum, yang sangat dipengaruhi oleh Jerman, pada tingkat lebih rendah oleh Prancis, dan juga disesuaikan dengan keadaan Jepang. Konstitusi Jepang yang diberlakukan setelah Perang Dunia II adalah hukum tertinggi di Jepang. Peradilan yang independen memiliki kekuatan untuk meninjau undang-undang dan tindakan pemerintah untuk . (in)
- 일본의 법(日本-法)은 일본의 법체(法體)를 말한다. (ko)
- 日本法(にほんほう)とは、日本の法律をいう。 (ja)
- 日本法律之現代化以歐洲法律體系為基礎。在明治時代初期,歐洲法系——特別是德國與法國的民法典,是日本法律體系的模版。然而在二戰後,日本法律體系經歷了一次司法改革:對保障人權最重要的憲制性法律和刑事訴訟法依照美國法律模式進行了大規模修改。可以說,日本法律體系是大陸法系和英美法系的。現行《日本國憲法》是日本戰敗後於1946年開始實行的,包含了三十一條關於人權的條款,也確立了三權分立。日本與韓國、中華民國一樣使用《六法全書》系統。 (zh)
- Правова система Японії — це одна з далекосхідних правових систем, що характеризується поєднанням власного традиційного права та сприйнятих елементів континентальної та англо-американської сімей. (uk)
- Il diritto giapponese ha elementi di somiglianza con il diritto cinese per principi, valori e tendenze culturali, in particolare Confucianesimo e Taoismo, e nel contempo differenze dovute alla diversa struttura sociale e alla diversa storia del Giappone. Caratteristica del diritto giapponese è la presenza di organi di conciliazione distinti dagli uffici giudiziari, secondo il modello della "alternative dispute resolution" (risoluzione alternativa delle controversie); nei tentativi di conciliazione viene applicata la consuetudine (it)
- Японское право является одной из составных частей дальневосточного права (право стран Дальнего Востока) и состоит из современных правовых понятий с элементами, взятыми из глубокой древности. Базовыми понятиями японской правовой науки являются право (яп. 法 хо:), система права (яп. 法体系 хо:тайкэй) и система законодательства (яп. 法制 хо:сэй), а история права или правовой системы именуется историей законодательства (яп. 法制史 хо:сэйси). В Японии сохранилось и дошло до XXI века большое количество исторических документов VII—VIII веков. (ru)
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