No taxation without representation (original) (raw)
لا ضريبة بدون تمثيل (بالإنجليزية: No taxation without representation) كان شعارا ومبدئ رفعه مناصرو الانفصال في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية أيام حرب الاستقلال الأمريكية عن لندن. حيث كانو يرون أنه من المجحف أن يدفعو ضرائب للندن دون أن يكون لهم تمثيل برلماني في البرلمان البريطاني. وقد كانوا يرون أن دفعهم للضريبة يشكل خرقا للماغنا كارتا.
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| dbo:abstract | No taxation without representation ("No hi ha tributació sense representació") és un lema originat entre les dècades de 1750 i 1760 que recollia les queixes dels colons de les Tretze Colònies cap a les autoritats britàniques. Molts dels colons nord-americans consideraven que, com no estaven directament representats al Parlament Britànic, qualsevol llei que aprovés la creació d'impostos sobre els colons (com la Llei del sucre o la Llei del timbre) eren il·legals segons la Bill of Rights de 1689. Aquesta va ser una de les principals causes de la Revolució Americana. La importància d'aquest principi ha estat clau en el desenvolupament del Dret constitucional. Jonathan Mayhew, pastor de l'Església del Vell Oest, va emprar la frase "no hi ha tributació sense representació" en un sermó l'any 1750. La frase reviu un sentiment que va causar la Guerra Civil anglesa, després de la negativa del diputat de pagar l'impost per a l'equipament de naus ("ship money")."No hi ha tributació sense representació,", el context de l'aplicació d'impostos per a Amèrica i Gran Bretanya, va aparèixer per primera vegada al febrer de 1768, publicada per la Revista de Londres, pàgina 89, en la impressió del "Discurs sobre el projecte de llei de declaració de sobirania de Gran Bretanya sobre les colònies" de Lord Camden. (ca) لا ضريبة بدون تمثيل (بالإنجليزية: No taxation without representation) كان شعارا ومبدئ رفعه مناصرو الانفصال في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية أيام حرب الاستقلال الأمريكية عن لندن. حيث كانو يرون أنه من المجحف أن يدفعو ضرائب للندن دون أن يكون لهم تمثيل برلماني في البرلمان البريطاني. وقد كانوا يرون أن دفعهم للضريبة يشكل خرقا للماغنا كارتا. (ar) No taxation without representation (deutsch etwa: „Keine Besteuerung ohne [gewählte politische] Vertretung“) war eine Parole und ein Kriegsgrund des Amerikanischen Unabhängigkeitskriegs. In den Jahren vor und während der amerikanischen Unabhängigkeitsbewegung kritisierten Fürsprecher der Unabhängigkeit am meisten, dass die Dreizehn Kolonien verpflichtet waren, Steuern an die britische Krone zu zahlen, ohne jedoch im Parlament Großbritanniens mit eigenen gewählten Abgeordneten vertreten zu sein. Diesen Anspruch leitete die spätere Unabhängigkeitsbewegung aus der 1689 vom britischen Parlament beschlossenen Bill of Rights ab, die dieses Prinzip endgültig zu einem elementaren Bestandteil des englischen Konstitutionalismus erhob. (de) No taxation without representation ("No hay tributación sin representación") es un lema originado entre las décadas de 1750 y 1760 que recogía las quejas de los colonos de las Trece Colonias hacia las autoridades británicas. Muchos de los colonos norteamericanos consideraban que, como no estaban directamente representados en el Parlamento Británico, cualquier ley que aprobara la creación de impuestos sobre los colonos (como la Ley del azúcar o la Ley del timbre) eran ilegales según el Bill of Rights de 1689. Esta fue una de las principales causas de la Revolución estadounidense. La importancia de este principio ha sido clave en el desarrollo del Derecho constitucional. Jonathan Mayhew, pastor de la , usa la frase "no hay tributación sin representación" en un sermón en 1750. la frase revive un sentimiento que causó la Guerra Civil inglesa, tras la negativa del diputado John Hampden pagar el impuesto para el equipamiento de naves (""). "no hay tributación sin representación,", el contexto de la aplicación de impuestos para América y Gran Bretaña, apareció por primera vez en febrero de 1768, publicada por la Revista de Londres, página 89, en la impresión del "Discurso sobre el proyecto de ley de declaración de soberanía de Gran Bretaña sobre las colonias." de Lord Camden. (es) No taxation without representation ("ez dago ordezkaritzarik gabeko tributaziorik") 1750 eta 1760 urteen artean sortutako leloa da, Hamahiru kolonietako kolonoek agintari britainiarrekiko zituzten kexak jasotzen zituena. Amerikar kolono askok, Britainiar Parlamentuan zuzenean ordezkatuta ez zeudenez, kolonoen gaineko zergen sorrera onartzen zuen edozein lege (azukrearen Legea edo tinbrearen Legea kasu) 1689 ko Bill of Rightsen arabera ilegalak zirela uste zuten. Aipatutakoa AEBtako iraultzeren arrazoi nagusietako bat izan zen. 1760ko hamarkada aldera, amerikarrak 1689ko Bill of Rightsen ezarritako eskubideetako bat kentzen ari ziren, Parlamentuaren baimenik gabe zergak ezartzea debekatu zuena. Kolonoek Parlamentuan inolako ordezkaritzarik ez zutenez, zergek Ingalaterrak bermatutako ordezkaritza-eskubideak urratzen zituzten. Parlamentuak adierazi zuen kolonoek ordezkaritza birtuala zutela, eta ideia horrek "babes gutxi aurkitu zuen Atlantikoaren bi aldeetan". (eu) "No taxation without representation" is a political slogan that originated in the American Revolution, and which expressed one of the primary grievances of the American colonists against Great Britain. In short, many colonists believed that as they were not represented in the distant British parliament, any taxes it imposed on the colonists (such as the Stamp Act and the Townshend Acts) were unconstitutional, and were a denial of the colonists' rights as Englishmen. The firm belief that the government should not tax a populace unless that populace is represented in some manner in the government developed in the English Civil War, following the refusal of parliamentarian John Hampden to pay ship money tax. In the context of British taxation of its American colonies, the slogan "No taxation without representation" appeared for the first time in a headline of a February 1768 London Magazine printing of Lord Camden's "Speech on the Declaratory Bill of the Sovereignty of Great Britain over the Colonies," which was given in parliament. The British government argued for virtual representation, the idea that people were represented by members of Parliament even if they didn't get to vote for them. The term has since been used by various other groups advocating for representation or protesting against taxes, such as women before the women's suffrage movement, advocates of District of Columbia voting rights, the Tea Party movement, and others. (en) "Tolak pajak tanpa perwakilan rakyat" (Inggris: "No taxation without representation") adalah sebuah seruan dalam Perang Kemerdekaan Amerika. Selama revolusi berlangsung, pendukung kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat memprotes kenyataan bahwa ke-13 koloni harus membayar pajak ke London, tetapi mereka tidak memiliki perwakilan di Parlemen. Mereka menuntut hak semua orang Inggris, bahwa perwakilan yang dipilih oleh mereka dapat menarik pajak. (in) No taxation without representation ("nessuna tassazione senza rappresentanza" in inglese) è uno slogan politico utilizzato durante la rivoluzione americana (1765 – 1783) con cui le Tredici colonie esprimevano il loro malcontento nei confronti del Regno di Gran Bretagna. I coloni americani ritenevano di non essere rappresentati dal lontano Regno Unito, e che tutte le tasse loro imposte dagli inglesi (come, per esempio, lo Stamp Act e i Townshend Acts) fossero incostituzionali e costituissero una negazione dei diritti in quanto inglesi di origine. La frase No taxation without representation venne usato per la prima volta sulla prima pagina di un volume del , uscito durante il mese di febbraio del 1768, e dedicato a un discorso su un disegno di legge inerente al potere che deteneva il Regno Unito sulle colonie tenuto da nel parlamento britannico. La convinzione secondo cui il governo non dovesse tassare una popolazione a meno che quella popolazione non fosse rappresentata politicamente aveva già avuto dei precedenti storici. Durante la guerra civile inglese (1642 – 1651), infatti, il parlamentare John Hampden si rifiutò di pagare le tasse destinate alla flotta da guerra. (it) “대표가 없다면 세금도 없다”(No taxation without representation)는 원래 1750년대와 1760년대의 13개 식민지 개척민들의 비애를 잘 요약한 표어로, 미국 독립 전쟁(1775년 - 1783년)의 원인이 되었으며, 미국 독립 전쟁 때의 슬로건 중 하나이다. 당시 대영제국은 ‘7년 전쟁’에서 진 빚을 충당하기 위해, 《설탕법》이나 《인지세법》 같은 식민지의 세금을 통과시켰는데, 식민지 개척민들은 영국령이었던 북미 동부에 이미 세금을 부과하고 있는데도 불구하고, 스스로 선출 한 국회의원을 런던에 있는 영국 의회에 보내는 것이 허락되지 않으며, 자신들의 의사와없이 통과되는 법은 1689년 〈권리장전〉에 의거 불법이며, 영국 국민으로서의 권리를 부정하는 것이라고 믿었다. 이에 불복한 식민지 개척민들 사이에 영국 본국에 대한 반감이 고조되어 독립의 분위기가 고양되었다. “대표없이는 과세도 없다”는 영국 간 주요 불법 행위의 하나로서 〈미국독립선언〉에서도 거론되고 있다. 최근에는 비슷한 상황의 여러 분쟁에서 여러 나라에서, 여러 집단에서 사용되고 있다. (ko) 「代表なくして課税なし」（だいひょうなくしてかぜいなし、英語: No Taxation Without Representation）とは、アメリカ独立戦争（1775年 - 1783年）時のスローガンの一つ。 当時、イギリス領であった北アメリカ東部に植民していた人々は、税を課せられていながら自ら選出した代議士をロンドンにある英国議会へ送ることが許されておらず（投票権を持たない議員を1人だけ送ることが許されていた）、これを不服とした植民地民の間でイギリス本国への反感が生まれ、独立への気運を高めた。「代表無しの課税」はイギリスの行った主要な不法行為の一つとしてアメリカ独立宣言においても挙げられている。 (ja) No taxation without representation (geen belasting zonder vertegenwoordiging) was de slagzin van de kolonisten in de Dertien koloniën in de aanloop naar de Amerikaanse Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog. Aanleiding voor deze onafhankelijkheidsoorlog was het verhogen van de belastingen in de Amerikaanse kolonie door moederland Engeland. De kolonisten hadden echter geen enkele inspraak in het Britse bestuur over de Amerikaanse kolonie. Het idee was dat diegene die de belasting betaalden ook iets te zeggen hadden over de bestemming van het geld en daarmee over het bestuur van het land. Engeland wilde echter niet toegeven aan deze eis om de kolonisten een vaste afvaardiging in het Britse parlement te geven. Vandaag de dag wordt de slagzin in de vorm Taxation without representation ook nog weleens gehoord in District of Columbia, waarvan de inwoners geen stemrecht hebben voor het Congres van de Verenigde Staten. De slagzin wordt bijvoorbeeld gebruikt op de kentekenplaten van auto's uit District of Columbia. (nl) «Нет налогам без представительства» (англ. No taxation without representation) — лозунг, использовавшийся в качестве главной претензии британских колонистов в Северной Америке к королевской власти и колониальной администрации и широко использовавшийся в ходе Американской революции. Лозунг возник в 50-х — 60-х годах XVIII века, когда британские колонисты в Америке стали осознавать, что несмотря на своё значительное число и хозяйственную деятельность, облагавшуюся налогами, они не обладают представительством в британском парламенте и не могут реализовывать свои права, гарантированные британским Биллем о правах, принятым в 1689 году. Твердая убежденность в том, что правительство не должно облагать налогом население, если это население каким-либо образом не представлено в правительстве, появилась во время гражданской войны в Англии после отказа парламентария Джона Гемпдена платить налоги, произвольно установленные королем Карлом I. «Никакое налогообложение без представительства» в контексте налогообложения британо-американских колоний впервые появилось в заголовке Лондонского журнала за февраль 1768 года на странице 89 при печати «Речи лорда Камдена о декларативном билле о суверенитете Великой Британии над колониями». (ru) "No Taxation Without Representation" ("Nenhuma tributação sem representação") foi um slogan utilizado nas décadas de 1750 e 1760 que resumia uma das principais queixas dos colonos americanos nas Treze Colônias britânicas na América, que foi uma das causas que gerou uma revolução que acabou culminando em uma guerra aberta entre os colonos descontentes e o Reino Unido no território que hoje é os Estados Unidos. Em resumo, uma grande parcela dos colonos americanos acreditava que como eles não eram representados no distante Parlamento Britânico, qualquer lei instituída pela metrópole (como a Lei do Açúcar e a Lei do selo) era ilegal sob a Declaração de Direitos de 1689, e negava a eles seus . , segundo pastor congregacional da , usou a frase "no taxation without representation" (em português: "nenhuma taxação sem representação") em um sermão seu em 1750. A frase revivia um sentimento que havia sido uma das causas que deflagraram a guerra civil inglesa (1642-1651). "Nenhuma taxação sem representação" no contexto do sistema de impostos cobrados na América Britânica apareceu pela primeira vez e se popularizou em 1768 na London Magazine, na página 89, na impressão do discurso do Lorde Camden da "Declaração dos Direitos da Soberania da Grã-Bretanha sobre as suas Colônias". Ela se tornou um grito de protestos dos colonos pró-independência nas Treze Colônias no começo da Revolução Americana. (pt) “无代表，不纳税（英語：No taxation without representation）”起源于1750年代和1760年代，最早由Jonathan Mayhew提出。此口号概述了英国十三殖民地人民的不满，这也是美国革命的主要原因之一。简言之，殖民地中的许多人认为，因为他们在英国议会中没有被直接代表，所以任何它通过的关于殖民地税收的法律（如食糖法和印花税法），根据1689年权利法案，都是违宪的，这些法律同时也是对他们身为英国臣民应得权利的否认。不过，美国革命时期，20个英国公民中只有1个人在议会中有代表席位，其中没有任何人是殖民地的一部分。而在当下，关于相似争议，此口号也被不同国家的不同团体使用，其中还包括美国的一些地方（见下文）。 这句话抓住了英国内战中的核心观点，如John Hampden关于造船费（Ship Money）所表达的那样：“国王所无权要求的，即为臣民有权反对的”。 (zh) |
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| dbp:title | Oldmixon (en) |
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| dbp:wslink | John Oldmixon (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | لا ضريبة بدون تمثيل (بالإنجليزية: No taxation without representation) كان شعارا ومبدئ رفعه مناصرو الانفصال في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية أيام حرب الاستقلال الأمريكية عن لندن. حيث كانو يرون أنه من المجحف أن يدفعو ضرائب للندن دون أن يكون لهم تمثيل برلماني في البرلمان البريطاني. وقد كانوا يرون أن دفعهم للضريبة يشكل خرقا للماغنا كارتا. (ar) No taxation without representation (deutsch etwa: „Keine Besteuerung ohne [gewählte politische] Vertretung“) war eine Parole und ein Kriegsgrund des Amerikanischen Unabhängigkeitskriegs. In den Jahren vor und während der amerikanischen Unabhängigkeitsbewegung kritisierten Fürsprecher der Unabhängigkeit am meisten, dass die Dreizehn Kolonien verpflichtet waren, Steuern an die britische Krone zu zahlen, ohne jedoch im Parlament Großbritanniens mit eigenen gewählten Abgeordneten vertreten zu sein. Diesen Anspruch leitete die spätere Unabhängigkeitsbewegung aus der 1689 vom britischen Parlament beschlossenen Bill of Rights ab, die dieses Prinzip endgültig zu einem elementaren Bestandteil des englischen Konstitutionalismus erhob. (de) "Tolak pajak tanpa perwakilan rakyat" (Inggris: "No taxation without representation") adalah sebuah seruan dalam Perang Kemerdekaan Amerika. Selama revolusi berlangsung, pendukung kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat memprotes kenyataan bahwa ke-13 koloni harus membayar pajak ke London, tetapi mereka tidak memiliki perwakilan di Parlemen. Mereka menuntut hak semua orang Inggris, bahwa perwakilan yang dipilih oleh mereka dapat menarik pajak. (in) “대표가 없다면 세금도 없다”(No taxation without representation)는 원래 1750년대와 1760년대의 13개 식민지 개척민들의 비애를 잘 요약한 표어로, 미국 독립 전쟁(1775년 - 1783년)의 원인이 되었으며, 미국 독립 전쟁 때의 슬로건 중 하나이다. 당시 대영제국은 ‘7년 전쟁’에서 진 빚을 충당하기 위해, 《설탕법》이나 《인지세법》 같은 식민지의 세금을 통과시켰는데, 식민지 개척민들은 영국령이었던 북미 동부에 이미 세금을 부과하고 있는데도 불구하고, 스스로 선출 한 국회의원을 런던에 있는 영국 의회에 보내는 것이 허락되지 않으며, 자신들의 의사와없이 통과되는 법은 1689년 〈권리장전〉에 의거 불법이며, 영국 국민으로서의 권리를 부정하는 것이라고 믿었다. 이에 불복한 식민지 개척민들 사이에 영국 본국에 대한 반감이 고조되어 독립의 분위기가 고양되었다. “대표없이는 과세도 없다”는 영국 간 주요 불법 행위의 하나로서 〈미국독립선언〉에서도 거론되고 있다. 최근에는 비슷한 상황의 여러 분쟁에서 여러 나라에서, 여러 집단에서 사용되고 있다. (ko) 「代表なくして課税なし」（だいひょうなくしてかぜいなし、英語: No Taxation Without Representation）とは、アメリカ独立戦争（1775年 - 1783年）時のスローガンの一つ。 当時、イギリス領であった北アメリカ東部に植民していた人々は、税を課せられていながら自ら選出した代議士をロンドンにある英国議会へ送ることが許されておらず（投票権を持たない議員を1人だけ送ることが許されていた）、これを不服とした植民地民の間でイギリス本国への反感が生まれ、独立への気運を高めた。「代表無しの課税」はイギリスの行った主要な不法行為の一つとしてアメリカ独立宣言においても挙げられている。 (ja) “无代表，不纳税（英語：No taxation without representation）”起源于1750年代和1760年代，最早由Jonathan Mayhew提出。此口号概述了英国十三殖民地人民的不满，这也是美国革命的主要原因之一。简言之，殖民地中的许多人认为，因为他们在英国议会中没有被直接代表，所以任何它通过的关于殖民地税收的法律（如食糖法和印花税法），根据1689年权利法案，都是违宪的，这些法律同时也是对他们身为英国臣民应得权利的否认。不过，美国革命时期，20个英国公民中只有1个人在议会中有代表席位，其中没有任何人是殖民地的一部分。而在当下，关于相似争议，此口号也被不同国家的不同团体使用，其中还包括美国的一些地方（见下文）。 这句话抓住了英国内战中的核心观点，如John Hampden关于造船费（Ship Money）所表达的那样：“国王所无权要求的，即为臣民有权反对的”。 (zh) No taxation without representation ("No hi ha tributació sense representació") és un lema originat entre les dècades de 1750 i 1760 que recollia les queixes dels colons de les Tretze Colònies cap a les autoritats britàniques. Molts dels colons nord-americans consideraven que, com no estaven directament representats al Parlament Britànic, qualsevol llei que aprovés la creació d'impostos sobre els colons (com la Llei del sucre o la Llei del timbre) eren il·legals segons la Bill of Rights de 1689. Aquesta va ser una de les principals causes de la Revolució Americana. La importància d'aquest principi ha estat clau en el desenvolupament del Dret constitucional. (ca) No taxation without representation ("No hay tributación sin representación") es un lema originado entre las décadas de 1750 y 1760 que recogía las quejas de los colonos de las Trece Colonias hacia las autoridades británicas. Muchos de los colonos norteamericanos consideraban que, como no estaban directamente representados en el Parlamento Británico, cualquier ley que aprobara la creación de impuestos sobre los colonos (como la Ley del azúcar o la Ley del timbre) eran ilegales según el Bill of Rights de 1689. Esta fue una de las principales causas de la Revolución estadounidense. La importancia de este principio ha sido clave en el desarrollo del Derecho constitucional. (es) No taxation without representation ("ez dago ordezkaritzarik gabeko tributaziorik") 1750 eta 1760 urteen artean sortutako leloa da, Hamahiru kolonietako kolonoek agintari britainiarrekiko zituzten kexak jasotzen zituena. Amerikar kolono askok, Britainiar Parlamentuan zuzenean ordezkatuta ez zeudenez, kolonoen gaineko zergen sorrera onartzen zuen edozein lege (azukrearen Legea edo tinbrearen Legea kasu) 1689 ko Bill of Rightsen arabera ilegalak zirela uste zuten. Aipatutakoa AEBtako iraultzeren arrazoi nagusietako bat izan zen. (eu) "No taxation without representation" is a political slogan that originated in the American Revolution, and which expressed one of the primary grievances of the American colonists against Great Britain. In short, many colonists believed that as they were not represented in the distant British parliament, any taxes it imposed on the colonists (such as the Stamp Act and the Townshend Acts) were unconstitutional, and were a denial of the colonists' rights as Englishmen. (en) No taxation without representation ("nessuna tassazione senza rappresentanza" in inglese) è uno slogan politico utilizzato durante la rivoluzione americana (1765 – 1783) con cui le Tredici colonie esprimevano il loro malcontento nei confronti del Regno di Gran Bretagna. I coloni americani ritenevano di non essere rappresentati dal lontano Regno Unito, e che tutte le tasse loro imposte dagli inglesi (come, per esempio, lo Stamp Act e i Townshend Acts) fossero incostituzionali e costituissero una negazione dei diritti in quanto inglesi di origine. (it) No taxation without representation (geen belasting zonder vertegenwoordiging) was de slagzin van de kolonisten in de Dertien koloniën in de aanloop naar de Amerikaanse Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog. Aanleiding voor deze onafhankelijkheidsoorlog was het verhogen van de belastingen in de Amerikaanse kolonie door moederland Engeland. De kolonisten hadden echter geen enkele inspraak in het Britse bestuur over de Amerikaanse kolonie. Het idee was dat diegene die de belasting betaalden ook iets te zeggen hadden over de bestemming van het geld en daarmee over het bestuur van het land. Engeland wilde echter niet toegeven aan deze eis om de kolonisten een vaste afvaardiging in het Britse parlement te geven. (nl) "No Taxation Without Representation" ("Nenhuma tributação sem representação") foi um slogan utilizado nas décadas de 1750 e 1760 que resumia uma das principais queixas dos colonos americanos nas Treze Colônias britânicas na América, que foi uma das causas que gerou uma revolução que acabou culminando em uma guerra aberta entre os colonos descontentes e o Reino Unido no território que hoje é os Estados Unidos. (pt) «Нет налогам без представительства» (англ. No taxation without representation) — лозунг, использовавшийся в качестве главной претензии британских колонистов в Северной Америке к королевской власти и колониальной администрации и широко использовавшийся в ходе Американской революции. (ru) |
| rdfs:label | لا ضريبة بدون تمثيل (ar) No taxation without representation (ca) No taxation without representation (de) No taxation without representation (es) No taxation without representation (eu) Tolak pajak tanpa perwakilan rakyat (in) No taxation without representation (it) 代表なくして課税なし (ja) 대표 없이 과세 없다 (ko) No taxation without representation (en) No taxation without representation (nl) No taxation without representation (pt) Нет налогам без представительства (ru) 无代表，不纳税 (zh) |
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