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El període del gòtic perpendicular és la tercera etapa històrica de l'arquitectura gòtica anglesa, i deu el seu nom a la seva característica èmfasi en la línia recta; també l'hi coneix com a estil Rectilini. L'estil perpendicular va aparèixer cap a 1350. Era una evolució de l'estil curvilini (Decorated Style) de finals del segle xiii i principis del xiv, i va perdurar fins a mitjan segle XVI (els termes "perpendicular" i "curvilini" van ser creats per l'historiador Thomas Rickman en el seu Attempt to Discriminate the Style of Architecture in England (Intent de discriminar els estils arquitectònics a Anglaterra; 1812–1815) i encara s'empleen). En aquests estils arquitectònics primerencs hi ha una superposició gradual: segons canviaven les modes, s'introduïen elements innovadors entre altres més conservadors, sobretot en grans construccions, com les esglésies i les catedrals, que es construïen (i reformaven) al llarg de períodes extensos de temps. En les mostres més tardanes del període curvilini la supressió dels cercles en les traceries de les finestres havia conduït a l'ocupació de corbes dobles que van evolucionar cap a la traceria flamígera; la introducció de les línies perpendiculars va ser una reacció en sentit contrari. (ca) Perpendicular Style („senkrechter Stil“) oder auch Rectilinear Style („geradliniger Stil“) ist ein für England und angrenzende Gebiete typischer Architekturstil der Spätgotik. Bei vielen Sakral- und Profanbauten des Historismus fand er im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert in weiten Teilen des Britischen Weltreichs erneut Verwendung. (de) Rektangula gotiko estas ekzemplo de malfrua gotika arĥitekturo, kiu estas tipa por Anglujo. Thomas Rickman unuafoje uzis la terminon en sia libro An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English Architecture from the Conquest to the Reformation („Provo distingi la anglajn arĥitekturajn stilojn ekde la konkero ĝis la reformacio“). La rektangula stilo postsekvas la fruanglan kaj la ornamgotikon kaj estas per tio la tria angla stilo de gota arĥitekturo. Ĝi estis aplikata ĉefe en la periodo inter 1350 kaj 1520. La nomo rilatas kun la rektaj linioj de la bastonaroj, kiuj ordigas la altajn fenestrojn kaj murojn. Tipa por ĉi tiu stilo estas ankaŭ la ventumilvolbo (Vidu apudan bildon), kiu sin prezentas en sia pura formo en la abatopreĝejo de Bath. (eo) El período del gótico perpendicular es la tercera etapa histórica de la arquitectura gótica inglesa, y debe su nombre a su característico énfasis en la línea recta; también se lo conoce como estilo rectilíneo. El estilo perpendicular apareció hacia 1350. Era una evolución del estilo curvilíneo (Decorated Style) de finales del siglo XIII y principios del XIV, y perduró hasta mediados del siglo XVI (los términos «perpendicular» y «curvilíneo» no se empleaban en esta época; fueron creados por el historiador Thomas Rickman en su Attempt to Discriminate the Style of Architecture in England (Intento de discriminar los estilos arquitectónicos en Inglaterra; 1812–1815) y todavía se emplean). En estos estilos arquitectónicos tempranos hay una superposición gradual. Según cambiaban las modas, se introducían elementos innovadores entre otros más conservadores, sobre todo en grandes construcciones, como las iglesias y las catedrales, que se construían (y reformaban) a lo largo de períodos extensos de tiempo. En las muestras más tardías del período curvilíneo, la supresión de los círculos en las tracerías de las ventanas había conducido al empleo de curvas dobles que evolucionaron hacia la tracería flamígera; la introducción de las líneas perpendiculares fue una reacción en sentido contrario. (es) Perpendicular Gothic (also Perpendicular, Rectilinear, or Third Pointed) architecture was the third and final style of English Gothic architecture developed in the Kingdom of England during the Late Middle Ages, typified by large windows, four-centred arches, straight vertical and horizontal lines in the tracery, and regular arch-topped rectangular panelling. Perpendicular was the prevailing style of Late Gothic architecture in England from the 14th century to the 17th century. Perpendicular was unique to the country: no equivalent arose in Continental Europe or elsewhere in the British Isles. Of all the Gothic architectural styles, Perpendicular was the first to experience a second wave of popularity from the 18th century on in Gothic Revival architecture. The pointed arches used in Perpendicular were often four-centred arches, allowing them to be rather wider and flatter than in other Gothic styles. Perpendicular tracery is characterized by mullions that rise vertically as far as the soffit of the window, with horizontal transoms frequently decorated with miniature crenellations. Blind panels covering the walls continued the strong straight lines of verticals and horizontals established by the tracery. Together with flattened arches and roofs, crenellations, hood mouldings, lierne vaulting, and fan vaulting were the typical stylistic features. The first Perpendicular style building was designed in c. 1332 by William de Ramsey: a chapter house for Old St Paul's Cathedral, the cathedral of the bishop of London. The chancel of Gloucester Cathedral (c. 1337–57) and its latter 14th-century cloisters are early examples. Four-centred arches were often used, and lierne vaults seen in early buildings were developed into fan vaults, first at the latter 14th-century chapter house of Hereford Cathedral (demolished 1769) and cloisters at Gloucester, and then at Reginald Ely's King's College Chapel, Cambridge (1446–1461) and the brothers William and Robert Vertue's Henry VII Chapel (c. 1503–12) at Westminster Abbey. The architect and art historian Thomas Rickman's Attempt to Discriminate the Style of Architecture in England, first published in 1812, divided Gothic architecture in the British Isles into three stylistic periods. The third and final style – Perpendicular – Rickman characterised as mostly belonging to buildings built from the reign of Richard II (r. 1377–99) to that of Henry VIII (r. 1509–47). From the 15th century, under the House of Tudor, the prevailing Perpendicular style is commonly known as Tudor architecture, being ultimately succeeded by Elizabethan architecture and Renaissance architecture under Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603). Rickman had excluded from his scheme most new buildings after Henry VIII's reign, calling the style of "additions and rebuilding" in the later 16th and earlier 17th centuries "often much debased". Perpendicular followed the Decorated Gothic (or Second Pointed) style and preceded the arrival of Renaissance elements in Tudor and Elizabethan architecture. As a Late Gothic style contemporary with Flamboyant in France and elsewhere in Europe, the heyday of Perpendicular is traditionally dated from 1377 until 1547, or from the beginning of the reign of Richard II to the beginning the reign of Edward VI. Though the style rarely appeared on the European continent, it was dominant in England until the mid-16th century. (en) Le Gothique perpendiculaire (on dit plus simplement le Perpendiculaire) est la troisième période de l’architecture gothique en Angleterre. Il doit son nom à sa prédilection pour les lignes verticales. Edmund Sharpe a suggéré de le qualifier de « gothique rectiligne », suggestion retenue par quelques auteurs anglophones comme plus précise, mais qui ne s'est pas imposée à ce jour. (fr) Perpendikulärstil (engelska: Perpendicular style), är en sengotisk stil som uppstod i England under 1300-talets senare hälft. Perpendikulärstilen började att växa fram omkring 1350 och var en reaktion mot . Begreppen perpendikulärstil och dekorationsstil skapades av antikvarien i hans Attempt to Discriminate the Style of Architecture in England (1812–1815) och används fortfarande. Stilen karakteriseras främst av långa, lodräta linjer som delar upp fönster- och väggytor. Intrycket är att ytan är täckt med ett spjälverk. Stilen innehåller bågformer, låga och nedtryckta spetsbågar (Tudorbågen) och valvformer som utvecklas till stjärn-, nät- och solfjädersvalv som förgrenar sig från valvytorna. De linjära formerna syns tydligast i utformningen av fönstren, som blev väldigt stora, ibland enorma, med smalare stenspröjsar än i tidigare perioder. Detta gav större möjligheter till glasmålningar. Spröjsarna sträcker sig upp till de välvda fönstersmygarna, och de övre delarna är uppdelade med ytterligare spröjsar. Karm- och väggytor är också uppdelade i vertikala rutor. Ett annat kännetecken från perioden är solfjädersvalv. Entréer har ofta fyrkantiga inramningar ovanför valven och spandrillerna är fyllda med quatrefoil eller rosverk. Spetsbågar användes under hela perioden men även kölbågar och tudorbågar introducerades. I kyrkor försvann triforiet eller så fylldes dess plats med panelarbeten. Istället lades större vikt vid klerestoriefönstren, som ofta anses som det finaste från perioden. Listverken är plattare och mindre effektfulla än från tidigare perioder. Ett av de mest karaktäristiska kännetecknen är de elliptiska fördjupningarna. Ett annat utmärkande drag från perioden är de timrade taken, som till exempel finns i Westminster Hall (1395), Christ Church i Oxford och . Perpendikulärstilen fortlevde in på 1500-talet då den utträngdes av renässansformerna. Ett av de sista byggnadsverken i den ursprungliga stilen är Henrik VII:s kapell i Westminster Abbey i London där kungens gravmonument placerades. Denna om- och tillbyggnad av kyrkans östligaste del (där vanligen större kyrkors Maria-altare stod i ett Mariakapell bakom huvudaltaret), finansierades genom kung Henrik VII:s testamente efter hans död år 1509. Stilen återuppstod på 1800-talet som en del av nygotiken och finns från denna period representerad i bland annat parlamentsbyggnaden i London. (sv) Perpendicular Style – późna faza gotyku angielskiego, według klasyfikacji Thomasa Rickmana. Porównaj z Early English (wczesny gotyk) i Decorated Style (dojrzały gotyk). (pl) Перпендикулярная готика (также вертикальная, прямоугольная готика) — третий и последний период и стиль английской готической архитектуры позднего Средневековья, отличающийся большими окнами, четырёхцентровыми арками, прямыми вертикальными и горизонтальными линиями профилировок и филёнок. Перпендикулярный стиль господствует в Англии с XIV по XVII век и является сугубо английским стилем, ни в континентальной Европе, ни в других частях Британских островов ничего похожего не возникло. Перпендикулярный стиль также был первым стилем Готического возрождения XVIII века. Стрельчатые арки перпендикулярного стиля становятся пониженными четырёхцентровыми арками Тюдоров. В переплёте окон вертикальные колонки поднимаются до пят арок и связываются горизонтальными перемычками, часто декорированными под крепостные зубцы. Филёнки на стенах поддерживают этот жёсткий рисунок. Вдобавок к перечисленным, характерными чертами стиля являются невысокие кровли с крепостными зубцами, развитые капельники над окнами, развитая сеть нервюр и лиерн на сводах, веерные и воронкообразные своды. Первое здание в перпендикулярном стиле было спроектировано около 1332 года Уильямом де Рамси, это капитулярная зала Старого Сен-Пола в Лондоне. Хоры Глостерского собора (ок. 1337—1357) и его галереи (XIV век) являются ранними образчиками стиля в крупной форме. Своды с лиернами преобразуются в веерные впервые к концу XIV века в капитулярной зале Херефордского собора (разобрана в 1769 году и стройматериалы использованы для ремонта епископского дворца) и галерее в Гостерском соборе, позже — в построенной капелле Королевского колледжа Кембриджского университета (1446—1461) и капелле Генриха VII в Вестминстерском аббатстве (ок. 1503—1512) архитекторов братьев и . Архитектор и историк искусства Томас Рикман в своей работе 1812 года «Попытка разбора стилей архитектуры Англии» (Attempt to Discriminate the Style of Architecture in England), разделил готическую архитектуру Британских островов на три периода. Третий и последний стиль — Перпендикулярный — Рикман и другие относят ко времени от Ричарда II (1377) до Генриха VIII (1547). С воцарением в XV веке династии Тюдоров перпендикулярный стиль также называют тюдоровским, а при Елизавете I (1558—1603) он сменяется «елизаветинским стилем», или стилем Тюдор-Ренессанса. Рикман исключает из рассмотрения постройки после Генриха VIII, называя «стиль этих пристроек и перестроек» конца XVI—начала XVII веков «часто заметно испорченным» (англ. often much debased). Во Франции современной перпендикулярному стилю является пламенеющая готика. (ru) |
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Perpendicular Style („senkrechter Stil“) oder auch Rectilinear Style („geradliniger Stil“) ist ein für England und angrenzende Gebiete typischer Architekturstil der Spätgotik. Bei vielen Sakral- und Profanbauten des Historismus fand er im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert in weiten Teilen des Britischen Weltreichs erneut Verwendung. (de) Le Gothique perpendiculaire (on dit plus simplement le Perpendiculaire) est la troisième période de l’architecture gothique en Angleterre. Il doit son nom à sa prédilection pour les lignes verticales. Edmund Sharpe a suggéré de le qualifier de « gothique rectiligne », suggestion retenue par quelques auteurs anglophones comme plus précise, mais qui ne s'est pas imposée à ce jour. (fr) Perpendicular Style – późna faza gotyku angielskiego, według klasyfikacji Thomasa Rickmana. Porównaj z Early English (wczesny gotyk) i Decorated Style (dojrzały gotyk). (pl) El període del gòtic perpendicular és la tercera etapa històrica de l'arquitectura gòtica anglesa, i deu el seu nom a la seva característica èmfasi en la línia recta; també l'hi coneix com a estil Rectilini. (ca) Rektangula gotiko estas ekzemplo de malfrua gotika arĥitekturo, kiu estas tipa por Anglujo. Thomas Rickman unuafoje uzis la terminon en sia libro An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English Architecture from the Conquest to the Reformation („Provo distingi la anglajn arĥitekturajn stilojn ekde la konkero ĝis la reformacio“). (eo) El período del gótico perpendicular es la tercera etapa histórica de la arquitectura gótica inglesa, y debe su nombre a su característico énfasis en la línea recta; también se lo conoce como estilo rectilíneo. (es) Perpendicular Gothic (also Perpendicular, Rectilinear, or Third Pointed) architecture was the third and final style of English Gothic architecture developed in the Kingdom of England during the Late Middle Ages, typified by large windows, four-centred arches, straight vertical and horizontal lines in the tracery, and regular arch-topped rectangular panelling. Perpendicular was the prevailing style of Late Gothic architecture in England from the 14th century to the 17th century. Perpendicular was unique to the country: no equivalent arose in Continental Europe or elsewhere in the British Isles. Of all the Gothic architectural styles, Perpendicular was the first to experience a second wave of popularity from the 18th century on in Gothic Revival architecture. (en) Perpendikulärstil (engelska: Perpendicular style), är en sengotisk stil som uppstod i England under 1300-talets senare hälft. Perpendikulärstilen började att växa fram omkring 1350 och var en reaktion mot . Begreppen perpendikulärstil och dekorationsstil skapades av antikvarien i hans Attempt to Discriminate the Style of Architecture in England (1812–1815) och används fortfarande. Entréer har ofta fyrkantiga inramningar ovanför valven och spandrillerna är fyllda med quatrefoil eller rosverk. Spetsbågar användes under hela perioden men även kölbågar och tudorbågar introducerades. (sv) Перпендикулярная готика (также вертикальная, прямоугольная готика) — третий и последний период и стиль английской готической архитектуры позднего Средневековья, отличающийся большими окнами, четырёхцентровыми арками, прямыми вертикальными и горизонтальными линиями профилировок и филёнок. Перпендикулярный стиль господствует в Англии с XIV по XVII век и является сугубо английским стилем, ни в континентальной Европе, ни в других частях Британских островов ничего похожего не возникло. Перпендикулярный стиль также был первым стилем Готического возрождения XVIII века. (ru) |
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Perpendicular Gothic (en) Gòtic perpendicular (ca) Perpendicular Style (de) Rektangula gotiko (eo) Gótico perpendicular (es) Gothique perpendiculaire (fr) Perpendicular Style (pl) Перпендикулярная готика (ru) Perpendikulärstil (sv) |
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dbr:Flamboyant dbr:Tudor_architecture |
| is foaf:primaryTopic of |
wikipedia-en:Perpendicular_Gothic |
