Townshend Acts (original) (raw)
Townshendovy zákony (angl. Townshend Acts, pojmenované po ministru financí Charlesu Townshendovi) byly vyhlášeny britským parlamentem v roce 1767 a znamenaly v koloniích Severní Ameriky nepřímé daně na spotřební zboží. Vztahovaly se k daním na dovoz skla, olova, papíru a čaje. Byly odvolány roku 1770, ale ponecháno bylo clo za čaj. Ve svých důsledcích vedly k americké válce o nezávislost.
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| dbo:abstract | Townshendovy zákony (angl. Townshend Acts, pojmenované po ministru financí Charlesu Townshendovi) byly vyhlášeny britským parlamentem v roce 1767 a znamenaly v koloniích Severní Ameriky nepřímé daně na spotřební zboží. Vztahovaly se k daním na dovoz skla, olova, papíru a čaje. Byly odvolány roku 1770, ale ponecháno bylo clo za čaj. Ve svých důsledcích vedly k americké válce o nezávislost. (cs) Die Townshend Acts (Townshendgesetze), benannt nach dem britischen Finanzminister Charles Townshend, der sie eingebracht hatte, waren vom Britischen Parlament am 29. Juni 1767 beschlossene Gesetze, mit denen Zölle für die Einfuhr verschiedener Güter aus Großbritannien in dessen amerikanische Kolonien erhoben wurden. Bei den in den Gesetzen aufgeführten Waren handelte es sich um Artikel des täglichen Gebrauchs, zum Beispiel Tee, Glas, Blei, Farben, Lack, Papier und Leder. Diese Entscheidung steht im Zusammenhang mit dem so genannten Stamp Act, dem Stempelsteuergesetz, das zwei Jahre zuvor verabschiedet wurde und mit dem die Kolonien verpflichtet werden sollten, für alle Schriftstücke eine Stempelgebühr zu zahlen. Da es daraufhin in den Dreizehn Kolonien zu heftigem Widerstand der Kolonisten kam, musste der Stamp Act 1766 zurückgenommen werden. Mit den Townshend Acts gedachte man nun, die Autorität des Mutterlandes über die Kolonien wiederherzustellen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden eigens drei Sondergerichte, die , geschaffen, die für die Durchsetzung der Zölle sorgen sollten. Dennoch regte sich unter den Kolonisten gegen diese, von ihnen als erneute Provokation empfundene, Entscheidung Unmut. Die so genannten Söhne der Freiheit schlossen sich unter der Parole „no taxation without representation“ („keine Besteuerung ohne politisches Mitspracherecht“) zusammen, die von James Otis Jr. geprägt wurde. Die Gegner der Zölle riefen zum Boykott britischer Waren auf und die Zölle wurden zunehmend durch Schmuggel-Handel unterlaufen. Zentrum der Boykottbewegung war die Stadt Boston, wo Samuel Adams an der Spitze der antibritischen Agitation stand. Angesichts dieser heftigen Reaktionen wurden auch im britischen Mutterland Stimmen gegen die Townshend Acts laut, vor allem aus Kreisen der Wirtschaft, wo man die amerikanischen Boykottreaktionen am deutlichsten spürte. Diese Proteste zwangen die britische Regierung, die Townshend Acts zurückzuziehen. Um allerdings zu verdeutlichen, dass man im Prinzip am Besteuerungsrecht festhalte, blieb der in die Dreizehn Kolonien importierte Tee von der Rücknahme der Besteuerung ausgeschlossen. Die vom Bankrott bedrohte Britische Ostindien-Kompanie hatte zu Beginn der 1770er Jahre einen Überschuss an unverkauftem Tee und der von 1773 erlaubte es der Ostindien-Kompanie ihren Tee direkt an die Kolonien zu liefern, der somit nicht von Zöllen in England betroffen war. Die Amerikaner hätten darin einen Eindämmungsversuch des Schmuggels von holländischem Tee und eine Korrumpierung zur Anerkennung der Teesteuer und des Besteuerungsrechts des englischen Parlaments gesehen. Dies war Auslöser für die Boston Tea Party und damit letztlich auch für den Amerikanischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg. Die Einnahmen aus Townshend betrugen im ersten Jahr circa £295, die Implementierungskosten werden auf £170.000 geschätzt. (de) Les Townshend Acts sont la dénomination courante d'une série de décisions du Parlement britannique votées en 1767 et 1768, proposées par Charles Townshend, Chancelier de l'Échiquier, peu avant son décès. L'objectif des lois Townshend était de gagner 40 000 livres chaque année pour financer l'administration coloniale. (fr) The Townshend Acts (/ˈtaʊnzənd/) or Townshend Duties, were a series of British acts of Parliament passed during 1767 and 1768 introducing a series of taxes and regulations to fund administration of the British colonies in America. They are named after the Chancellor of the Exchequer who proposed the program. Historians vary slightly as to which acts they include under the heading "Townshend Acts", but five are often listed: * passed on 5 June 1767. * passed on 26 June 1767. * passed on 29 June 1767. * passed on 29 June 1767. * passed on 6 July 1768. The purposes of the acts were to: * raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so that they would remain loyal to Great Britain. * create more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations. * punish the Province of New York for failing to comply with the 1765 Quartering Act. * establish the precedent that the British Parliament had the right to tax the colonies. The Townshend Acts met stiff resistance in the colonies, and public opposition to them was widely debated in colonial newspapers. Opponents of the Acts gradually became violent, leading to the Boston Massacre of 1770. The Acts placed an indirect tax on glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea, all of which had to be imported from Britain. This form of revenue generation was Townshend's response to the failure of the Stamp Act 1765, which had provided the first form of direct taxation placed upon the colonies. However, the import duties proved to be similarly controversial. Colonial indignation over the acts was expressed in John Dickinson's Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania and in the Massachusetts Circular Letter. There was widespread protest, and American port cities refused to import British goods, so Parliament began to partially repeal the Townshend duties. In March 1770, most of the taxes from the Townshend Acts were repealed by Parliament under Frederick, Lord North. However, the import duty on tea was retained in order to demonstrate to the colonists that Parliament held the sovereign authority to tax its colonies, in accordance with the Declaratory Act 1766. The British government continued to tax the American colonies without providing representation in Parliament. American resentment, corrupt British officials, and abusive enforcement spurred colonial attacks on British ships, including the burning of the Gaspee in 1772. The Townshend Acts' taxation of imported tea was enforced once again by the Tea Act 1773, and this led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 in which Bostonians destroyed a large shipment of taxed tea. Parliament responded with severe punishments in the Intolerable Acts 1774. The Thirteen Colonies drilled their militia units, and war finally erupted in Lexington and Concord in April 1775, launching the American Revolution. (en) タウンゼンド諸法（タウンゼンドしょほう、英語: Townshend Acts）は、イギリス帝国の議会が1767年以降に成立させた、英領アメリカの植民地に関する一連の法令を指す。計画の提唱者である財務大臣チャールズ・タウンゼンドにちなみ、タウンゼンド諸法と名づけられている。どこまでを「タウンゼンド諸法」に含めるかは研究者間で若干の相違があるが、おおむね5つ法令の中から言及される。1767年の歳入法、補償法、関税委員法、副海事裁判法、ニューヨーク制限法である。 タウンゼンド諸法の目的は、植民地からの税収増をもって現地の総督と判事の俸給に当て、植民地のルールから総督や判事を独立させること、法の徹底による貿易統制をより効果的に推進できる体制を整えること、1765年のに応じようとしないニューヨーク植民地を処罰すること、本国議会が植民地に対する課税権を有するという先例を確立することである。タウンゼンド諸法は植民地側の抵抗に会い、1768年にはイギリス軍がボストンを占拠する事態にいたり、やがて1770年のボストン虐殺事件に発展した。 ボストン虐殺事件の結果、本国議会はタウンゼンド関税の一部撤廃の動議を諮った。そして新しく導入された税のほとんどは撤廃されたが、茶への課税は継続された。本国政府は植民地の同意を得ないままに課税することを試み続けたが、結局、ボストン茶会事件が起き、そしてアメリカ独立革命が始まるのである。 (ja) I Townshend Acts furono una serie di leggi emanate a partire dal 1767 da parte del Parlamento della Gran Bretagna riguardanti le colonie britanniche nel Nord America. Queste leggi devono il loro nome a Charles Townshend, il Cancelliere dello Scacchiere, che le presentò. Tra gli storici non c'è pieno accordo su quali leggi vadano sotto il nome di Townshend Acts, ma cinque sono spesso citate: la legge sulle entrate ("Revenue Act") del 1767, l'"Indemnity Act", il "Commissioners of Customs Act", il "Vice Admiralty Court Act" e il "New York Restraining Act". Gli scopi dei Townshend Acts erano molteplici: aumentare le entrate nelle colonie per pagare gli stipendi di governatori e giudici in modo che essi fossero indipendenti dal controllo coloniale, creare un mezzo più efficace per far rispettare le regolamentazioni commerciali, punire la Provincia di New York per non essersi conformata al Quartering Act del 1765 e stabilire un precedente sul fatto che il Parlamento britannico aveva il diritto di tassare le colonie. I Townshend Acts incontrarono opposizione nelle colonie, inducendo all'occupazione di Boston da parte delle truppe britanniche nel 1768, occupazione che ha poi portato al massacro di Boston il 5 marzo 1770. Per ironia della sorte, lo stesso giorno del massacro di Boston il Parlamento britannico ha iniziato a prendere in considerazione una proposta di abrogazione parziale delle tasse conseguenti alle leggi di Townshend. La maggior parte delle nuove tasse venne abrogata, ma la tassa sul tè fu mantenuta. Tuttavia il governo britannico continuò nel suo tentativo di tassare i coloni senza il loro consenso e ne seguirono il Boston Tea Party e la Guerra d'indipendenza americana. (it) De Townshend Acts waren een reeks Britse wetten (acts) die in 1767 en 1768 werden aangenomen na de herroeping van de Stamp Act in 1766. De wetten zijn vernoemd naar Charles Townshend, de kanselier die het programma heeft voorgesteld. Met de Townshend Acts werd belasting geheven op glas, lood, verf, papier en thee die naar de koloniën werden geïmporteerd. Net zoals de Stamp Act in 1765, leidde de Townshend Acts ertoe dat veel kolonisten gingen samenwerken tegen wat zij als een ongrondwettelijke maatregel beschouwden, waardoor de tweede grote crisis in British Colonial America ontstond. (nl) 타운젠드법(영어: Townshend Acts, Townshend Duties)은 대영제국 의회가 1767년 이후에 통과시킨 영국령 미국 식민지에 관한 일련의 법령을 말한다. 계획의 기획자가 재무장관이었던 찰스 타운젠드와 연관되어, 〈타운젠드법〉이라고 이름 붙였다. 어디까지를 ‘타운젠드법’에 포함하는 지는 연구자들 사이에서도 견해 차가 있지만, 대략 5개의 법령으로 언급된다. 1767년 〈세입법〉, 〈보상법〉, 〈관세위원회법〉, 〈부해사 재판법〉, 〈뉴욕 제한법〉이다. 타운젠드법의 목적은 식민지에서의 세수를 증대시키고, 현지 총독과 판사의 봉급에 맞추고, 식민지의 규칙에서 총독과 판사를 독립시키는 것. 법에 의한 철저한 무역 통제를 보다 효율적으로 추진할 수 있는 제도를 갖추는 것을 목표로 했다. 1765년 〈병영법〉에 응하려고 하지 않았던 뉴욕 식민지를 처벌할 본국 의회가 식민지에 대한 과세 권한이 있는 선례를 확립하기 위한 것이다. 타운젠드법은 식민지의 거센 저항을 가져왔으며, 1768년에는 영국군이 보스턴을 점거하는 사태가 발생하고, 이어 1770년의 ‘보스턴 학살 사건’으로 발전했다. 보스턴 학살 사건의 결과, 본국 의회는 타운젠드법에서 관세 일부를 없애는 것으로 식민지를 달래려 했다. 그리고 새로 도입된 세금의 대부분은 철폐되었지만, 차에 대한 과세는 계속되었다. 본국 정부는 식민지의 동의를 얻지 않고 과세를 계속 했지만 결국 ‘보스턴 차 사건’이 일어났으며, 이것은 ‘미국 독립 전쟁’의 발단이 되었다. (ko) Townshend Acts (ang. ustawy Townshenda) – seria ustaw uchwalonych w 1767 przez brytyjski parlament po odwołaniu ustawy stemplowej, nazwanych od ówczesnego ministra skarbu Charlesa Townshenda. Wprowadzały cło na towary takie jak szkło, papier, ołów, farby i herbata, które kolonie zmuszone były importować. Powołano Amerykańską Radę Celną (American Board of Customs Commissioners) mającą nadzorować egzekucję podatków i zawieszono jednocześnie nowojorskie zgromadzenie ustawodawcze aż do chwili, kiedy zgodzi się ono uchwalić środki finansowe na utrzymanie angielskich oddziałów. Nowy Jork odmówił był wcześniej podporządkowania się ustawie o kwaterunku wojsk (Quartering Act z 1765), wychodząc z założenia, że tego rodzaju obowiązek nie został uchwalony zgodnie z konstytucyjną zasadą przedstawicielstwa. W odpowiedzi koloniści bojkotowali towary sprowadzane na statkach brytyjskich, usiłując zastępować je wytworami rodzimej produkcji. Atakowano urzędników celnych, organizowano opór wobec rewizji na statkach i prób konfiskaty przemycanych towarów. 19 stycznia 1770 doszło do walk w Nowym Jorku, a 5 marca w Bostonie zaatakowani przez tłum żołnierze odpowiedzieli salwą, w wyniku której zginęło 5 osób. W wyniku bojkotu import towarów brytyjskich do kolonii spadł w 1769 r. o 40 procent. Podobnie jak w przypadku ustawy stemplowej, kupcy brytyjscy znów zaczęli naciskać na rząd, by odwołał cła. Nowy premier, lord North, zgodził się na to w marcu 1770 r., utrzymując jednak cło na herbatę dla podkreślenia bezsporności autorytetu Londynu wobec kolonii. W celu pomocy Kompanii Wschodnioindyjskiej, przeżywającej trudności finansowe i szukającej sposobu na szybkie spieniężenie blisko 300 ton herbaty zalegających w jej magazynach, w maju 1773 r. Parlament uchwalił ustawę o herbacie (Tea Act). Przyznawała Kompanii monopol na dostawę tego towaru do kolonii, zezwolono jej na sprzedaż herbaty bezpośrednio w portach amerykańskich, zamiast, jak dotąd, na publicznych aukcjach w Londynie. W większości portów amerykańskich skłoniono statki Kompanii do odpłynięcia z przywiezionym ładunkiem z powrotem do Anglii. W Bostonie jednak gubernator wszelkimi siłami starał się zatrzymać transport, by potem szukać sposobów sprzedaży. W odpowiedzi na to 16 grudnia 1773 r. miał miejsce incydent znany jako herbatka bostońska. Grupa radykałów przebranych za Indian wdarła się na statki i wrzuciła cały ładunek herbaty do morza. Na wniosek rządu parlament uchwalił cztery ustawy, określone w koloniach jako „przymusowe” i „nieznośne” (Coercive and Intolerable Acts). 31 marca 1774 r. port w Bostonie został zamknięty do czasu wypłacenia przez miasto odszkodowania dla Kompanii. 20 maja została zmieniona karta kolonii Massachusetts. Pozbawiła ona zgromadzenie istotnych uprawnień wyboru urzędników i sędziów, ograniczyła sesje zgromadzeń i poddała je kontroli gubernatora. Jednocześnie ustalono, że urzędnicy królewscy podejrzani o zabójstwo nie będą odpowiadać przed ławą przysięgłych w Massachusetts, ale przed sądem angielskim. 2 czerwca 1774 r. uchwalona została nowa ustawa o zakwaterowaniu zezwalająca wojskom angielskim na kwaterowanie w domach prywatnych. W odpowiedzi na represje we wrześniu zebrał się Kongres Kontynentalny, rozpoczęła się wojna o niepodległość Stanów Zjednoczonych. (pl) Os Atos Townshend (em língua inglesa "Townshend Acts", ou "Towshend Duties") foi uma série de leis instituídas pelo Parlamento Britânico e votados entre 1767 e 1768 com relação as possessões coloniais inglesas na América. Seu nome faz referência a Charles Townshend, o então Chanceler do Tesouro e proponente do programa. (pt) 《汤森法令》（英語：Townshend Acts）是英国议会于1767年至1768年间制定的一系列涉及英国北美殖民地的法令的合稱，以提出该法令的财政大臣查理·汤森之名命名。汤森法令通常包括5条，涉及对进口的铅、玻璃、纸张和茶叶征税，引发了殖民地居民的抗议。1770年，除了茶叶税以外，其他税都被废除。该法令引发了波士顿大屠杀。 (zh) |
| dbo:thumbnail | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/CharlesTownshend.jpg?width=300 |
| dbo:wikiPageExternalLink | https://archive.org/details/papersofbenjamin0017fran/page/n7/mode/2up https://archive.org/details/benjaminfranklin0000isaa https://www.jstor.org/stable/1892182 https://www.jstor.org/stable/1923840 http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/townsend_act_1767.asp http://www.masshist.org/revolution/townshend.php https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=xK1NuzpAcH8C&pg=PA134 https://journals.psu.edu/index.php/pmhb/article/viewFile/28208/27964 https://web.archive.org/web/20090102183351/http:/http-server.carleton.ca/~pking/docs/440docs1.htm |
| dbo:wikiPageID | 623558 (xsd:integer) |
| dbo:wikiPageLength | 39120 (xsd:nonNegativeInteger) |
| dbo:wikiPageRevisionID | 1124609922 (xsd:integer) |
| dbo:wikiPageWikiLink | dbr:Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom dbr:Province_of_New_York dbr:Samuel_Adams dbr:Samuel_Hood,_1st_Viscount_Hood dbr:Mercantilism dbr:Merrill_Jensen dbr:Trade_and_Navigation_Acts dbr:Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord dbr:Boston_Massacre dbr:Boston_Tea_Party dbr:Holland dbr:House_of_Burgesses dbr:University_of_North_Carolina_Press dbc:Great_Britain_Acts_of_Parliament_1766 dbr:Declaratory_Act dbr:Indemnity dbr:Intolerable_Acts dbr:Vice_admiralty_court dbr:Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies dbr:James_Otis,_Jr. dbr:Massachusetts_Convention_of_Towns dbr:Massachusetts_Historical_Society dbr:Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives dbr:Public_Advertiser dbr:Sugar_Act dbr:French_and_Indian_War dbr:Gaspee_Affair dbr:George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom dbr:George_Mason dbr:George_Washington dbr:Thomas_Gage dbc:History_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies dbr:Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania dbr:Lord_North dbr:Sir_Francis_Bernard,_1st_Baronet dbr:Stamp_Act_1765 dbr:Commander-in-Chief,_North_America dbr:Royal_assent dbr:University_of_Wisconsin_Press dbr:British_Army dbc:Laws_leading_to_the_American_Revolution dbr:Wills_Hill,_1st_Marquess_of_Downshire dbc:1767_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies dbr:Jury dbr:American_Revolution dbr:Duty_(economics) dbr:Early_American_publishers_and_printers dbr:Edmund_Morgan_(historian) dbr:Fort_Independence_(Massachusetts) dbr:British_America dbr:Nova_Scotia dbr:Oxford_University_Press dbr:Parliament_of_Great_Britain dbr:Christopher_Seider dbr:Journal_of_Occurrences dbr:Massachusetts_Circular_Letter dbr:Halifax_Regional_Municipality dbr:No_taxation_without_representation dbr:Quartering_Act dbr:Raleigh_Tavern dbr:HMS_Liberty_(1768) dbr:HMS_Romney_(1762) dbr:Harvard_University_Press dbr:University_of_Pennsylvania_Press dbc:Acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain dbr:Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer dbr:Charleston,_South_Carolina dbr:Chatham_ministry dbr:John_Adams dbr:John_Dickinson dbr:John_Hancock dbr:Jack_Pole dbr:Treason dbr:Boston_Harbor dbr:Philadelphia dbr:City_of_Halifax dbr:Royal_Assent dbr:New_York_General_Assembly dbr:Search_warrant dbr:Seven_Years'_War dbr:British_East_India_Company dbr:Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay dbr:Stanford_University_Press dbr:Impressment dbr:Treason_Act_1543 dbr:Quartering_Acts dbr:John_Dickinson_(delegate) dbr:Virtual_representation dbr:Power_of_the_purse dbr:Writs_of_assistance dbr:Tea_Act dbr:Lord_Botetourt dbr:British_Board_of_Customs dbr:Pennsylvania_State_University_Press dbr:Frederick,_Lord_North dbr:File:Boston_1768.jpg dbr:File:CharlesTownshend.jpg dbr:File:Dickinson_Farmer_Letters.jpg dbr:File:Houghton_42-5288_-_non-importation_agreement,_1767.jpg dbr:The_Papers_of__Benjamin_Franklin |
| dbp:wikiPageUsesTemplate | dbt:American_Revolution_origins dbt:Cite_book dbt:IPAc-en dbt:ISBN dbt:Reflist dbt:See_also dbt:Short_description dbt:Use_dmy_dates dbt:UK_legislation dbt:American_Revolution_sidebar dbt:British_law_and_the_American_Revolution |
| dct:subject | dbc:Great_Britain_Acts_of_Parliament_1766 dbc:History_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies dbc:Laws_leading_to_the_American_Revolution dbc:1767_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies dbc:Acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain |
| gold:hypernym | dbr:Series |
| rdf:type | owl:Thing yago:WikicatBritishLaws yago:WikicatLawsLeadingToTheAmericanRevolution yago:Abstraction100002137 yago:Act106532095 yago:Collection107951464 yago:Communication100033020 yago:Document106470073 yago:Group100031264 yago:Law108441203 yago:LegalDocument106479665 yago:WikicatGreatBritainActsOfParliament1767 yago:Writing106362953 yago:WrittenCommunication106349220 dbo:TelevisionShow yago:WikicatActsOfTheParliamentOfGreatBritain |
| rdfs:comment | Townshendovy zákony (angl. Townshend Acts, pojmenované po ministru financí Charlesu Townshendovi) byly vyhlášeny britským parlamentem v roce 1767 a znamenaly v koloniích Severní Ameriky nepřímé daně na spotřební zboží. Vztahovaly se k daním na dovoz skla, olova, papíru a čaje. Byly odvolány roku 1770, ale ponecháno bylo clo za čaj. Ve svých důsledcích vedly k americké válce o nezávislost. (cs) Les Townshend Acts sont la dénomination courante d'une série de décisions du Parlement britannique votées en 1767 et 1768, proposées par Charles Townshend, Chancelier de l'Échiquier, peu avant son décès. L'objectif des lois Townshend était de gagner 40 000 livres chaque année pour financer l'administration coloniale. (fr) De Townshend Acts waren een reeks Britse wetten (acts) die in 1767 en 1768 werden aangenomen na de herroeping van de Stamp Act in 1766. De wetten zijn vernoemd naar Charles Townshend, de kanselier die het programma heeft voorgesteld. Met de Townshend Acts werd belasting geheven op glas, lood, verf, papier en thee die naar de koloniën werden geïmporteerd. Net zoals de Stamp Act in 1765, leidde de Townshend Acts ertoe dat veel kolonisten gingen samenwerken tegen wat zij als een ongrondwettelijke maatregel beschouwden, waardoor de tweede grote crisis in British Colonial America ontstond. (nl) Os Atos Townshend (em língua inglesa "Townshend Acts", ou "Towshend Duties") foi uma série de leis instituídas pelo Parlamento Britânico e votados entre 1767 e 1768 com relação as possessões coloniais inglesas na América. Seu nome faz referência a Charles Townshend, o então Chanceler do Tesouro e proponente do programa. (pt) 《汤森法令》（英語：Townshend Acts）是英国议会于1767年至1768年间制定的一系列涉及英国北美殖民地的法令的合稱，以提出该法令的财政大臣查理·汤森之名命名。汤森法令通常包括5条，涉及对进口的铅、玻璃、纸张和茶叶征税，引发了殖民地居民的抗议。1770年，除了茶叶税以外，其他税都被废除。该法令引发了波士顿大屠杀。 (zh) Die Townshend Acts (Townshendgesetze), benannt nach dem britischen Finanzminister Charles Townshend, der sie eingebracht hatte, waren vom Britischen Parlament am 29. Juni 1767 beschlossene Gesetze, mit denen Zölle für die Einfuhr verschiedener Güter aus Großbritannien in dessen amerikanische Kolonien erhoben wurden. Bei den in den Gesetzen aufgeführten Waren handelte es sich um Artikel des täglichen Gebrauchs, zum Beispiel Tee, Glas, Blei, Farben, Lack, Papier und Leder. Die Einnahmen aus Townshend betrugen im ersten Jahr circa £295, die Implementierungskosten werden auf £170.000 geschätzt. (de) The Townshend Acts (/ˈtaʊnzənd/) or Townshend Duties, were a series of British acts of Parliament passed during 1767 and 1768 introducing a series of taxes and regulations to fund administration of the British colonies in America. They are named after the Chancellor of the Exchequer who proposed the program. Historians vary slightly as to which acts they include under the heading "Townshend Acts", but five are often listed: * passed on 5 June 1767. * passed on 26 June 1767. * passed on 29 June 1767. * passed on 29 June 1767. * passed on 6 July 1768. The purposes of the acts were to: (en) 타운젠드법(영어: Townshend Acts, Townshend Duties)은 대영제국 의회가 1767년 이후에 통과시킨 영국령 미국 식민지에 관한 일련의 법령을 말한다. 계획의 기획자가 재무장관이었던 찰스 타운젠드와 연관되어, 〈타운젠드법〉이라고 이름 붙였다. 어디까지를 ‘타운젠드법’에 포함하는 지는 연구자들 사이에서도 견해 차가 있지만, 대략 5개의 법령으로 언급된다. 1767년 〈세입법〉, 〈보상법〉, 〈관세위원회법〉, 〈부해사 재판법〉, 〈뉴욕 제한법〉이다. 타운젠드법의 목적은 식민지에서의 세수를 증대시키고, 현지 총독과 판사의 봉급에 맞추고, 식민지의 규칙에서 총독과 판사를 독립시키는 것. 법에 의한 철저한 무역 통제를 보다 효율적으로 추진할 수 있는 제도를 갖추는 것을 목표로 했다. 1765년 〈병영법〉에 응하려고 하지 않았던 뉴욕 식민지를 처벌할 본국 의회가 식민지에 대한 과세 권한이 있는 선례를 확립하기 위한 것이다. 타운젠드법은 식민지의 거센 저항을 가져왔으며, 1768년에는 영국군이 보스턴을 점거하는 사태가 발생하고, 이어 1770년의 ‘보스턴 학살 사건’으로 발전했다. (ko) タウンゼンド諸法（タウンゼンドしょほう、英語: Townshend Acts）は、イギリス帝国の議会が1767年以降に成立させた、英領アメリカの植民地に関する一連の法令を指す。計画の提唱者である財務大臣チャールズ・タウンゼンドにちなみ、タウンゼンド諸法と名づけられている。どこまでを「タウンゼンド諸法」に含めるかは研究者間で若干の相違があるが、おおむね5つ法令の中から言及される。1767年の歳入法、補償法、関税委員法、副海事裁判法、ニューヨーク制限法である。 タウンゼンド諸法の目的は、植民地からの税収増をもって現地の総督と判事の俸給に当て、植民地のルールから総督や判事を独立させること、法の徹底による貿易統制をより効果的に推進できる体制を整えること、1765年のに応じようとしないニューヨーク植民地を処罰すること、本国議会が植民地に対する課税権を有するという先例を確立することである。タウンゼンド諸法は植民地側の抵抗に会い、1768年にはイギリス軍がボストンを占拠する事態にいたり、やがて1770年のボストン虐殺事件に発展した。 (ja) I Townshend Acts furono una serie di leggi emanate a partire dal 1767 da parte del Parlamento della Gran Bretagna riguardanti le colonie britanniche nel Nord America. Queste leggi devono il loro nome a Charles Townshend, il Cancelliere dello Scacchiere, che le presentò. (it) Townshend Acts (ang. ustawy Townshenda) – seria ustaw uchwalonych w 1767 przez brytyjski parlament po odwołaniu ustawy stemplowej, nazwanych od ówczesnego ministra skarbu Charlesa Townshenda. Wprowadzały cło na towary takie jak szkło, papier, ołów, farby i herbata, które kolonie zmuszone były importować. Powołano Amerykańską Radę Celną (American Board of Customs Commissioners) mającą nadzorować egzekucję podatków i zawieszono jednocześnie nowojorskie zgromadzenie ustawodawcze aż do chwili, kiedy zgodzi się ono uchwalić środki finansowe na utrzymanie angielskich oddziałów. Nowy Jork odmówił był wcześniej podporządkowania się ustawie o kwaterunku wojsk (Quartering Act z 1765), wychodząc z założenia, że tego rodzaju obowiązek nie został uchwalony zgodnie z konstytucyjną zasadą przedstawiciels (pl) |
| rdfs:label | Townshendovy zákony (cs) Townshend Acts (de) Townshend Acts (it) Townshend Acts (fr) 타운젠드 법 (ko) Townshend Acts (nl) タウンゼンド諸法 (ja) Townshend Acts (pl) Atos Townshend (pt) Townshend Acts (en) 湯森法令 (zh) |
| rdfs:seeAlso | dbr:American_Revolutionary_War dbr:Political_developments |
| owl:sameAs | freebase:Townshend Acts yago-res:Townshend Acts wikidata:Townshend Acts dbpedia-cs:Townshend Acts dbpedia-de:Townshend Acts dbpedia-fa:Townshend Acts dbpedia-fi:Townshend Acts dbpedia-fr:Townshend Acts dbpedia-he:Townshend Acts dbpedia-it:Townshend Acts dbpedia-ja:Townshend Acts dbpedia-ko:Townshend Acts dbpedia-nl:Townshend Acts dbpedia-pl:Townshend Acts dbpedia-pt:Townshend Acts dbpedia-simple:Townshend Acts dbpedia-tr:Townshend Acts dbpedia-zh:Townshend Acts https://global.dbpedia.org/id/zDbq |
| prov:wasDerivedFrom | wikipedia-en:Townshend_Acts?oldid=1124609922&ns=0 |
| foaf:depiction | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Boston_1768.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Dickinson_Farmer_Letters.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Houghton_42-5288_-_non-importation_agreement,_1767.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/CharlesTownshend.jpg |
| foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf | wikipedia-en:Townshend_Acts |
| is dbo:wikiPageRedirects of | dbr:Townsend_Act dbr:Townsend_Acts dbr:Townsend_Duties dbr:Townsend_duty dbr:Townsend_program dbr:Townshend_Act dbr:Townshend_Duties dbr:Townshend_Duties_Act dbr:Townshend_Revenue_Act dbr:Townshend_duties dbr:Townshend_program dbr:Townshend_revenue_acts dbr:Townshed_act dbr:Townshend_acts dbr:Duties_on_Tea,_etc._(American_Plantations)_Act_1766 dbr:American_Board_of_Customs_Commissioners dbr:Tea_Act_1767 dbr:Indemnity_Act_1767 dbr:Indemnity_Act_of_1767 dbr:1767_Townshend_Acts dbr:Act_of_Indemnity_of_1767 dbr:Revenue_Act_of_1767 dbr:Rebellion_in_America_Act_1767 dbr:Colonial_Trade_Act_1768 dbr:Customs_Act_1766_c._41 dbr:Customs_Act_1770 |
| is dbo:wikiPageWikiLink of | dbr:Carter_Braxton dbr:Province_of_New_York dbr:Samuel_Adams dbr:List_of_eponyms_(L–Z) dbr:William_Molineux dbr:Townsend_Act dbr:Townsend_Acts dbr:Townsend_Duties dbr:Townsend_duty dbr:Townsend_program dbr:Townshend_Act dbr:Townshend_Duties dbr:Townshend_Duties_Act dbr:Townshend_Revenue_Act dbr:Townshend_duties dbr:Townshend_program dbr:Townshend_revenue_acts dbr:Benjamin_Edes dbr:Benjamin_Harrison_V dbr:Boston dbr:Boston_Massacre dbr:Boston_Tea_Party dbr:Boston_campaign dbr:David_Hall_(printer) dbr:Andrew_Sprowle dbr:Joseph_Galloway dbr:List_of_tariffs_in_the_United_Kingdom dbr:Paul_Revere dbr:Petition_to_the_King dbr:Peyton_Randolph dbr:Resistance,_Politics,_and_the_American_Struggle_for_Independence,_1765–1775 dbr:Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies dbr:United_States_Declaration_of_Independence dbr:Declaratory_Act dbr:Intolerable_Acts dbr:List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_Colonial_North_America dbr:Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution dbr:Colonial_history_of_the_United_States dbr:Crispus_Attucks dbr:Massachusetts_Convention_of_Towns dbr:Chestertown_Tea_Party dbr:On_American_Taxation dbr:Sugar_Act dbr:Quakers_in_the_American_Revolution dbr:Timeline_of_Colonial_America dbr:1767 dbr:1767_in_Great_Britain dbr:1768 dbr:1768_Petition,_Memorial,_and_Remonstrance dbr:1770 dbr:1770_in_Great_Britain dbr:Gaspee_Affair dbr:George_Mason dbr:George_Washington dbr:George_Washington's_political_evolution dbr:George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution dbr:George_Wythe dbr:Molasses_Act dbr:Continental_Congress dbr:The_Pennsylvania_Gazette dbr:Thirteen_Colonies dbr:Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor) dbr:Thomas_Paine dbr:Thomas_Pownall dbr:Thomas_Wharton_Jr. dbr:Townshed_act dbr:Andrew_Oliver dbr:Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania dbr:Liberty_Affair dbr:Sir_Francis_Bernard,_1st_Baronet dbr:Sir_John_Wentworth,_1st_Baronet dbr:Stamp_Act_1765 dbr:John_Kendrick_(American_sea_captain) dbr:John_Murray,_4th_Earl_of_Dunmore dbr:Writ_of_assistance dbr:Peggy_Stewart_(ship) dbr:92_(number) dbr:Timeline_of_Dedham,_Massachusetts dbr:Townsend,_Massachusetts dbr:Townshend_acts dbr:Daughters_of_Liberty dbr:Warwick,_Rhode_Island dbr:William_Dawes dbr:William_Montgomery_(Pennsylvania_soldier) dbr:William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham dbr:William_Samuel_Johnson dbr:William_Williams_(Connecticut_politician) dbr:Territorial_evolution_of_the_British_Empire dbr:Adam_Smith dbr:Allan_Maclean_of_Torloisk dbr:American_Revolution dbr:American_Revolutionary_War dbr:Daniel_Malcolm dbr:Early_American_publishers_and_printers dbr:Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States dbr:Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution dbr:History_of_Massachusetts dbr:History_of_Philadelphia dbr:Journal_of_Occurrences dbr:Massachusetts_Circular_Letter dbr:No_taxation_without_representation dbr:Raleigh_Tavern dbr:Revenue_Act dbr:Grievances_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence dbr:HMS_Captain_(1743) dbr:HMS_Liberty_(1768) dbr:HMS_Romney_(1762) dbr:HMS_Sultana_(1768) dbr:History_of_Dedham,_Massachusetts,_1700-1799 dbr:Isaac_Davis_(soldier) dbr:Tarring_and_feathering dbr:Hutchinson_Letters_affair dbr:Arthur_Lee_(diplomat) dbr:Charles_Townshend dbr:John_Adams dbr:John_Dickinson dbr:John_Hancock dbr:John_Hanson dbr:George_Meade_(merchant) dbr:Homespun_movement dbr:Townsend dbr:William_Dalrymple_(British_Army_officer) dbr:William_Jackson_(Boston_loyalist) dbr:Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution dbr:Wormsloe_Historic_Site dbr:Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay dbr:List_of_television_series_and_miniseries_about_the_American_Revolution dbr:Treason_Act_1543 dbr:Taxation_of_Colonies_Act_1778 dbr:Virginia_Association dbr:Smuggling dbr:Tea_Act dbr:William_Phillips_Sr. dbr:Spinning_bee dbr:Duties_on_Tea,_etc._(American_Plantations)_Act_1766 dbr:American_Board_of_Customs_Commissioners dbr:Tea_Act_1767 dbr:Indemnity_Act_1767 dbr:Indemnity_Act_of_1767 dbr:1767_Townshend_Acts dbr:Act_of_Indemnity_of_1767 dbr:Revenue_Act_of_1767 dbr:Rebellion_in_America_Act_1767 dbr:Colonial_Trade_Act_1768 dbr:Customs_Act_1766_c._41 dbr:Customs_Act_1770 |
| is dbp:relatedLegislation of | dbr:Tea_Act |
| is foaf:primaryTopic of | wikipedia-en:Townshend_Acts |
