Rengert Elburg | Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (original) (raw)
New by Rengert Elburg
Ergersheim experiment No. 7 was carried out in March 2017 to check a theory by an archaeologist f... more Ergersheim experiment No. 7 was carried out in March 2017 to check a theory by an archaeologist from the Netherlands saying that neolithic stone battle axes could have been used for felling trees by cutting the roots. The results of our attempt were not convincing, battle axes are, due to their dull edge, not really effective in processing wood. Moreover it´s almost impossible to cut all roots of even a small oak tree. However, we were surprised how resilient these axes are, they withstood even the hardest stress and took tens of thousands of blows without breaking. Aside from this, we were very successful in splitting trunks with wooden wedges, even tangential splitting worked very well.
Germania, 2017
Double review on two important volumes on the Northwestern Linear Pottery Culture. The volume 'Ve... more Double review on two important volumes on the Northwestern Linear Pottery Culture. The volume 'Vergeten Bandkeramik' is an overview of previously unpublished older excavations of LBK-sites in the Netherlands. Louise Gomart's thesis looks at LBK-pottery from several French and Belgian sites from a technological viewpoint. Especially the insights gained into the non-LBK Early Neolithic ceramics are very refreshing.
Available in Open Access under https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/germania/article/view/39081
Ancient DNA (aDNA) is the most informative biomolecule extracted from skeletal remains at archaeo... more Ancient DNA (aDNA) is the most informative biomolecule extracted from skeletal remains at archaeological sites, but its survival is unpredictable and its extraction and analysis is time consuming, expensive and often fails. Several proposed methods for better understanding aDNA survival are based upon the characterisation of some aspect of protein survival, but these are typically non-specific; proteomic analyses may offer an attractive method for understanding preservation processes. In this study, in-depth proteomic (LC-Orbitrap-MS/MS) analyses were carried out on 69 archaeological bovine bone and dentine samples from multiple European archaeological sites and compared with mitochondrial aDNA and amino acid racemisation (AAR) data. Comparisons of these data, including estimations of the relative abundances for seven selected non-collagenous proteins, indicate that the survival of aDNA in bone or dentine may correlate with the survival of some proteins, and that proteome complexity is a more useful predictor of aDNA survival than protein abundance or AAR. The lack of a strong correlation between the recovery of aDNA and the proteome abundance may indicate that the survival of aDNA is more closely linked to its ability to associate with bone hydroxyapatite crystals rather than to associate with proteins. Significance: Ancient biomolecule survival remains poorly understood, even with great advancements in 'omics' technologies, both in genomics and proteomics. This study investigates the survival of ancient DNA in relation to that of proteins, taking into account proteome complexity and the relative protein abundances to improve our understanding of survival mechanisms. The results show that although protein abundance is not necessarily directly related to aDNA survival, proteome complexity appears to be.
Publius Quinctilius Varus has become widely known as commander-in-chief of the three Roman legion... more Publius Quinctilius Varus has become widely known as commander-in-chief of the three Roman legions that were annihilated in the battle of the Teutoburg forest in 9 CE by a federation of Germanic tribes. Coins bearing his countermark VAR are common on Roman sites in the Rhineland and are generally accepted to mark coins distributed as donations to the troops during his time as legatus Augusti pro praetore from 7 to 9 CE. In this study, 37 coins with these countermarks have been recorded from different archaeological sites using high-resolution 3D-scanning. Having substantiated prior ascriptions of these countermarks to individual countermark dies by pro-crustes analysis, a combination of metric statistics and use-wear analysis was applied to attribute ten countermarks to different wear-stages within the life-cycle of the same specific die. While coins with countermarks produced by the die during early phases of attrition are confined to the upper Rhineland and Mosel area, later phases have been found in the lower Rhineland at Asciburgium and on the battlefield of Kalkriese. Coins that bear countermarks of an already heavily worn and irreversibly damaged die are found in Nij-megen, Mainz and Wiesbaden. We discuss if these different groups of coins were emitted together at one site and may be related to a demobilisation after a joint operation.
Peer reviewed papers by Rengert Elburg
DEINSEA Annual of the Natural History Museum Rotterdam 7, 1999 , 1999
A small sample of animal bones dating to the Early Neolithic Linear Ceramic Culture from Dresden-... more A small sample of animal bones dating to the Early Neolithic Linear Ceramic Culture from Dresden-Mockritz (Saxony, Germany) has been investigated. It stands out for containing a wide range of species showing evidence of the use of very diverse environments.
The remarkably high amount of wild animals as compared to domesticates is discussed and put in a wider context. It is shown that regional models explaining differences in animal exploitation patterns in the Early Neolithic are not tenable in the light of new evidence and a much more local mode of adaptation to different circumstances is suggested.
Drawing evidence from the taphonomy of the complexes under study, an assessment of the representatives of the sample is made and its value to archeological interpretation indicated. An antler artifact, a so called T-axe, associated with the faunal remains, is discussed and thought to be an indicator
of changing patterns of subsistence in the Neolithic of the Dresden area.
Tegel W, Elburg R, Hakelberg D, Stäuble H, Büntgen U (2012) Early Neolithic Water Wells Reveal the World’s Oldest Wood Architecture. PLoS ONE 7(12): e51374. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051374, Dec 19, 2012
The European Neolithization ∼6000−4000 BC represents a pivotal change in human history when farmi... more The European Neolithization ∼6000−4000 BC represents a pivotal change in human history when farming spread and the mobile style of life of the hunter-foragers was superseded by the agrarian culture. Permanent settlement structures and agricultural production systems required fundamental innovations in technology, subsistence, and resource utilization. Motivation, course, and timing of this transformation, however, remain debatable. Here we present annually resolved and absolutely dated dendroarchaeological information from four wooden water wells of the early Neolithic period that were excavated in Eastern Germany. A total of 151 oak timbers preserved in a waterlogged environment were dated between 5469 and 5098 BC and reveal unexpectedly refined carpentry skills. The recently discovered water wells enable for the first time a detailed insight into the earliest wood architecture and display the technological capabilities of humans ∼7000 years ago. The timbered well constructions made of old oak trees feature an unopened tree-ring archive from which annually resolved and absolutely dated environmental data can be culled. Our results question the principle of continuous evolutionary development in prehistoric technology, and contradict the common belief that metal was necessary for complex timber constructions. Early Neolithic craftsmanship now suggests that the first farmers were also the first carpenters.
FREE DOWNLOAD until 12.12.2015:http://authors.elsevier.com/a/1Rw3z,rVDBCNHk ---------- Johann Fri... more FREE DOWNLOAD until 12.12.2015:http://authors.elsevier.com/a/1Rw3z,rVDBCNHk
----------
Johann Friedrich Tolksdorf / Rengert Elburg / Frank Schröder / Hannes Knapp / Christoph Herbig /Thorsten Westphal / Birgit Schneider / Alexander Fülling / Christiane Hemker
----------
Forest exploitation for charcoal production and timber since the 12th century in an intact medieval mining site in the niederpöbel valley (Erzgebirge, E-Germany)
-------------------------------------------
Historic mining activities are assumed to rank among the most significant human activities that reshaped the
landscape of the European uplands, especially since the medieval period. Mining requires both the extraction
of timber for mining construction aswell as the production of charcoal for ore smelting. Analysing the occurrence
of different wood taxa in construction or charcoal assemblages may help to shed light on the question of whether
different taxa had been chosen for different purposes depending on their local availability, specific cost–benefit
considerations or their physical properties.
Here, we present the results of taxonomical and dendrochronological analyses performed on timber and macroremains
from an outstandingly well-preserved medieval underground mining complex in the Erzgebirge region
(OreMountains, Eastern Germany). The complementary use of wood for charcoal production was reconstructed
by anthracological and chronological analyses of medieval to modern charcoal kilns preserved in the same area.
Dated colluvial layers served as additional indicators for phases of local soil erosion following forest clearances.
The onset of mining activities in the late 12th century was contemporary with the start of charcoal production
and soil erosion. While Abies alba was prevalent among the timbers from the main construction phase around
AD 1270/1280, Fagus sylvatica was the most frequently occurring wood in the oldest charcoal kilns from the
mid-13th century. The latter declined during the 13th century in favour of taxa like Betula, Corylus and Acer. Supported
by the evidence of massive soil erosion, this may reflect changes in forest composition induced by highly
intensive use or shifts of the areas used for wood exploitation.Whereas mining ceased in the area shortly after AD
1291, charcoal production continued during the 14th and 15th century and the rising proportion of Abies alba is
discussed to be related to a lessened local demand of this species for timber. The rising share of Picea during the
younger phases probably resulted from changes in selective forest exploitation rather than mirroring vegetation
changes.After a hiatus, a last phase of charcoal production is identified to have occurred during the mid-16th century,
again with a high share of Fagus sylvatica as fuel wood.
Offa 69/70, 2012/13, 265–293., 2013
Comptes rendus de l' …, Jan 1, 1995
… of the Royal …, Jan 1, 2005
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Jan 1, 2005
Bressy, C., Grégoire, S. & Bazile, F. (eds.): Silex et territoires préhistoriques. Avancées des recherches dans le Midi de la France. Actes de la Table ronde de Lattes, 13 et 14 juin 2008. Les C@hiers de Géopré 1, 2010, 55-59., 2010
Forensic Science …, Jan 1, 2008
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10, Nov 2012
Board reviewed papers by Rengert Elburg
Archeologie 14, pp. 5-27, Jan 2014
In dit artikel wordt een eerste overzicht gegeven over de opgraving van en vondsten uit een bandk... more In dit artikel wordt een eerste overzicht gegeven over de opgraving van en vondsten uit een bandkeramische waterput uit oostelijk Duitsland. Door de unieke conservering in het onderste deel van de constructie zijn zowel het hout van de beschoeiing als organische vondsten bewaard gebleven. Hierdoor kunnen eerste inzichten in het verassend geavanceerde houtgebruik in het Vroeg-Neolithikum verworven worden. In de vulling van de put bevond zich bovendien een serie van intentionele deponeringen die een schat aan informatie over met name het aardewerk opleveren. Hoewel niet vergeten mag worden, dat één structuur zoals een waterput geen substituut kann zijn voor grootschalig nederzettingsonderzoek, geven de onder normale omstandigheden niet bewaarde vondsten een waardevolle aanvulling van het beeld van het vroege Neolithikum in Centraal en Noordwest Europa.
Zusammenfassung – Bandkeramische Brunnen sind mit den teilweise hervorragenden Erhaltungsbedingun... more Zusammenfassung – Bandkeramische Brunnen sind mit den teilweise hervorragenden Erhaltungsbedingungen für organische Funde eine herausragende Befundkategorie. Rezente Diskussionen fokussieren auf die Frage, ob die Brunnen Kultanlagen sind oder profane Infrastruktur. Mit einem Überblick der bislang veröffentlichten Befunde und einigen Interpretationsansätze wird versucht Klarheit über die Bedeutung der Brunnen innerhalb der frühneolithischen Siedlungslandschaft zu bekommen. Eine abschließende Antwort auf die Frage nach ‚sakral’ oder ‚profan’ ist nicht zu geben und wahrscheinlich auch nicht sinnvoll. Wichtiger sind in Zukunft Untersuchungen zu Bau, Gebrauch und Auflassung, die Einsicht geben in die soziale Organisation und den Umgang mit materieller Kultur während der Bandkeramik.
Abstract – Wells dating to the Linear Pottery Culture with good organic preservation constitute an extraordinary category of finds. Recent discussion has mainly focussed on the question if these wells are ritual complexes or profane infrastructure. By giving an overview of the published finds and posing some ideas about their function, an attempt is made to get more insight into the role the wells play within the Early Neolithic settlements. A definite interpretation is not possible at the moment and there probably will never be just a single answer. In future investigations it will be more important to look at the details of construction, use and abandonment, which give insight into social organization and the use of material culture during the Bandkeramik.
"An adze blade with hafting remains from the Early Neolithic well in Altscherbitz The function... more "An adze blade with hafting remains from the Early Neolithic well in Altscherbitz
The function and hafting method of Early Neolithic Linearbandkeramik (LBK) ground stone tools have been the subject of much debate. Even if it is now widely accepted that they have been used as adzes, the exact form of the hafting remains unclear. The article describes the first adze blade with rests of the hafting, found in the LBK well of Schkeuditz-Altscherbitz (federal state of Saxony, Germany). The blade itself, being thin-butted, is somewhat atypical but still fits well in the known range from the period and shows traces of wear resulting from the binding of the blade on the shaft. The wooden shaft itself is very poorly preserved and consists of an imprint of the handle and a cavity where the head had been. Most striking about the find is the general slenderness of the wooden shaft, and more important, the obtuse angle between the handle and the blade of 114°.
With this find, two other wooden implements found in the Early Neolithic wells of Erkelenz-Kückhofen and Zwenkau-Eythra can now with confidence be interpreted as adze shafts as well. The three finds have their slender built and obtuse hafting angle in common, posing the question if this is the regular way of hafting adzes in the Early Neolithic and to what ends these tools were used. In modern as well as prehistoric adzes the blade and handle form an acute angle, mostly between 50 and 70°, and experimental archaeology showed this to be the most effective form for wood cutting. This might suggest that the obtusely hafted adzes were used for other tasks, possibly comparable with modern chisels or planes."
Ergersheim experiment No. 7 was carried out in March 2017 to check a theory by an archaeologist f... more Ergersheim experiment No. 7 was carried out in March 2017 to check a theory by an archaeologist from the Netherlands saying that neolithic stone battle axes could have been used for felling trees by cutting the roots. The results of our attempt were not convincing, battle axes are, due to their dull edge, not really effective in processing wood. Moreover it´s almost impossible to cut all roots of even a small oak tree. However, we were surprised how resilient these axes are, they withstood even the hardest stress and took tens of thousands of blows without breaking. Aside from this, we were very successful in splitting trunks with wooden wedges, even tangential splitting worked very well.
Germania, 2017
Double review on two important volumes on the Northwestern Linear Pottery Culture. The volume 'Ve... more Double review on two important volumes on the Northwestern Linear Pottery Culture. The volume 'Vergeten Bandkeramik' is an overview of previously unpublished older excavations of LBK-sites in the Netherlands. Louise Gomart's thesis looks at LBK-pottery from several French and Belgian sites from a technological viewpoint. Especially the insights gained into the non-LBK Early Neolithic ceramics are very refreshing.
Available in Open Access under https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/germania/article/view/39081
Ancient DNA (aDNA) is the most informative biomolecule extracted from skeletal remains at archaeo... more Ancient DNA (aDNA) is the most informative biomolecule extracted from skeletal remains at archaeological sites, but its survival is unpredictable and its extraction and analysis is time consuming, expensive and often fails. Several proposed methods for better understanding aDNA survival are based upon the characterisation of some aspect of protein survival, but these are typically non-specific; proteomic analyses may offer an attractive method for understanding preservation processes. In this study, in-depth proteomic (LC-Orbitrap-MS/MS) analyses were carried out on 69 archaeological bovine bone and dentine samples from multiple European archaeological sites and compared with mitochondrial aDNA and amino acid racemisation (AAR) data. Comparisons of these data, including estimations of the relative abundances for seven selected non-collagenous proteins, indicate that the survival of aDNA in bone or dentine may correlate with the survival of some proteins, and that proteome complexity is a more useful predictor of aDNA survival than protein abundance or AAR. The lack of a strong correlation between the recovery of aDNA and the proteome abundance may indicate that the survival of aDNA is more closely linked to its ability to associate with bone hydroxyapatite crystals rather than to associate with proteins. Significance: Ancient biomolecule survival remains poorly understood, even with great advancements in 'omics' technologies, both in genomics and proteomics. This study investigates the survival of ancient DNA in relation to that of proteins, taking into account proteome complexity and the relative protein abundances to improve our understanding of survival mechanisms. The results show that although protein abundance is not necessarily directly related to aDNA survival, proteome complexity appears to be.
Publius Quinctilius Varus has become widely known as commander-in-chief of the three Roman legion... more Publius Quinctilius Varus has become widely known as commander-in-chief of the three Roman legions that were annihilated in the battle of the Teutoburg forest in 9 CE by a federation of Germanic tribes. Coins bearing his countermark VAR are common on Roman sites in the Rhineland and are generally accepted to mark coins distributed as donations to the troops during his time as legatus Augusti pro praetore from 7 to 9 CE. In this study, 37 coins with these countermarks have been recorded from different archaeological sites using high-resolution 3D-scanning. Having substantiated prior ascriptions of these countermarks to individual countermark dies by pro-crustes analysis, a combination of metric statistics and use-wear analysis was applied to attribute ten countermarks to different wear-stages within the life-cycle of the same specific die. While coins with countermarks produced by the die during early phases of attrition are confined to the upper Rhineland and Mosel area, later phases have been found in the lower Rhineland at Asciburgium and on the battlefield of Kalkriese. Coins that bear countermarks of an already heavily worn and irreversibly damaged die are found in Nij-megen, Mainz and Wiesbaden. We discuss if these different groups of coins were emitted together at one site and may be related to a demobilisation after a joint operation.
DEINSEA Annual of the Natural History Museum Rotterdam 7, 1999 , 1999
A small sample of animal bones dating to the Early Neolithic Linear Ceramic Culture from Dresden-... more A small sample of animal bones dating to the Early Neolithic Linear Ceramic Culture from Dresden-Mockritz (Saxony, Germany) has been investigated. It stands out for containing a wide range of species showing evidence of the use of very diverse environments.
The remarkably high amount of wild animals as compared to domesticates is discussed and put in a wider context. It is shown that regional models explaining differences in animal exploitation patterns in the Early Neolithic are not tenable in the light of new evidence and a much more local mode of adaptation to different circumstances is suggested.
Drawing evidence from the taphonomy of the complexes under study, an assessment of the representatives of the sample is made and its value to archeological interpretation indicated. An antler artifact, a so called T-axe, associated with the faunal remains, is discussed and thought to be an indicator
of changing patterns of subsistence in the Neolithic of the Dresden area.
Tegel W, Elburg R, Hakelberg D, Stäuble H, Büntgen U (2012) Early Neolithic Water Wells Reveal the World’s Oldest Wood Architecture. PLoS ONE 7(12): e51374. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051374, Dec 19, 2012
The European Neolithization ∼6000−4000 BC represents a pivotal change in human history when farmi... more The European Neolithization ∼6000−4000 BC represents a pivotal change in human history when farming spread and the mobile style of life of the hunter-foragers was superseded by the agrarian culture. Permanent settlement structures and agricultural production systems required fundamental innovations in technology, subsistence, and resource utilization. Motivation, course, and timing of this transformation, however, remain debatable. Here we present annually resolved and absolutely dated dendroarchaeological information from four wooden water wells of the early Neolithic period that were excavated in Eastern Germany. A total of 151 oak timbers preserved in a waterlogged environment were dated between 5469 and 5098 BC and reveal unexpectedly refined carpentry skills. The recently discovered water wells enable for the first time a detailed insight into the earliest wood architecture and display the technological capabilities of humans ∼7000 years ago. The timbered well constructions made of old oak trees feature an unopened tree-ring archive from which annually resolved and absolutely dated environmental data can be culled. Our results question the principle of continuous evolutionary development in prehistoric technology, and contradict the common belief that metal was necessary for complex timber constructions. Early Neolithic craftsmanship now suggests that the first farmers were also the first carpenters.
FREE DOWNLOAD until 12.12.2015:http://authors.elsevier.com/a/1Rw3z,rVDBCNHk ---------- Johann Fri... more FREE DOWNLOAD until 12.12.2015:http://authors.elsevier.com/a/1Rw3z,rVDBCNHk
----------
Johann Friedrich Tolksdorf / Rengert Elburg / Frank Schröder / Hannes Knapp / Christoph Herbig /Thorsten Westphal / Birgit Schneider / Alexander Fülling / Christiane Hemker
----------
Forest exploitation for charcoal production and timber since the 12th century in an intact medieval mining site in the niederpöbel valley (Erzgebirge, E-Germany)
-------------------------------------------
Historic mining activities are assumed to rank among the most significant human activities that reshaped the
landscape of the European uplands, especially since the medieval period. Mining requires both the extraction
of timber for mining construction aswell as the production of charcoal for ore smelting. Analysing the occurrence
of different wood taxa in construction or charcoal assemblages may help to shed light on the question of whether
different taxa had been chosen for different purposes depending on their local availability, specific cost–benefit
considerations or their physical properties.
Here, we present the results of taxonomical and dendrochronological analyses performed on timber and macroremains
from an outstandingly well-preserved medieval underground mining complex in the Erzgebirge region
(OreMountains, Eastern Germany). The complementary use of wood for charcoal production was reconstructed
by anthracological and chronological analyses of medieval to modern charcoal kilns preserved in the same area.
Dated colluvial layers served as additional indicators for phases of local soil erosion following forest clearances.
The onset of mining activities in the late 12th century was contemporary with the start of charcoal production
and soil erosion. While Abies alba was prevalent among the timbers from the main construction phase around
AD 1270/1280, Fagus sylvatica was the most frequently occurring wood in the oldest charcoal kilns from the
mid-13th century. The latter declined during the 13th century in favour of taxa like Betula, Corylus and Acer. Supported
by the evidence of massive soil erosion, this may reflect changes in forest composition induced by highly
intensive use or shifts of the areas used for wood exploitation.Whereas mining ceased in the area shortly after AD
1291, charcoal production continued during the 14th and 15th century and the rising proportion of Abies alba is
discussed to be related to a lessened local demand of this species for timber. The rising share of Picea during the
younger phases probably resulted from changes in selective forest exploitation rather than mirroring vegetation
changes.After a hiatus, a last phase of charcoal production is identified to have occurred during the mid-16th century,
again with a high share of Fagus sylvatica as fuel wood.
Offa 69/70, 2012/13, 265–293., 2013
Comptes rendus de l' …, Jan 1, 1995
… of the Royal …, Jan 1, 2005
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Jan 1, 2005
Bressy, C., Grégoire, S. & Bazile, F. (eds.): Silex et territoires préhistoriques. Avancées des recherches dans le Midi de la France. Actes de la Table ronde de Lattes, 13 et 14 juin 2008. Les C@hiers de Géopré 1, 2010, 55-59., 2010
Forensic Science …, Jan 1, 2008
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10, Nov 2012
Archeologie 14, pp. 5-27, Jan 2014
In dit artikel wordt een eerste overzicht gegeven over de opgraving van en vondsten uit een bandk... more In dit artikel wordt een eerste overzicht gegeven over de opgraving van en vondsten uit een bandkeramische waterput uit oostelijk Duitsland. Door de unieke conservering in het onderste deel van de constructie zijn zowel het hout van de beschoeiing als organische vondsten bewaard gebleven. Hierdoor kunnen eerste inzichten in het verassend geavanceerde houtgebruik in het Vroeg-Neolithikum verworven worden. In de vulling van de put bevond zich bovendien een serie van intentionele deponeringen die een schat aan informatie over met name het aardewerk opleveren. Hoewel niet vergeten mag worden, dat één structuur zoals een waterput geen substituut kann zijn voor grootschalig nederzettingsonderzoek, geven de onder normale omstandigheden niet bewaarde vondsten een waardevolle aanvulling van het beeld van het vroege Neolithikum in Centraal en Noordwest Europa.
Zusammenfassung – Bandkeramische Brunnen sind mit den teilweise hervorragenden Erhaltungsbedingun... more Zusammenfassung – Bandkeramische Brunnen sind mit den teilweise hervorragenden Erhaltungsbedingungen für organische Funde eine herausragende Befundkategorie. Rezente Diskussionen fokussieren auf die Frage, ob die Brunnen Kultanlagen sind oder profane Infrastruktur. Mit einem Überblick der bislang veröffentlichten Befunde und einigen Interpretationsansätze wird versucht Klarheit über die Bedeutung der Brunnen innerhalb der frühneolithischen Siedlungslandschaft zu bekommen. Eine abschließende Antwort auf die Frage nach ‚sakral’ oder ‚profan’ ist nicht zu geben und wahrscheinlich auch nicht sinnvoll. Wichtiger sind in Zukunft Untersuchungen zu Bau, Gebrauch und Auflassung, die Einsicht geben in die soziale Organisation und den Umgang mit materieller Kultur während der Bandkeramik.
Abstract – Wells dating to the Linear Pottery Culture with good organic preservation constitute an extraordinary category of finds. Recent discussion has mainly focussed on the question if these wells are ritual complexes or profane infrastructure. By giving an overview of the published finds and posing some ideas about their function, an attempt is made to get more insight into the role the wells play within the Early Neolithic settlements. A definite interpretation is not possible at the moment and there probably will never be just a single answer. In future investigations it will be more important to look at the details of construction, use and abandonment, which give insight into social organization and the use of material culture during the Bandkeramik.
"An adze blade with hafting remains from the Early Neolithic well in Altscherbitz The function... more "An adze blade with hafting remains from the Early Neolithic well in Altscherbitz
The function and hafting method of Early Neolithic Linearbandkeramik (LBK) ground stone tools have been the subject of much debate. Even if it is now widely accepted that they have been used as adzes, the exact form of the hafting remains unclear. The article describes the first adze blade with rests of the hafting, found in the LBK well of Schkeuditz-Altscherbitz (federal state of Saxony, Germany). The blade itself, being thin-butted, is somewhat atypical but still fits well in the known range from the period and shows traces of wear resulting from the binding of the blade on the shaft. The wooden shaft itself is very poorly preserved and consists of an imprint of the handle and a cavity where the head had been. Most striking about the find is the general slenderness of the wooden shaft, and more important, the obtuse angle between the handle and the blade of 114°.
With this find, two other wooden implements found in the Early Neolithic wells of Erkelenz-Kückhofen and Zwenkau-Eythra can now with confidence be interpreted as adze shafts as well. The three finds have their slender built and obtuse hafting angle in common, posing the question if this is the regular way of hafting adzes in the Early Neolithic and to what ends these tools were used. In modern as well as prehistoric adzes the blade and handle form an acute angle, mostly between 50 and 70°, and experimental archaeology showed this to be the most effective form for wood cutting. This might suggest that the obtusely hafted adzes were used for other tasks, possibly comparable with modern chisels or planes."
Rivista di scienze …, Jan 1, 1993
Vuursteen Verzameld. Over het zoeken en onderzoeken van steentijdvondsten en -vindplaatsen, Feb 2016
Supply of raw materials
T. Otten/J. Kunow/M.M. Rind/M. Trier (eds.) Revolution Jungsteinzeit, 2015
In: R. Kelm (ed.) Archaeology and Crafts – Experiences and Experiments on traditional Skills and Handicrafts in Archaeological Open-Air Museums in Europe Albersdorfer Forschungen zur Archäologie (Husum 2015), p. 62-77, 2015
Excavations of several Early Neolithic wells with excellent preservation of the wooden lining in ... more Excavations of several Early Neolithic wells with excellent preservation of the wooden lining in the past years, have made clear that stone age woodworking already attained a very high level of perfection. This poses the question how it was possible to execute this type of work with the means available at that time. To find an answer we started an ongoing series of experiments with replicas of Neolithic stone and bone tools, to understand prehistoric craftsmanship, integrating all available archaeological evidence. Besides flawless tools the key to success lies in rediscovering the way to handle them and a serious amount of experience.
R. Smolnik (ed.), ArchaeoMontan 2014 Ergebnisse und Perspektiven, Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur sächsischen Bodendenkmalpflege, Beiheft 29, 2014 (in Druck)
Overview of the current state of research on landscape archaeology and paleoenvironmental studies... more Overview of the current state of research on landscape archaeology and paleoenvironmental studies in the Ore Mountains on the border of Germany and the Czech Republic, with a focus on palynology, dendrochronology and anthracology. We also present the first results of a case study on landscape use and development in a medieval mining district (predominantly 13th century) in the German part of the Eastern Ore Mountains near Niederpöbel (federal state of Saxony, Germany).
Geoarchaeology of mining landscapes: Concepts and experiences from the Niederpöbel area/Geomontán... more Geoarchaeology of mining landscapes: Concepts and experiences from the Niederpöbel area/Geomontánní archeologie: koncepce a zkušenosti z důlního areálu Niederpöbel
Von 2008 bis 2010 wurde beim Landesamt für Archäologie Sachsen (LfA) während einer 28 Monate daue... more Von 2008 bis 2010 wurde beim Landesamt für Archäologie Sachsen (LfA) während einer 28 Monate dauernden feinstratigrafischen Ausgrabung ein über 7000 Jahre alter Brunnen untersucht. Bei der Dokumentation kam die gesamte verfügbare technische Ausrüstung zur Erstellung einer vollständig digitalen dreidimensionalen Dokumentation zum Einsatz. In dem Beitrag wird die Vorgehensweise beschrieben, kritisch beleuchtet und mit den derzeit verfügbaren Methoden verglichen.
Vuursteen Verzameld. Over het zoeken en onderzoeken van steentijdvondsten en -vindplaatsen
Flint as a raw material
Die 3D-Funddokumentation ist seit 2005 fester Bestandteil im Landesamt für Archäologie. Bisher si... more Die 3D-Funddokumentation ist seit 2005 fester Bestandteil im Landesamt für Archäologie. Bisher sind über 9000 Objekte gescannt und dokumentiert worden. Verschiedene Projekte wie die Ausgrabung des neolithischen Brunnens von Altscherbitz, das DFG-Projekt „Automatisierte Klassifikation“ und derzeit das Ziel3-Projekt „ArchaeoMontan“ zeigen deutlich die Vorteile der hochauflösenden Digitalisierung archäologischer Funde. Mit den drei im Landesamt eingesetzten Nahbereichsscannern können nahezu alle Objektklassen digitalisiert und für die archäologische Aufarbeitung bereitgestellt werden. Die hohe Effektivität, der erhebliche Gewinn der Darstellungsgenauigkeit und die Möglichkeit komplexe Befunde rekonstruieren zu können, haben die 3D-Funddokumention seit neun Jahren als Standardanwendung fest etabliert.
R. Smolnik (ed.), ArchaeoMontan 2014 Ergebnisse und Perspektiven – Výsledky a výhledy, Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur sächsischen Bodendenkmalpflege, Beiheft 29, 2014, Oct 23, 2014
During underground rescue excavations in a medieval mining site near Niederpöbel in the Ore Mount... more During underground rescue excavations in a medieval mining site near Niederpöbel in the Ore Mountains (Saxony, Germany) several pieces of leather were found. After cleaning in the conservation department of the Archaeological Heritage Office they turned out to be a single boot and a pair of leather hose or very high boots, worn fastened to a belt. The find complex dates to the second half of the 13th century, most likely to the period between 1260 and 1280. Whereas comparable finds of boots are well known from 13th century assemblages from northern Europe, the pair of hose is until now without parallel in the archaeological record. The article is a preliminary overview of the findings in German and Czech with photographs and interpretative drawings, based on the untreated material, but it gives a good impression of the nature of the finds with some notes on similar footwear from the period from archaeological excavations and somewhat later art historical references.
This is the definite print file, uploaded in full resolution.
R. Smolnik (ed.), ArchaeoMontan 2014 Ergebnisse und Perspektiven, Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur sächsischen Bodendenkmalpflege, Beiheft 29, 2014 (in Druck) , 2014
R. Smolnik (ed.), ArchaeoMontan 2013 Krušná krajina – Erz(gebirgs)landschaft, Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur sächsischen Bodendenkmalpflege, Beiheft 28, 2014, 43-54, Oct 2014
P. Anreiter et al. (eds.) Mining in European History and its Impact on Environment and Human Societies – Proceedings for the 2nd Mining in European History Conference of the FZ HiMAT, 7.-10. November 2012, Innsbruck (Innsbruck 2013), Dec 2013
The aptly named Ore Mountains constitute one of the largest sources of a wide range of metals in ... more The aptly named Ore Mountains constitute one of the largest sources of a wide range of metals in the heart of Europe. Exploitation of the ores probably has started as early as the Bronze Age and is proven by historical and archaeological sources from the 12th century onwards. Straddling the border between the German federal state of Saxony and Bohemia, research has been mostly very localised and incidental. With the fortuitous discovery of two large medieval silver mines at Dippoldiswalde and Niederpöbel in recent years, it has become clear, mining, especially for silver, has been probably been much more widespread than previously thought. The main difficulty in studying medieval extraction lies in the fact that mining has been especially intense during Early Modern times (Agricola) and even after the second world war, obscuring traces of earlier activity. Another issue is the large extend of the area where the geological conditions make the extraction of ores possible, divided by a national border and covered extensively by dense woodland. Finding ancient mining sites resembles the search for the proverbial pin in a haystack, historical and archaeological interpretation on the basis of the few investigated sites is nearly impossible.
To counter these shortcomings, in spring 2012 a binational project for research on medieval mining was launched. Incorporating seven partners from Saxony and the Czech Republic and supported by the EU-funded Ziel 3-Program, the scope of the project is cast widely with specialist from archaeological institutions and museums at both sides of the border, the Saxony mining inspectorate, the Czech geological service as well as geoinformaticists collaborating within one team. As it would be clearly impossible to investigate the whole mountain range, covering approx. 6000 square kilometres, neighbouring reference regions were selected at both sides of the mountain crest between Chomutov at the south-eastern margin and Falkenstein/Vogtland at the western edge. Within this still very extensive area a first cursory inventory of mining is being made and selected zones are investigated in more detail.
In our talk we will focus on the means by which we are collecting data, incorporating historical documents, geological information, ancient maps, regionwide LiDAR scanning and of course old fashioned survey and field-walking, complemented by innovative documentation of the underground mines.
Where single methods are restricted in scope at the best and often even misleading, integrating as many sources as possible opens up possibilities to focus on promising areas that can be investigated in acceptable time, giving insight into the history and archaeology of one of the most traditional mining regions in Europe.
Concise overview of the most important finds from the few wells that are known from the Early Neo... more Concise overview of the most important finds from the few wells that are known from the Early Neolithic in temperate Europe.
WARNING: The version of the paper that can be downloaded here is the uncorrected proof. If you want the final version, you'll have to get the printed catalog.
As the paper was written in English and only then translated into French, I attached the manuscript for everybody like myself, whose French has gone rusty over the years.
C. Bressy, A. Burke, P. Chalard, S. Lacombe et H. Martin (eds.), Notions de territoire et de mobilité en Préhistoire: exemples de l’Europe et des premières nations en Amérique du nord avant le contact européen, 2006
As the paper was written in English and only then translated into French, I attached the manuscri... more As the paper was written in English and only then translated into French, I attached the manuscript for everybody like myself, whose French has gone rusty over the years.
This is the softproof of the paper, buy the catalogue and spot the differences. Very short note ... more This is the softproof of the paper, buy the catalogue and spot the differences.
Very short note on the Early Neolithic well of Altscherbitz near Leipzig.
As the paper was written in English and only then translated into French, I attached the manuscript for everybody like myself, whose French has gone rusty over the years.
Genetic Analyses of Bovid Remains and the Origin of Early European Cattle, 2006
Only a couple of weeks after this volume has been published it is technically out of print. The r... more Only a couple of weeks after this volume has been published it is technically out of print. The run of 300 copies clearly was too pessimistic. It is the final publication of the ArchaeoMontan 2012-2015 project and bundles two large site-reports on the excavations in the medieval mining site of Niederpöbel and the miners’ settlement in Dippoldiswalde. Additionally there are papers on historic, geological and landscape research in the Niederpöbel district as well as a report on geochemical analyses in Dippoldiswalde. The file has been quite heavily compressed as the upload of a high-resolution versions failed several times.
Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur sächsischen Bodendenkmalpflege, Beiheft 29. ISBN 978-3-943770-16-2, Oct 23, 2014
The proceedings of the final ArchaeoMontan-conference in October 2014. A bundle with 20+ contribu... more The proceedings of the final ArchaeoMontan-conference in October 2014. A bundle with 20+ contributions on all aspects of mining archaeology in the Ore Mountains/Erzgebirge (southeastern Germany/Northern Bohemia), ranging from excavations in intact Medieval silver mines in Dippoldiswalde and Niederpöbel (Saxony, Germany), a mining settlement on the Kremsiger Mountain in the Czech Republic, geology, botany, landscape archaeology and medieval history. To make the volume suitable for upload on the web, the file has been heavily compressed, which results in low resolution of the figures and plates, but at least the text is available in its integrity, following the rule ‘publicly financed research should be freely accessible’. The work was made possible by a generous grant from the European Union via the European Fund for Regional Development within the framework of the German/Czech Ziel3/Cíl3-programm.
The physical volume can be ordered at the Landesamt für Archäologie Sachsen in Dresden for 18 Euros plus postage.
Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur sächsischen Bodendenkmalpflege Beiheft 26. ISBN 978-3-943770-09-4, Sep 11, 2013
Short preliminary note on the 3D-scnning project of Roman coins with a countermark of Publius Qui... more Short preliminary note on the 3D-scnning project of Roman coins with a countermark of Publius Quinctilius Varus. The full results have been published in Tolksdorf, J.F., R. Elburg & Th. Reuter: Can 3D scanning of countermarks on Roman coins help to reconstruct the movement of Varus and his legions. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 11, 2017, 400–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.12.005
Tolksdorf, Johann Friedrich/Elburg, Rengert/Reuter, Thomas 2016: Mit dem 3D-Scanner auf den Spure... more Tolksdorf, Johann Friedrich/Elburg, Rengert/Reuter, Thomas 2016: Mit dem 3D-Scanner auf den Spuren des Varus. Archæo 12, S. 30-33.
Archäologie in Deutschland 2014-1, Jan 2014
Popular report on the experiments on Early Neolithic woodworking conducted in Ergersheim (Francon... more Popular report on the experiments on Early Neolithic woodworking conducted in Ergersheim (Franconia, Germany) in the most popular magazine on archaeology in Germany. Just two pages, but important to show that experimental archaeology is more than running around in a few rags, swinging unusable stone tools.
Vielerorts in Deutschland liegen tief unter der Erde längst vergessene jahrhundertealte Bergwerke... more Vielerorts in Deutschland liegen tief unter der Erde längst vergessene jahrhundertealte Bergwerke. Wenn bei diesen durch Starkregen oder andere Einflüsse alte Verfüllmassen in Bewegung geraten, können sich völlig unerwartet Hohlräume in Form von Tagesbrüchen auftun. Zur Sicherheit werden diese dann geöffnet, um sie fachgerecht aufzufüllen und zu verschließen – aufwältigen und verwahren, sagt der Bergman dazu. Für Archäologen bietet das Gelegenheit, solche mittelalterlichen Unterwelten zu betreten.
Archaeo, Mar 2013
Divine green - a piece of the Alps in Saxony. Article on the first alpine jadeite axe identified ... more Divine green - a piece of the Alps in Saxony. Article on the first alpine jadeite axe identified in Saxony (Germany). Also the only decent colour-photo of an artefact made of Szentgál radiolarite found Germany.
Updated with the print file.
Final version of a paper on the practical use of Early Neolithic (Bandkeramik) adzes. Experiments... more Final version of a paper on the practical use of Early Neolithic (Bandkeramik) adzes. Experiments carried out by the team of Archaeoforum in Ergersheim, Germany.
Attention: The previous version that was available here was titled "Steinbeil im Einsatz", there have been other, minor corrections an modifications too.
Very short first announcement of the excavation of the Early Neolithic (LBK) well from the Leipzi... more Very short first announcement of the excavation of the Early Neolithic (LBK) well from the Leipzi/Halle-Airport. Unfortunately, there is a typo in the title: it should read Schkeuditz instead of Skeuditz.
The date quoted is still valid, but could be established more precisely to winter/early spring 5102/5101 BC. The fills underneath the level described here were all but naturally filled in and contained several structured deposits consisting mostly of ceramics.
In March 2011 we started a series of experiments concerning woodworking in the early neolithic Li... more In March 2011 we started a series of experiments concerning woodworking in the early neolithic Linear Pottery Culture. Given that there were no parallel hafted stone hatchets but only traverse hafted adzes in that time, we carried out the first field experiment in an oak forest near Würzburg (South Germany), trying to cut down an oak of more than 40 cm diameter and approx. 20 m height with stone adzes. The attempt was successful, although we had a lot of problems with the tools, and the tree fell after about eight hours of hard work. The shavings and cut marks produced during the work correspond very well to the findings from the Bandceramic wooden wells discovered in East Germany.
Das archäologische Jahr in Bayern 2011, 2012
Archäologie Aktuell im Freistaat Sachsen 5, 1997
First publication about the late glacial drowned forest and the associated knapping places from t... more First publication about the late glacial drowned forest and the associated knapping places from the Federmesser period (final palaeolithic) of Reichwalde in Eastern Germany.
Plattform, Zeitschrift des Vereins für Pfahlbau und Heimatkunde e.v. 19/20, 2012
Concise article on the excavation of the LBK-Well from Schkeuditz-Altscherbitz. Co-authored by th... more Concise article on the excavation of the LBK-Well from Schkeuditz-Altscherbitz. Co-authored by the site technician who spent well over two years lying face down on a 20 cm wide board to excavate the fill. Text in German, but nice photos of the excavation, some finds and the first keyed mortise and tenon joint from the (Early) Neolithic.
Website accompanying a TV-report on our experiments in Neolithic woodworking in Ergersheim from t... more Website accompanying a TV-report on our experiments in Neolithic woodworking in Ergersheim from the Bavarian broadcasting company.
A couple of hundred years ago, I probably would have been burned at the stake for this, so I’m lu... more A couple of hundred years ago, I probably would have been burned at the stake for this, so I’m lucky to be living in the 21st century. In the summer of 2009 the Vatican proudly announced the grave of Saint Paul had been found in the basilica of San Paolo fuori le Mura in Rome. To get some background on this statement, the German press agency DPA phoned me to hear what I had to say on the subject. I told them there was no way to prove if the body in the grave was that of the apostle, even by means of DNA testing, as we don’t have any material to compare it to. Of course it would be possible to tell if the person buried there had been beheaded, the way Paul reputedly came to his death, but as beheading was not uncommon with the Romans, it would only be a feeble clue. The article they made out of it basically read: Pope says St Paul is found, Elburg says no. The story made quite a few headlines back then, but the most amusing effect of the thing is that if you search for ‘pope Rengert Elburg’ or better in German ‘Papst Rengert Elburg’, you actually get some meaningful results.
As the new archaeological museum of the federal state of Saxony in Germany (Staatliches Museum fü... more As the new archaeological museum of the federal state of Saxony in Germany (Staatliches Museum für Archäologie Chemnitz/SMAC) was opened in May 2014, the local paper devoted its weekend supplement to the event. As this supplement always has a piece of human interest in it, I was singled out to give an interview and represent the heritage office as the typical enthusiastic field archaeologist.
Archaeology Magazine Nov/Dec 2014, Oct 14, 2014
Article in Archaeology Magazine about the experimental archaeological work on Early Neolithic woo... more Article in Archaeology Magazine about the experimental archaeological work on Early Neolithic woodworking I have been coordinating in the past four years. Besides the Article, there's also a video available.
The movie shows working fresh oak wood with a stone adze hafted in an angle of 115° like the ear... more The movie shows working fresh oak wood with a stone adze hafted in an angle of 115° like the early neolithic find from the bandceramic well of Altscherbitz (Saxony, Germany) during the 2nd Ergersheim Experiment in March 2012.
For the publication of the archaeological original find see the paper "Eine Dechselklinge mit Schäftungsresten aus dem bandkeramischen Brunnen von Altscherbitz"
Very nice blog entry as a reaction on our article "Early Neolithic Water Wells Reveal the World’s... more Very nice blog entry as a reaction on our article "Early Neolithic Water Wells Reveal the World’s Oldest Wood Architecture" focussing on exactly the points we deemed important.
Antike Welt: Zeitschrift für Archäologie und Kulturgeschichte
"Short note on four cremation graves from the Middle Neolithic Stroked Ware Pottery, one of which... more "Short note on four cremation graves from the Middle Neolithic Stroked Ware Pottery, one of which was reburied in the Bronze Age.
More information on this rare type of graves can be found in Spehr, R. (2000). Seltene neolithische Grabfunde an der Elbe bei Riesa. Archäologie aktuell im Freistaat Sachsen, 6.1998/99, 60–71."
Announcement in a popular magazine on the tusked tenon joints in the base frame of the Early Neol... more Announcement in a popular magazine on the tusked tenon joints in the base frame of the Early Neolithic site of Altscherbitz. There's one major typo in the text, which dates the Linear Pottery Culture to 6000-4700, which is of course complete humbug and should read 5600-4900 or more precisely in the region 5500-5000. The mistake wasn't present in the manuscript and must have occurred during typesetting.
Archäologie in Deutschland 2010, 2
The magazine 'Archäologie in Deutschland' is the most widely read popular magazine on Archeology ... more The magazine 'Archäologie in Deutschland' is the most widely read popular magazine on Archeology in Germany. The short notices on current work in the federal states is the best showcase you (and the archaeological service you are working for) can get. As they are so extremely condensed, it's like writing a haiku. During the excavation of the Early Neolithic well from the Leipzig airport near Altscherbitz, three short announcements were published.
The third small article is devoted to the containers made out of bark, quite unique finds, only known from the few Bandceramic wells with good organic preservation found so far.
The magazine 'Archäologie in Deutschland' is the most widely read popular magazine on Archaology ... more The magazine 'Archäologie in Deutschland' is the most widely read popular magazine on Archaology in Germany. The short notices on current work in the federal states is the best showcase you (and the archaeological service you are working for) can get. As they are so extremely condensed, it's like writing a haiku. During the excavation of the Early Neolithic well from the Leipzig airport, three short announcements were published.
This second notice concerns the adze blade with rests of the hafting, which was published in more detail as "Eine Dechselklinge mit Schäftungsresten aus dem bandkeramischen Brunnen von Altscherbitz", also available here on Academia.edu.
Archäologie in Deutschland 2008, 4
"The magazine 'Archäologie in Deutschland' is the most widely read popular magazine on Archaology... more "The magazine 'Archäologie in Deutschland' is the most widely read popular magazine on Archaology in Germany. The short notices on current work in the federal states is the best showcase you (and the archaeological service you are working for) can get. As they are so extremely condensed, it's like writing a haiku. During the excavation of the Early Neolithic well from the Leipzig airport, three short announcements were published.
This first one was written at the start of the work, as not much could be told yet."
by Antonie Bassing-Kontopidis, Diane Scherzler, Lisa Deutscher, Cyril Dworsky, Rengert Elburg, Raimund Karl, Holger Kieburg, Carmen Löw, Katharina Möller, Guido Nockemann, Christiane Ochs, Kristin Oswald, Jochen Reinhard, Werner M Schön, Rainer Schreg, Frank Siegmund, László Matthias Simon-Nanko, Christoph Unglaub, Jochim Weise, Jutta Zerres, and Chiara Zuanni
Die Tübinger Thesen zur Archäologie entstanden im Kontext der Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellsc... more Die Tübinger Thesen zur Archäologie entstanden im Kontext der Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ur- und Frühgeschichte e. V. (DGUF): "Schafft sich die Öffentlichkeit eine andere Archäologie? Analysen einer Machtverschiebung" im Mai 2015 in Tübingen. Die Tagung war geprägt von einer sich durch die Vorträge und Diskussionen ziehenden gemeinsamen Stimmung und Überzeugung: Die Archäologien sind gegenwärtig erfasst von einem umfassenden gesellschaftlichen Wandlungsprozess, in dem die Akteure klug handeln sollten, wenn sie weiterhin oder wieder integraler Bestandteil der Gesellschaft sein wollen, ausgestattet mit einer angemessenen finanziellen, personellen und regulativen Basis. Die Tübinger Thesen zur Archäologie richten sich an alle Kolleginnen und Kollegen in archäologischer Forschung und Lehre, in Denkmalpflege und Museen. Die Thesen wollen wichtige Aspekte der von den Tagungsteilnehmern identifizierten Prozesse thematisieren und Denkanstöße geben.
Blickpunkt Archäologie 2013 - 1, Sep 2013
Consise portrait of the German Association for pre- and protohistory in the first issue of the jo... more Consise portrait of the German Association for pre- and protohistory in the first issue of the journal of the Deutscher Verband für Archäologie.
Catalogue in the form of a newspaper for a temporary exhibition on Early Neolithic wells in Saxon... more Catalogue in the form of a newspaper for a temporary exhibition on Early Neolithic wells in Saxony (Germany) I curated together with Harald Stäuble.
The exhibition was shown in the Stadtgeschichtliches Museum Leipzig 24.02. - 11.04.2010 & the Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte, Japanisches Palais Dresden 22.10.2010 – 27.02.2011.
Heavily compressed and reduced to A4 for easy download. If you want a hard-copy of the paper, just drop me a line.
Poster on the use of ancient maps for the localization and dating of archaeological mining comple... more Poster on the use of ancient maps for the localization and dating of archaeological mining complexes. Three examples of certain or possibly medieval mining sites in the federal state of Saxony, Germany. Poster presented on the 2013 ESRI international user conference, July 8-12 2013, San Diego (CA), USA. Cooperation of the Saxony Archaeological Heritage Office (Landesamt für Archäologie), Dresden, Germany and the Univerzita Jana Evangelisty Purkyně, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic in the ArchaeoMontan project on mining archaeology in the Ore Mountains.
Scaled down to A3 as the original in A0 would have been to large to upload.
by Diane Scherzler, Lisa Deutscher, Cyril Dworsky, Rengert Elburg, Raimund Karl, Katharina Möller, Guido Nockemann, Christiane Ochs, Kristin Oswald, Jochen Reinhard, Werner M Schön, Frank Siegmund, Christoph Unglaub, Jochim Weise, Jutta Zerres, and Chiara Zuanni
(translation of / traduction de "Tübinger Thesen zur Archäologie") The Tübingen theses on archae... more (translation of / traduction de "Tübinger Thesen zur Archäologie")
The Tübingen theses on archaeology grew from the annual meeting of the German Society for Pre & Proto-history: „Does the public create itself a different archaeology? Analyses of a power shift”, held in May, 2015 in Tübingen, Germany. Throughout the lectures and discussions, a common conviction emerged that archaeology is seized currently by a widespread process of social change. An intelligent reaction is required to ensure that the importance of the discipline continues to be generally recognized and granted appropriate financial, administrative and regulatory support. The Tübingen theses on archaeology are addressed to all colleagues active in research and teaching, the preservation of monuments and in museums. The theses seek to conceptualize important aspects of the processes identified by the conference members and to stimulate debate. //
Les thèses de Tübingen sur l‘archéologie sont apparues dans le cadre de la Conférence Annuelle du Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ur- und Frühgeschichte e. V. (DGUF - Société Allemande pour la Pré- et Protohistoire): “Le public crée-t-il une nouvelle archéologie? Analyse d‘un changement de pouvoir”, qui s‘est tenue en mai 2015 à Tübingen, en Allemagne. Au fil des discussions et des conférences, une conviction commune est apparue, selon laquelle un processus général de transformation sociale s’est emparé de l’archéologie aujourd’hui. Une réaction intelligente s’impose afin de garantir que l’importance de la discipline continue à être reconnue de façon générale et que lui soient attribués les moyens financiers, administratifs et légaux appropriés. Les thèses de Tübingen sur l‘archéologie sont destinées à tous les confrères, actifs dans la recherche et l’enseignement, dans la conservation des monuments et dans les musées. Dans ces thèses, on s’emploiera à conceptualiser des aspects importants des processus identifiés par les membres de la conférence et à stimuler le débat.
The European Archaeologist 38, Nov 2012
R. Smolnik (Hrsg.) ArchaeoMontan 2012. Erkunden – Erfassen – Erforschen/Pruzkum – Evidence – Interpretace. Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur sächsischen Bodendenkmalpflege, Beiheft 26 (Dresden 2013) 7–17., 2013
Poster; EVA Berlin 2014, Nov 5, 2014
Smolnik (ed.): Silberrausch und Berggeschrey. Archäologie des mittelalterlichen Bergbaus in Sachsen und Böhmen/ Stříbrná horečka a volání hor. Archeologie středověkého hornictví v Sasku a Čechách, Jun 2014
The European Archaeologist - Issue No. 39: Summer 2013 30-31, May 2013
5th International Congress of Hellenic Speleological Society "Cave Development, Evolution and Environment" Athens - Crete 7-11 November 1994, Jan 1, 1994
Introduction in a volume of papers of a conference on production, use and status of stone adzes a... more Introduction in a volume of papers of a conference on production, use and status of stone adzes and axes
Poster for the NAMHO conference in Aberystwyth 2013 prepared together with Ivonne Burghardt and C... more Poster for the NAMHO conference in Aberystwyth 2013 prepared together with Ivonne Burghardt and Chr. Hemker
R. Elburg, D. Scherzler, E. Claßen, editorial, Archäologische Informationen 35, 2012, 3
6th experiment weekend on Neolithic woodworking, this time testing several axe types, splitting &... more 6th experiment weekend on Neolithic woodworking, this time testing several axe types, splitting & making boards, making a haft from ash wood and much more (including a lot of broken tools ...)
Thomas Reuter, Johann Friedrich Tolksdorf & Rengert Elburg - Für eine Handvoll Asse – Drei Männer... more Thomas Reuter, Johann Friedrich Tolksdorf & Rengert Elburg - Für eine Handvoll Asse – Drei Männer und ein Scanner auf den Spuren des Varus. Pilot-film for a high resolution 3D-scanning project on coins countermarked with the stamp of Publius Quinctilius Varus. By recording the wear of the stamp, we hope to establish a chronological series and with it trace the movements of Varus and his legions in the months before the famous battle of the Teutoburger wald.
Historical introduction/image reel for the ArchaeoMontan project as well as the resulting exhibit... more Historical introduction/image reel for the ArchaeoMontan project as well as the resulting exhibition. Great animations from the guys at echtzeitmedia: for the modelling of the Kremsiger-site the real DTM based on airborne laserscans was used. Sorry for the fact that there is no English version, but the project was focussed on the Czech/German Ore Mountains/Erzgebirge,
Nach den ersten Silberfunden bei Christiansdorf, dem späteren Freiberg in Sachsen, um 1168 bricht... more Nach den ersten Silberfunden bei Christiansdorf, dem späteren Freiberg in Sachsen, um 1168 bricht im Erzgebirge das Silberfieber aus. Später wird diese Epoche als das "Erste Berggeschrey" bekannt werden. Prospektoren, auf der Suche nach weiteren Erzvorkommen, durchstreiften die Hügel und Täler. Wie man sich diese Silbersuche vorzustellen hat, zeigt dieser kurze Filmbeitrag des Ziel3-Projektes ArchaeoMontan zur Geologie und mittelalterlichen Prospektion.
Reliable dating of finds and contexts is one of the central aspects in Archaeology. The most prec... more Reliable dating of finds and contexts is one of the central aspects in Archaeology. The most precise method to achieve this is dendrochronology, which can provide dating down to the year for the past 14.000 years. This short film, which is available in German and Czech, explains the method illustrated by the application to medieval mining in the Ore Mountains, where numerous timbers have been preserved in an excellent condition. With many thanks to the German Archaeological Institute in the person of Thorsten Westphal, echtzeit-media and the ArchaeoMontan team.
Film about the cooperation of the Mining Inspectorate (Oberbergamt) and the Archaeological Herita... more Film about the cooperation of the Mining Inspectorate (Oberbergamt) and the Archaeological Heritage Office (Landesamt für Archäologie) in the study of the Medieval mining in Saxony. Made for the ArchaeoMontan Project on Medieval mining in the German/Czech Ore Mountains. There is also a Czech version of the film which can be found on the ArchaeoMontan YouTube-Channel.
Homepage on the continuing series of experiments in Neolithic woodworking
The idea of the guys writing and drawing the in the Netherlands very popular cartoons about 'Fokk... more The idea of the guys writing and drawing the in the Netherlands very popular cartoons about 'Fokke and Sukke' was to have specialists write short pieces accompanying a drawing. The cartoon I was given has only in the slightest way any relevance to archaeology, but it was still a very fun project. The book, completely in Dutch can still be bought. All revenues go to a charity.
Published as L. Albrecht/R. Elburg, Stiefel und Lersen als Bergmannsbekleidung aus dem späten 13.... more Published as L. Albrecht/R. Elburg, Stiefel und Lersen als Bergmannsbekleidung aus dem späten 13. Jahrhundert / Holínky a kožené nohavice jako oděv horníků z pozdního 13. století. In: R. Smolnik (Hrsg.) ArchaeoMontan 2014. Ergebnisse und Perspektiven – Výsledky a výhledy. Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur sächsischen Bodendenkmalpflege. Beiheft 29 (Dresden 2014) 229–241.
Published as I. Burghardt/R. Elburg, Bergbauliche Unternehmungen des Zisterzienserklosters Grünha... more Published as I. Burghardt/R. Elburg, Bergbauliche Unternehmungen des Zisterzienserklosters Grünhain (Erzgebirge) im 13. und 14. Jahrhundert – Quellenkritische Untersuchungen und archäologische Prospektionen / Důlní podnikání cisterciáckého kláštera Grünhain v Krušných horách ve 13. a 14. století – kritické studium pramenů a archeologický průzkum. In: R. Smolnik (Hrsg.) ArchaeoMontan 2014. Ergebnisse und Perspektiven – Výsledky a výhledy. Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur sächsischen Bodendenkmalpflege. Beiheft 29 (Dresden 2014) 267–279.
With archaeological ceramics, fragmentation is the rule, complete pots are the exception. Intact ... more With archaeological ceramics, fragmentation is the rule, complete pots are the exception. Intact vessels are mostly found in 'special' contexts, be it as grave goods or, much less frequent, as depositions outside the realm of funerary practices. Hardly ever the two states are encountered within the same context.
From a Linear Ceramic well near Leipzig (Germany), dating shortly after 5100 denBC, a unique mixture of fragmented and undamaged material could be recovered. The depositions were found in a well that was disused as a source of water but anything but abandoned. After a first phase of infilling five separate episodes of deposition took place, mostly consisting of ceramics. Between the assemblages placed in the well clear differences can be distinguished in the type of material and form in which it was deposited. One of the most striking features is the use of fragemented material in several deposits, which show every sign of enchainment and further use in different contexts. Another striking feature is the deposition of newly made vessels alongside repaired pots and two speciments that were 'rejuvenated' by redecoration with a organic coating, showing all aspects of a hitherto hardly known life-cycle of Early Neolithic ceramics.
"Die als Block geborgenen unteren 3,5 Meter des insgesamt sieben Meter tiefen bandkeramischen Bru... more "Die als Block geborgenen unteren 3,5 Meter des insgesamt sieben Meter tiefen bandkeramischen Brunnens von Altscherbitz (Lkr. Nordsachsen) eignen sich hervorragend für eine taphonomische Fallstudie. Durch die Lagerung der unteren Schichtpakete unter dem Grundwasserspiegel sind postdepositionale Prozesse nur in sehr geringem Maße vorhanden, sodass die Thanathocoenose nach gut 7000 Jahren in fast unveränderter Form zu uns gekommen ist.
Dank der speziell auf Fragestellungen nach Verfüllprozessen und Fundvergesellschaftungen ausgerichteten feinstratigraphischen Grabungs- und Dokumentationsmethodik werden viele Details der Taphonomie angesprochen. Bislang konnten innerhalb des Brunnenkastens drei Schichtpakete unterschieden werden: Im oberen Teil natürliche Einschwemmschichten, die kaum noch anthropogene Einflüsse aufweisen.
Unterhalb dieses Materials fand sich ein, aus mehreren Schichten aufgebautes, aktiv anthropogen eingebrachtes, Verfüllpaket, das größere Mengen an Funden enthielt. In dem unteren Abschnitt der Verfüllung, der sich zurzeit (Anfang 2010) noch in Ausgrabung befindet, scheint das Material unter Wasser abgelagert zu sein und könnte somit aus der Gebrauchsphase des Brunnens stammen.
Die bereits in Bearbeitung befindlichen (Makrobotanik) und noch vorzunehmenden naturwissenschaftlichen (Palynologie, Mikromorphologie anhand Dünnschliff en, Archäozoologie) Untersuchungen werden dieses Bild noch weiter präzisieren. Ein anderer wichtiger Aspekt ist die Zusammensetzung der Funde. Aus der ‚aktiven’ Verfüllung wurde eine große Zahl Keramikgefäße geborgen. Hierbei finden sich neben völlig unversehrten Gefäßen auch solche, die geflickt wurden oder sogar in zerscherbten Zustand deponiert sind und die Fragen nach dem Umgang mit Keramik und deren Wertigkeit in der bandkeramischen Gesellschaft aufkommen lassen."
The aptly named Ore Mountains constitute one of the largest sources of a wide range of metals in ... more The aptly named Ore Mountains constitute one of the largest sources of a wide range of metals in the heart of Europe. Exploitation of the ores probably has started as early as the Bronze Age and is proven by historical and archaeological sources from the 12th century onwards. Straddling the border between the German federal state of Saxony and Bohemia, research has been mostly very localised and incidental. With the fortuitous discovery of two large medieval silver mines at Dippoldiswalde and Niederpöbel in recent years, it has become clear, mining, especially for silver, has been much more widespread than previously documented. The main difficulty in studying medieval extraction lies in the fact that mining has been especially intense during Early Modern times (Agricola) and even after the Second World War, obscuring traces of earlier activity. Another issue is the large extent of the area where the geological conditions make the extraction of ores possible, divided by a national border and predominantly covered by dense woodland. Finding ancient mining sites resembles the search for the proverbial pin in a haystack, historical and archaeological interpretation on the basis of the few investigated sites is nearly impossible.
To counter these shortcomings, in spring 2012 a binational project for research on medieval mining was launched, “ArchaeoMontan”. Incorporating seven partners from Saxony and the Czech Republic and supported by the EU-funded Ziel 3-Program, the scope of the project is cast widely with specialists from archaeological institutions and museums at both sides of the border, the Saxony mining inspectorate, the Czech geological service as well as geoinformaticists collaborating within one team. As it would be clearly impossible to investigate the whole mountain range, covering approx. 6000 square kilometers, neighboring reference regions were selected at both sides of the mountain crest between Chomutov at the south-eastern margin and Falkenstein/Vogtland at the western edge. Within this still very extensive area a first cursory inventory of mining is being made and selected zones are investigated in more detail.
In our contribution we will focus on the means by which we are collecting data, incorporating historical documents, geological information, ancient maps, region-wide LiDAR scanning and of course tried-and-trusted survey and field-walking, complemented by innovative documentation of the underground mines.
Where single methods are restricted in scope at the best and often even misleading, integrating as many sources as possible opens up possibilities to focus on promising areas that can be investigated in acceptable time, giving insight into the history and archaeology of one of the most traditional mining regions in Europe.
Bei allen Formen von Typologie und Klassifikation bleibt fast immer die Frage offen, in wie weit ... more Bei allen Formen von Typologie und Klassifikation bleibt fast immer die Frage offen, in wie weit die jetzigen Einteilung sich deckt mit den Absichten der Hersteller. Nur in sehr wenigen Fällen kann überprüft werden, ob tatsächlich die archäologischen, etischen, Typen identisch sind mit den emischen Geräten. Ein geradezu klassisches Beispiel für diese Problematik stellen die frühneolithischen geschliffenen Felsgesteingeräten dar, welche traditionell nach dem Höhen-Breiten-Verhältnis eingeteilt werden. Ob diese relativ deutlichen, aber sich doch überschneidenden metrischen Gruppen dem Rohmaterial geschuldet sind, kulturellen Einteilungen unterliegen oder tatsächlich auf eine unterschiedliche Funktion deuten, lässt sich aus dem Fundmaterial selber heraus nicht abschließend klären. Anhand der Bearbeitungsspuren der hervorragend erhaltenen Bauhölzer des bandkeramischen Brunnens von Altscherbitz (Lkr. Nordsachsen) und deren Dokumentation mittels hochauflösender Laserscans kann jetzt nachgewiesen werden, dass es sich bei den „Flachhacken“ und „Schuhleistenkeilen“ tatsächlich um Geräte mit unterschiedlicher Funktion handelt.
Vielschichtiges Neolithikum – Die feinstratigraphische Ausgrabung eines bandkeramischen Brunnens ... more Vielschichtiges Neolithikum – Die feinstratigraphische Ausgrabung eines bandkeramischen Brunnens
Stratigraphie ist der Basis jeder Grabung und jeder Befund ist teil einer Stratigraphie. Aus vielen Gründen, sei es durch Sedimenteigenschaften oder postdepositionale Überprägung, ist diese Stratigraphie jedoch manchmal kaum fassbar. In solchen Fällen helfen nur feinste Grabungstechniken, wie sie z. B. bei paläolithischen Höhlengrabungen angewandt werden. Für diese Feinarbeit fehlen meistens die Zeit und Mitteln, sodass ein einfaches Profil häufig die einzige Dokumentationsmethode bleibt. Wie vielschichtig ein Befund ohne auf dem ersten Blick erkennbare Stratigraphie dennoch sein kann, zeigte sich bei der Grabung unter Laborbedingungen eines bandkeramischen Brunnens in den vergangenen Jahren.
Um die Vergleichbarkeit mit bereits vorher in Sachsen gegrabenen frühneolithischen Brunnen herzustellen wurde anfänglich ein technisch und dokumentatorisch wenig aufwändiges Grabungsverfahren mit Plana und Teilprofilen durchgeführt. Durchgehende Überprüfung der Dokumentation zeigte, dass hierdurch möglicherweise wichtige latente Strukturen nicht ausreichend erfasst wurden. Nach und nach wurde die Grabungstechnik angepasst, um die Komplexität des Befundes gerecht zu werden. Hierbei stand immer das Verständnis der Ablagerungsprozesse und Fundvergesellschaftung im Vordergrund, statt ein stures ‚Graben nach Schema F’.
Auf dieser Weise konnten bereits während der Grabung drei Sedimentpakete unterschieden werden, die unter unterschiedlichen Bedingungen innerhalb des Brunnenschachtes abgelagert waren. Bei der Aufbereitung und Auswertung der Dokumentation können jetzt diese Unterschiede mit Ablagerungsprozessen verknüpft werden und dienen als Basis für die taphonomische Analyse des Fundinhalts. Es zeigen sich auffällige Unterschiede in der Menge und Art der Funde innerhalb der drei Haupt-Pakete und aufgrund der Verteilung der Funde und organischen Reste können feinere Schichten definiert werden. Es entsteht ein sehr differenziertes Bild der Verfüllung, das einmalige Einblicke in das Leben vor 7000 Jahren erlaubt.
Vielschichtiges Neolithikum – Die feinstratigraphische Ausgrabung eines bandkeramischen Brunnens ... more Vielschichtiges Neolithikum – Die feinstratigraphische Ausgrabung eines bandkeramischen Brunnens
Stratigraphie ist der Basis jeder Grabung und jeder Befund ist teil einer Stratigraphie. Aus vielen Gründen, sei es durch Sedimenteigenschaften oder postdepositionale Überprägung, ist diese Stratigraphie jedoch manchmal kaum fassbar. In solchen Fällen helfen nur feinste Grabungstechniken, wie sie z. B. bei paläolithischen Höhlengrabungen angewandt werden. Für diese Feinarbeit fehlen meistens die Zeit und Mitteln, sodass ein einfaches Profil häufig die einzige Dokumentationsmethode bleibt. Wie vielschichtig ein Befund ohne auf dem ersten Blick erkennbare Stratigraphie dennoch sein kann, zeigte sich bei der Grabung unter Laborbedingungen eines bandkeramischen Brunnens in den vergangenen Jahren.
Um die Vergleichbarkeit mit bereits vorher in Sachsen gegrabenen frühneolithischen Brunnen herzustellen wurde anfänglich ein technisch und dokumentatorisch wenig aufwändiges Grabungsverfahren mit Plana und Teilprofilen durchgeführt. Durchgehende Überprüfung der Dokumentation zeigte, dass hierdurch möglicherweise wichtige latente Strukturen nicht ausreichend erfasst wurden. Nach und nach wurde die Grabungstechnik angepasst, um die Komplexität des Befundes gerecht zu werden. Hierbei stand immer das Verständnis der Ablagerungsprozesse und Fundvergesellschaftung im Vordergrund, statt ein stures ‚Graben nach Schema F’.
Auf dieser Weise konnten bereits während der Grabung drei Sedimentpakete unterschieden werden, die unter unterschiedlichen Bedingungen innerhalb des Brunnenschachtes abgelagert waren. Bei der Aufbereitung und Auswertung der Dokumentation können jetzt diese Unterschiede mit Ablagerungsprozessen verknüpft werden und dienen als Basis für die taphonomische Analyse des Fundinhalts. Es zeigen sich auffällige Unterschiede in der Menge und Art der Funde innerhalb der drei Haupt-Pakete und aufgrund der Verteilung der Funde und organischen Reste können feinere Schichten definiert werden. Es entsteht ein sehr differenziertes Bild der Verfüllung, das einmalige Einblicke in das Leben vor 7000 Jahren erlaubt.
"Von Anfang 2008 bis Mitte 2010 fand im Landesamt für Archäologie in Dresden die Ausgrabung eines... more "Von Anfang 2008 bis Mitte 2010 fand im Landesamt für Archäologie in Dresden die Ausgrabung eines neolithischen Brunnens statt. Der im Zuge des Ausbaus des Leipziger Flughafens bei Ausgrabungen in Altscherbitz gefundene 7100 Jahre alte Anlage wurde als Block geborgen, von Leipzig nach Dresden transportiert und dort innerhalb von 28 Monaten ausgegraben. In der etwa 30m³ umfassenden Verfüllung wurden über 7500 Funde und Proben dokumentiert. Die genaue tachymetrische Vermessung, fotografische Dokumentation und das Scannen mit dem hauseigenen 3D-Laserscanner Konica Minolta VI-910 bilden die Grundlage für die virtuelle Konstruktion des Befundes.
Mit dem Ziel zunächst nur ein 3D-Modell der Brunnenkonstruktion aufzubauen, wurde eine Methodik entwickelt, die es erlaubte, grabungsbegleitend alle Hölzer zeitnah, zerstörungsfrei und vollständig dreidimensional zu dokumentieren. Im Laufe des Projektes wuchs der Umfang der räumlichen Informationen, die in den virtuellen Brunnen integriert wurden, stetig an und der Anspruch an das dreidimensionale Modell ging schnell über die reine Visualisierung hinaus. Durch die Integrierung von Informationen z.B. der Stratigraphie, der dendrologischen Untersuchungen, Berechnungen zu Volumina von Aushüben und Verfüllung oder zur Lage aller Funde (als gescanntes Modell oder zumindest als generalisiertes Objekt), bildet das 3D-Modell jetzt eine wichtige Grundlage für die wissenschaftliche Auswertung und letztendlich der Generierung archäologischen Wissens.
Nicht nur der virtuelle Befund in seiner Gesamtheit, sondern auch die einzelnen hochauflösenden 3D-Modelle der etwa 180 Hölzer an sich haben wichtige Erkenntnisse zur Holzbearbeitung im frühen Neolithikum geliefert, die dann z.B. in praktischen Experimenten nachvollzogen wurden bzw. noch werden sollen. Die 3D-Dokumentation brachte des Weiteren eine beträchtliche Zeitersparnis bei der Katalogerstellung mit sich. So konnten die Abbildungen, der dazugehörige Holzkatalog, mit stilisierten Computergrafiken und dazugehörigen Profilen aus TroveSketch, bereits 5 Monate nach Ende der Grabung fertig gestellt werden.
Die noch laufende Aufarbeitung der gesammelten Informationen lassen weitere Erkenntnisse über Bautechnik, Holzwirtschaft und gesellschaftliche Organisation in Mitteldeutschland zur Zeit des frühen Neolithikums erwarten.
Die Präsentation stellt die entwickelte Methodik zur grabungsbegleitenden 3D-Dokumentation vor, die zurzeit auch bei einem mittelalterlichen Brunnen in Mittelsachsen und montanarchäologischen Untersuchungen im Erzgebirge erfolgreich Anwendung findet. Es werden Vorteile und Probleme aufgezeigt und Ergebnisse der laufenden Analysen vorgestellt."
Das treffend benannte Erzgebirge auf der deutsch-tschechischen Grenze stellt einer der reichsten ... more Das treffend benannte Erzgebirge auf der deutsch-tschechischen Grenze stellt einer der reichsten Quellen von Silber- und Zinnerzen im Herzen Europas dar. Bekannt wurde das Gebiet durch die detaillierten frühneuzeitlichen Bergbaubeschreibungen von Georg Agricola in seinem Werk „De re metallica libri XII“. Der Bergbau auf verschiedene Erze ging jedoch bereits viel früher um, auch wenn der Nachweis prähistorischer Metallgewinnung sich noch immer als problematisch darstellt. Die erste historische Erwähnung betrifft reiche Funde von Silbererzen in 1168 beim sächsischen Freiberg, mit denen ein wahrhafter ‚Silberrausch’ ausgelöst wurde. Insgesamt müsste jedoch das Erzgebirge montanarchäologisch, speziell was mittelalterlichen Bergbau angeht, bislang als eher schlecht
erschlossen gelten Diese Situation änderte sich erst als in den vergangenen Jahren unter der sächsischen Kleinstadt Dippoldiswalde ausgedehnte Grubenanlagen entdeckt wurden. Nach einem Hochwasser taten sich an verschiedenen Stellen inmitten der Ortsbebauung tiefe Löcher auf, die Zugang gaben zu völlig unbekannten Bergbaurelikten. Im Rahmen der Sicherungsarbeiten durch das sächsische Oberbergamt ergab sich Mitarbeitern des Landesamtes für Archäologie die Möglichkeit die Hohlräume zu untersuchen, die sich als unüberprägte Überreste des mittelalterlichen Silberabbaus herausstellten. Seit 2008 stellt die Montanarchäologie deshalb in Sachsen einen Schwerpunkt der denkmalpflegerischen Arbeit dar. In dem Vortrag wird ein Überblick des bisherigen Forschungsstandes gegeben, der Schwerpunkt liegt jedoch auf der Präsentation der aktuellen Ausgrabungen.
Talk given at a workshop at the famous Bronze and Iron Age salt mines of Hallstatt (Austria) on t... more Talk given at a workshop at the famous Bronze and Iron Age salt mines of Hallstatt (Austria) on the possibilities of recording archaeological wood with different 3D-techniques.
General talk on Early Neolithic woodworking as recorded on the timbers of a Bandceramic well from... more General talk on Early Neolithic woodworking as recorded on the timbers of a Bandceramic well from the Leipzig area in Germany with reference to several experiments on Neolithic woodworking over the last years.
A talk I gave at a workshop of the EUROEVOL project at the UCL Institute of Archaeology in London... more A talk I gave at a workshop of the EUROEVOL project at the UCL Institute of Archaeology in London on the (im)possibilities of recognizing erratic flint from a Central European point of view. As the Nordic/Baltic flint found in the glacial till all over the North European Plain hasn’t been described in any detail, it is completely impossible to classify Cretaceous flint from archaeological contexts in this very large region. This is a well-known problem and a daunting task, which nobody tackled yet, but has to be attempted somehow, as otherwise we will always stay blind on the eye looking north.
I should have written up these ideas for the final publication of the meeting, but as so often a change of employment kept me occupied with a very large set of completely different problems.
The first fully Neolithic culture of Central Europe, the Linear Pottery Culture or Linienbandkera... more The first fully Neolithic culture of Central Europe, the Linear Pottery Culture or Linienbandkeramik in German, is widely regarded as one of the best investigated archaeological cultures in Central Europe. The phenomenon, dating from the second half of the 6th millennium, is known from a wide area, ranging from the Ukrainian Plain in the East to the Paris Basin in the West and from the coast of the Baltic Sea to the foothills of the Alps. It seems the whole "Neolithic package" with stock breeding, agriculture, sedentary life in small villages or groups of homesteads consisting of several longhouses and the use of ceramics and polished stone tools was imported from Southeast-Europe in one go, directly from the beginning.
Tens of thousands of settlements belonging to this epoch are know and literally thousands have been (partly) investigated by excavation. These settlements lie normally on well drained, fertile and easily-worked loess soils, in sight distance of smaller water courses.
Even if it is one of the best known archaeological epochs, numerous questions remain to be answered. One of the most prominent among these is the problem of the status of the few wells that are known from this period. Although the number of wells found during excavation is growing since the first spectacular find in 1990, they are conspicuously absent in most settlements. And in those cases where they are present, there is mostly only one well that has been in use for some decennia, whereas the settlements were usually occupied for several centuries. Recently, two opposing schools of thought regarding the status of these wells are being established. On the one hand there are those who see them as an integral part of the Neolithic package, integrated in the daily infrastructure of the settlements and explain their scarcity in the (published) archaeological record as a result of inadequate excavation techniques. The opposite view is to see them as non-utilitarian features, whose water was used for special purposes.
In the first part of this presentation, an overview of the scarce evidence available from the nearly two dozen known wells from this period is given. In the second part, new insights into the status and possible use of these Early Neolithic wells, gathered from the recent excavation of one of these features, is presented. This new find from the Leipzig area in Central Germany was block-lifted and subsequently excavated under laboratory conditions by the Archaeological Service of Saxony. The research was carried out to explicitly answer questions pertaining to construction, use and abandonment of the excellently preserved construction. A large amount of finds from the infilling of the shaft that can be characterized as structured deposits, indicate that the well, after loosing its function of water supply, still had a special position within the prehistoric community.
Welche handwerklichen Fähigkeiten besaßen die ersten Bauern in Zentraleuropa vor etwa 7000 Jahren... more Welche handwerklichen Fähigkeiten besaßen die ersten Bauern in Zentraleuropa vor etwa 7000 Jahren? Diese Frage lässt sich nicht einfach beantworten, da Spuren aus dieser Zeit rar sind. Rekonstruierbare Hausgrundrisse zeigen uns aber, dass sie ausgezeichnete Zimmerleute gewesen sein müssen. Die nahezu einzigen Quellen für Funde aus vergänglichem organischen Material aus der Zeit um 5000 v. Chr. sind die wenigen bislang gefundenen Brunnen.
Am 8. Juli 2014 um 19 Uhr ist der gebürtige Niederländer Rengert Elburg vom Landesamt für Archäologie in Sachen, Spezialist für ökologische Vor- und Frühgeschichte und Experte für experimentelle Archäologie zu Gast im Museum der Westlausitz. Er wird über diese Funde berichten und dabei besonders die Untersuchungen des Brunnens von Altscherbitz bei Leipzig präsentieren. Durch die Bergung als enormer Block mit einem Gewicht von mehr als 70 Tonnen und die anschließende Ausgrabung unter Laborbedingungen konnte eine Fülle von organischen Materialien geborgen werden. Die exzellente Erhaltung der Konstruktionshölzer und die zur Verfügung stehende 3D-Lasertechnologie machten es möglich, Arbeitsspuren und Funde in einem bislang einmaligen Detailreichtum zu dokumentieren.
Anschließende experimentalarchäologische Versuche werfen, zusammen mit den reichhaltigen Funden, ein komplett neues Licht auf die handwerklichen Fähigkeiten der ersten Bauern in Mitteleuropa.
Die erste vollneolithische Kultur Mitteleuropas, die Bandkeramik, gehört zu den best erforschen a... more Die erste vollneolithische Kultur Mitteleuropas, die Bandkeramik, gehört zu den best erforschen archäologischen Epochen. Durch die Vorliebe der Bandkeramiker für die fruchtbaren, gut bearbeitbaren Lössböden sind die Hinterlassenschaften aus dieser Zeit jedoch eher schütter. Von den imposanten, bis zu 50 Meter langen, Langhäusern haben sich nicht mehr als Verfärbungen erhalten. Auch das ehemals sicherlich reichhaltige Fundspektrum ist durch die schlechten Konservierungsbedingungen in Mineralböden reduziert auf Stein, Keramik und verkohlte Reste; sogar Knochen sind in den meisten Fällen nur sehr schlecht konserviert. Nur in wenigen Ausnahmenfällen haben organische Funde die Millennia überstanden, nämlich dort, wo sie unter Luftabschluss im Grundwasser gelagert waren. Die einzigen Fundstellen mit solchen Erhaltungsbedingungen sind die wenigen Brunnen aus der Zeit, die bislang gefunden wurden. Einer der besterhaltenen dieser Anlagen wurde in 2005 bei großflächigen Ausgrabungen im Vorfeld der Erweiterung des Flughafens Leipzig/Halle in Sachsen, Deutschland, gefunden. Weil eine Grabung vor Ort nicht möglich war, wurden die gut konservierten unteren drei Meter der insgesamt sieben Meter tiefen Konstruktion als enormer Block geborgen und nach Dresden verfrachtet. Dort wurde das Objekt in zwei und ein halb Jahren Feinstarbeit akribisch freigelegt und dokumentiert.
Im Vortrag wird ein kompletter Überblick vom Gesamtprojekt gegeben, angefangen mit der spektakulären Bergung als 70 Tonnen schwerer Block, über die Freilegung unter Laborbedingungen, die dreidimensionale Dokumentation bis hin zu ersten Ergebnissen der Auswertung. Natürlich finden auch die einmaligen kulturellen und ökologischen Funde aus dem Brunnen gebührende Beachtung.
Die Zeit der Bandkeramischen Kultur kann ohne viel Konkurrenz als die best erforschte Epoche der ... more Die Zeit der Bandkeramischen Kultur kann ohne viel Konkurrenz als die best erforschte Epoche der Urgeschichte in Deutschland gelten. Problematisch ist jedoch die überwiegend sehr schlechte organische Erhaltung auf den von den ersten Bauern bevorzugten Mineralböden. Die massiven Langhäuser haben die Jahrtausende nur als Pfostenverfärbungen im Boden überstanden und von den Funden verbleiben in der Regel nur noch Steine und Scherben. Die einzigen Ausnahmen in dieser bedauerlichen Situation sind die einzigartigen Brunnen der Steinzeitbauern. Nur hier haben sich organische Funde in unverkohltem Zustand erhalten. Die Konstruktionshölzer lassen die Fähigkeiten der steinzeitlichen Handwerker erahnen. Unter diesen Ausnahmenbefunden stellt der Brunnen von Altscherbitz in Sachsen nochmals einen Höhepunkt dar. Die unteren dreieinhalb Meter der Anlage wurden als Block geborgen und mithilfe modernster Technik, quasi unter Laborbedingungen, ausgegraben und dokumentiert. Die hervorragende Erhaltung und die große Menge an Funden aus der Verfüllung ermöglichen einmalige Einblicke in das Leben vor 7000 Jahren. In dem Vortrag wir ein Überblick aller Aspekte der Untersuchungen von der Bergung als 70 Tonnen schwerer Block bis hin zu den ersten Interpretationen des Fundinhalts gegeben. Einen besonderen Schwerpunkt bilden die überraschenden organischen Funde.
Von Anfang 2008 bis Mitte 2010 fand im Landesamt für Archäologie in Dresden die Ausgrabung eines ... more Von Anfang 2008 bis Mitte 2010 fand im Landesamt für Archäologie in Dresden die Ausgrabung eines neolithischen Brunnens statt. Der im Zuge des Ausbaus des Leipziger Flughafens bei Ausgrabungen in Altscherbitz gefundene 7100 Jahre alte Anlage wurde als Block geborgen, von Leipzig nach Dresden transportiert und dort innerhalb von 28 Monaten ausgegraben. In der etwa 30m³ umfassenden Verfüllung wurden über 7500 Funde und Proben dokumentiert. Die genaue tachymetrische Vermessung, fotografische Dokumentation und das Scannen mit dem hauseigenen 3D-Laserscanner Konica Minolta VI-910 bilden die Grundlage für die virtuelle Konstruktion des Befundes.
Mit dem Ziel zunächst nur ein 3D-Modell der Brunnenkonstruktion aufzubauen, wurde eine Methodik entwickelt, die es erlaubte, grabungsbegleitend alle Hölzer zeitnah, zerstörungsfrei und vollständig dreidimensional zu dokumentieren. Im Laufe des Projektes wuchs der Umfang der räumlichen Informationen, die in den virtuellen Brunnen integriert wurden, stetig an und der Anspruch an das dreidimensionale Modell ging schnell über die reine Visualisierung hinaus. Durch die Integrierung von Informationen z.B. der Stratigraphie, der dendrologischen Untersuchungen, Berechnungen zu Volumina von Aushüben und Verfüllung oder zur Lage aller Funde (als gescanntes Modell oder zumindest als generalisiertes Objekt), bildet das 3D-Modell jetzt eine wichtige Grundlage für die wissenschaftliche Auswertung und letztendlich der Generierung archäologischen Wissens.
Nicht nur der virtuelle Befund in seiner Gesamtheit, sondern auch die einzelnen hochauflösenden 3D-Modelle der etwa 180 Hölzer an sich haben wichtige Erkenntnisse zur Holzbearbeitung im frühen Neolithikum geliefert, die dann z.B. in praktischen Experimenten nachvollzogen wurden bzw. noch werden sollen. Die 3D-Dokumentation brachte des Weiteren eine beträchtliche Zeitersparnis bei der Katalogerstellung mit sich. So konnten die Abbildungen, der dazugehörige Holzkatalog, mit stilisierten Computergrafiken und dazugehörigen Profilen aus TroveSketch, bereits 5 Monate nach Ende der Grabung fertig gestellt werden.
Die noch laufende Aufarbeitung der gesammelten Informationen lassen weitere Erkenntnisse über Bautechnik, Holzwirtschaft und gesellschaftliche Organisation in Mitteldeutschland zur Zeit des frühen Neolithikums erwarten.
Die Präsentation stellt die entwickelte Methodik zur grabungsbegleitenden 3D-Dokumentation vor, die zurzeit auch bei einem mittelalterlichen Brunnen in Mittelsachsen und montanarchäologischen Untersuchungen im Erzgebirge erfolgreich Anwendung findet. Es werden Vorteile und Probleme aufgezeigt und Ergebnisse der laufenden Analysen vorgestellt.
Ausgrabungen in Sachsen 7, 2020
Tolksdorf, Johann Friedrich/Elburg, Rengert/Reuter, Thomas/Spehr, Reinhard/Stefen, Clara 2020: In... more Tolksdorf, Johann Friedrich/Elburg, Rengert/Reuter, Thomas/Spehr, Reinhard/Stefen, Clara 2020: In Gefangenschaft gehalten? Untersuchung pathologischer Veränderungen an einem mittelalterlichen Bärenschädel (Ursus arctos) aus Baruth (Sachsen). Ausgrabungen in Sachsen 7, 317-323.
Offa: Berichte und Mitteilungen zur Urgeschichte, Frühgeschichte und Mittelalterarchäologie
Archaeobotanical investigations in wells belonging to the Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture ... more Archaeobotanical investigations in wells belonging to the Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture from Saxony revealed unique insights in agriculture and environment of the 6th millennium cal BC. Due to waterlogged conditions, the organic material is remarkably well preserved. Crop plants found are Emmer, Einkorn, barley, pea, lentil, flax and opium poppy. Crabapple, henbane, bladder cherry and chives were most likely cultivated, too. The wild plant spectrum is dominated by synanthropic species. The frequently found Poaceae-species are most probably connected with the occurrence of open, pine-dominated woodland communities in the region. Plants growing in natural habitats (e. g. woodland species, aquatics) are only rarely represented. Notwithstanding the taphonomical processes that have to be assumed for the formation of the deposits, this study enables the reconstruction of the vegetation in the surrounding area. This seems to have been more of a partly open landscape with diverse stages of vegetational succession than the small agricultural clearings in a dense primeval woodland mostly postulated for the Linear Pottery Culture. Finally the function of the wells in the cosmology of these early farmers is discussed. While a profane purpose of the wells cannot be ruled out, the archaeological (vessels decorated with birchbark) and archaeobotanical evidence (poppy, henbane) make a ritual interpretation more feasible. Regardless of their ideological status, these wells constitute a veritable benchmark for the study of Early Neolithic archaeobotany.
Forensic Science International: Genetics, 2008
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2005
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2005
Die 3D-Funddokumentation ist seit 2005 fester Bestandteil im Landesamt für Archäologie. Bisher si... more Die 3D-Funddokumentation ist seit 2005 fester Bestandteil im Landesamt für Archäologie. Bisher sind über 9000 Objekte gescannt und dokumentiert worden. Verschiedene Projekte wie die Ausgrabung des neolithischen Brunnens von Altscherbitz, das DFG-Projekt „Automatisierte Klassifikation“ und derzeit das Ziel3-Projekt „ArchaeoMontan“ zeigen deutlich die Vorteile der hochauf-lösenden Digitalisierung archäologischer Funde. Mit den drei im Landesamt eingesetzten Nahbereichsscannern können nahezu alle Objektklassen digitalisiert und für die archäologische Aufarbeitung bereitgestellt werden. Die hohe Effektivität, der erhebliche Gewinn der Darstellungs-genauigkeit und die Möglichkeit komplexe Befunde rekonstruieren zu können, haben die 3D-Funddokumention seit neun Jahren als Standardan-wendung fest etabliert.