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Videos by greg richards

A presentation on the use of placemaking for small cities for the postgraduate conference organis... more A presentation on the use of placemaking for small cities for the postgraduate conference organised by the University of Derby in April 2020. The presentation centres on the use of placemaking strategies by the small city of Den Bosch in the Netherlands to put itself on the global map. This is a small part of the review of placemaking strategies in the book Small Cities with Big Dreams (Routledge, 2019).

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This video reviews the role of creative tourism in placemaking development. It covers the transit... more This video reviews the role of creative tourism in placemaking development. It covers the transition from cultural tourism to creative tourism, identifying the evolution of the creative tourism concept over the past 20 years.

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Maria Bueno presents our paper in Annals of Tourism Research on Rethinking authenticity through c... more Maria Bueno presents our paper in Annals of Tourism Research on Rethinking authenticity through complexity paradigm. This paper proposes an epistemological transition based on Edgar Morin's complexity paradigm to analyse authenticity in a complex tourism environment, avoiding fragmentation, and integrating relevant actors and relationships. The results show that storytelling is an important element of these tourism experiences, legitimising and unifying the authenticity of the
experience and relating objects, social environment and individual experiences. The size of the tour groups and the rigidity of the itinerary were important elements for constructing authenticity. Tourists, service providers and government bodies all directly or indirectly participate
as co-creators, making the perception of authenticity a constant negotiation between the elements of the experience and the actors involved in it.

Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103348

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Most frequently viewed by greg richards

This paper looks at macro trends and major drivers in tourism as these impact on cultural tourism... more This paper looks at macro trends and major drivers in tourism as these impact on cultural tourism in general and the Council of Europe cultural routes in particular. It considers the emergence of new forms of tourism, such as creative tourism and analyses the major trends that are likely to have an impact on the relationship between tourism and culture in the future.

This paper outlines the discussion surrounding the definition of cultural tourism and also asks t... more This paper outlines the discussion surrounding the definition of cultural tourism and also asks the question whether the term ’cultural tourism’ is still appropriate to cover the increasingly wide variety of activities that now tend to be included under this broad umbrella.

The modern backpacker is arguably an integral part of the postmodern ‘new world order of mobility... more The modern backpacker is arguably an integral part of the postmodern ‘new world order of mobility’. Backpackers are to be found in every corner of the globe, from remote villages in the Hindu Kush to the centres of London or Paris. They carry with them not only their emblematic physical baggage that gives them their name, but their cultural baggage as well. Their path is scattered with the trappings of the backpacker culture – banana pancakes, bars with ‘video nights’ and cheap hostels. This paper reviews the empirical evidence relating to backpacking generated by the New Horizons research programme of the World Student Youth Education Travel Confederation (WYSETC).

One sign of the growing interest in student travel both from the tourism industry and academic re... more One sign of the growing interest in student travel both from the tourism industry and academic researchers is the global independent travel survey conducted by the International Student Travel Confederation (ISTC) and the Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS). The survey, conducted in 2002, covers the profile and travel behaviour of 1,630 students booking travel from student travel organisations in eight countries. This article reports the initial results of this research. The survey showed that students are frequent travel consumers with extensive previous experience of relatively long trips outside of their own world region. Most students see their travelstyle as that of 'traveller', but a significant proportion of the market characterised their travel as 'backpacking'. Motivations reflecting a desire for experience are prevalent with student travellers; particularly in terms of exploring other cultures. Motivations tend to be differentiated by destination region and travelstyle and are distinct between students and other young travellers. In spite of these differences in motivation, however, the activities actually engaged in showed little differentiation between students and others. The most frequently mentioned activities were visiting historical sites, walking, sitting in cafes and restaurants and shopping, which were practiced by over 70% of respondents. In this and other respects, the article argues that comparisons of motivation and actual activities indicate a gap between the ideology and practice of travel.

Cities used to compete to be monumental - now they compete to be eventful. Processes of globalisa... more Cities used to compete to be monumental - now they compete to be eventful. Processes of globalisation, economic restructuring and urban redevelopment have placed events at the centre of strategies for change in cities. Events offer the potential to achieve economic, social, cultural and environmental aims within broader urban development strategies.

Eventful Cities: cultural management and urban revitalisation aims to analyse the process of cultural event development, management and marketing, and link these processes to their wider cultural, social and economic context. The book provides a unique blend of practical and academic analysis, centred partly on the case study of the European Capitals of Culture (ECOC) over the past 20 years and also on a selection of major festivals and cities where 'the event' has had an important element of development strategy. Cases will include:

ECOC analysed - Glasgow, Brussels, Antwerp, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Lille, Cork, Bruges, Porto, Rotterdam, Santiago, Prague, Cracow, Bologna, Thessaloniki, Weimar, Lisbon, Dublin, Salamanca, Genoa and Graz. In addition, the development of the Cultural Capital concept worldwide will also be used to provide examples from Canada (Vancouver), Chile (Sanitago de Chile), and the USA (Austin). However, a range of other events from different locations and cultural contexts will also be employed to provide comparison and contrast with the ECOC, including Montreal, Edinburgh, Melbourne and Barcelona as festival cities, the First Night events in North America (Boston, Charleston, Toronto), The Fete de la Musique in France and other countries, the Cultural Olympiads held alongside the Olympic Games (e.g. Barcelona, Sydney, Athens), Carnivals in Trinidad, Rio de Janeiro and London, Mardi Gras in New Orleans and Sydney and gastronomic and cultural festivals in Singapore and Thailand.

Eventful Cities: cultural management and urban revitalisation provides the reader with the chance to appreciate the use and limitations of theoretical perspectives as well as the links between theory and practice. Critical success factors are identified which can help to guide other cities and regions in their strategic development. It is essential reading for any student or practitioner involved in event management, cultural management, arts administration, urban studies, cultural studies and tourism.

* Analyses the process of cultural event development, management and marketing and links these processes to their wider cultural, social and economic context
* Provides a unique blend of practical and academic analysis, with a selection of major festivals and cities where 'the event' has had an important element of development strategy
* Examines the reasons why different stakeholders should collaborate, as well as the reasons why partnerships succeed or fail

"Cultural tourism is one of the largest and fastest-growing global tourism markets. Culture and c... more "Cultural tourism is one of the largest and fastest-growing global tourism markets. Culture and creative industries are increasingly being used to promote destinations and enhance their competitiveness and attractiveness. Many locations are now actively developing their tangible and intangible cultural assets as a means of developing comparative advantages in an increasingly competitive tourism marketplace, and to create local distinctiveness in the face of globalisation.
The Impact of Culture on Tourism examines the growing relationship between tourism and culture, and the way in which they have together become major drivers of destination attractiveness and competitiveness. Based on recent case studies that illustrate the different facets of the relationship between tourism, culture and regional attractiveness, and the policy interventions which can be taken to enhance the relationship, this publication shows how a strong link between tourism and culture can be fostered to help places become more attractive to tourists, as well as increasing their competitiveness as locations to live, visit, work and invest in.
The book is essential reading for academics, national and local policy makers and practitioners and all those in the tourism sector who wish to understand the relationship between culture, tourism and destination attractiveness."

Richards, G. (2009) Turismo Cultural: Padrões e implicações. In de Camargo, P. and da Cruz, G. (eds) Turismo Cultural: Estrategias, sustentabilidade e tendencias. UESC: Bahia, pp. 25-48., 2009

O turismo cultural tem sido, nos últimos tempos, considerado a área de maior crescimento no turis... more O turismo cultural tem sido, nos últimos tempos, considerado a área de maior crescimento no turismo global e, cada vez mais, tem sido tomado como a maior área de desenvolvimento de produto pelos destinos turísticos em busca de diversificação. O desejo pelo “turismo de qualidade”, a necessidade de encontrar recursos para apoiar a cultura e a pronta disponibilidade de recursos culturais torna o turismo cultural uma opção atrativa, tanto para áreas urbanas quanto para rurais. A despeito disso, há ainda pouca compreensão sobre o que seja o turismo cultural, bem como pouca informação sobre o mercado desse tipo de turismo.

Esse capítulo procura apresentar um panorama do turismo cultural, a natureza do fenômeno, o perfil de seus participantes e as implicações do desenvolvimento do turismo cultural relativamente a destinos, particularmente, no futuro. A maior parte da informação contida nesse capítulo é baseada em pesquisa empreendida desde 1991 no âmbito do Projeto de Pesquisa de Turismo Cultural da Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS). O programa de pesquisa começou como uma iniciativa européia, mas tem, desde então, expandido seu escopo, para cobrir o mercado de turismo no mundo. Podem ser encontradas mais informações sobre essa pesquisa em publicações anteriores (Richards 1996, 2001).

Event Management, 2007

Tourism is often seen as having a negative impact on the cultural content and ‘authenticity’ of c... more Tourism is often seen as having a negative impact on the cultural content and ‘authenticity’ of cultural events. However, there is a dearth of empirical studies on this issue, and most research tends to focus on the attitudes of either the ‘residents’ or ‘visitors’ to festivals. This paper examines the views of cultural producers, local residents and visitors to a traditional cultural event in Barcelona, Spain. Although ‘locals’ and ‘visitors’ both tend to view the event as ‘authentic’ and its cultural content as ‘local’, significant differences were found. Residents tend to have a constructive view of authenticity linked to cultural and social references, whereas visitors employ a more existential view of authenticity related to their enjoyment of the event and experience of difference. Significant differences were also found between different visitor groups and between different groups of residents, suggesting the need for more sophisticated analysis of the consumption of cultural festivals and its effects.

Introduction to special issue of the Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice on Exploring Cre... more Introduction to special issue of the Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice on Exploring Creative Tourism.

Placemaking by greg richards

Handbook of New Uban Studies, 2017

The full open access text of the SAGE Handbook of New Urban Studies, available to download.

International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 2024

Purpose-This study, a conceptual paper, analyses the growth of curation in tourism and hospitalit... more Purpose-This study, a conceptual paper, analyses the growth of curation in tourism and hospitality and the curator role in selecting and framing products and experiences. It considers the growth of expert, algorithmic, social and co-creative curation modes and their effects. Design/methodology/approach-Narrative and integrative reviews of literature on curation and tourism and hospitality are used to develop a typology of curation and identify different curation modes. Findings-Curational techniques are increasingly used to organise experience supply and distribution in mainstream fields, including media, retailing and fashion. In tourism and hospitality, curated tourism, curated hospitality brands and food offerings and place curation by destination marketing organisations are growing. Curation is undertaken by experts, algorithms and social groups and involves many of destination-related actors, producing a trend towards "hybrid curation" of places. Research limitations/implications-Research is needed on different forms of curation, their differential effects and the power roles of different curational modes. Practical implications-Curation is a widespread intermediary function in tourism and hospitality, supporting better consumer choice. New curators influence experience supply and the distribution of consumer attention, shaping markets and co-creative activities. Increased curatorial activity should stimulate aesthetic and stylistic innovation and provide the basis for storytelling and narrative in tourism and hospitality. Originality/value-This is the first study of curational strategies in tourism and hospitality, providing a definition and typology of curation, and linking micro and macro levels of analysis. It suggests the growth of choice-based logic alongside service-dominant logic in tourism and hospitality.

Tourism Recreation Research, 2023

China's pre-pandemic national-level planning advocated a combination of culture and tourism to ad... more China's pre-pandemic national-level planning advocated a combination of culture and tourism to advance growth in the Greater Bay Area (GBA) mega-region. Culture is seen as increasing regional cohesion, with multi-destination travel products connecting subregions and cities. This paper examines perceptions of progress towards a coherent GBA cultural identity and its implications for tourism. We examine tourism stakeholder perceptions of the GBA, assess the prospects for the development of collective identities in the region and assess the prospects for implementation of the GBA brand. Surveys and interviews with stakeholders indicate that the prevalent top-down planning approach has so far generated limited regional coherence and may also be limiting bottom-up placemaking initiatives. Debordering between Hong Kong, Macao and the mainland cities offers opportunities for tourism development, but these have so far been limited, also because of intensifying competition between mainland GBA cities in international markets, challenging the implementation of an umbrella brand. Regional stakeholders so far show little buy-in to the overarching 'quality living circle' concept for the GBA. New governance structures may be to support the development of a coherent regional identity and generate place leadership to successfully combine top-down and bottom-up placemaking initiatives.

Growing competition between cities and regions has stimulated a search for distinction, which in ... more Growing competition between cities and regions has stimulated a search for distinction, which in turn has increased attention for the role of place. Places provide a unique mix of attributes, which give meaning to the communities the use them, and stimulate the creativity that underpins cultural and economic development. Places do not only emergethey are also made and shaped through intended and unintended events. The recent vogue for "placemaking" represents a realisation that place marketing and place branding need to be more firmly rooted in place to be successful. There is also a school of thought that suggests that "creative placemaking", or "artist-led regeneration" can provide new solutions to age-old challenges. This paper analyses the contribution of the creative industries to placemaking programmes, focusing specifically on the experience of the Dutch city of Den Bosch. Here, traditional cultural regeneration has been supplemented by activation of the creative sector to provide meaning and direction for cultural, social and economic development. Den Bosch illustrates how small cities can achieve significant creative development, competing effectively with larger urban centres.

Annals of Tourism Research, 2022

This paper proposes an epistemological transition based on Edgar Morin's complexity paradigm to a... more This paper proposes an epistemological transition based on Edgar Morin's complexity paradigm to analyse authenticity in a complex tourism environment, avoiding fragmentation, and integrating relevant actors and relationships. The results show that storytelling is an important element of these tourism experiences, legitimising and unifying the authenticity of the experience and relating objects, social environment and individual experiences. The size of the tour groups and the rigidity of the itinerary were important elements for constructing authenticity. Tourists, service providers and government bodies all directly or indirectly participate as co-creators, making the perception of authenticity a constant negotiation between the elements of the experience and the actors involved in it.

turisme.nu, 2021

Copenhagen wants to be Europe's Christmas capital, even though other cities have already taken th... more Copenhagen wants to be Europe's Christmas capital, even though other cities have already taken that idea. Mikkel Noa Klein interviewed Greg Richards and Matias Thuen Jørgensen from the Center for Tourism Research at Roskilde University to find out if Copenhagen's bid could succeed.

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Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103348

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Richards, G. (2009) Turismo Cultural: Padrões e implicações. In de Camargo, P. and da Cruz, G. (eds) Turismo Cultural: Estrategias, sustentabilidade e tendencias. UESC: Bahia, pp. 25-48., 2009

Event Management, 2007

Handbook of New Uban Studies, 2017

The full open access text of the SAGE Handbook of New Urban Studies, available to download.

International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 2024

Tourism Recreation Research, 2023

Annals of Tourism Research, 2022

turisme.nu, 2021

El espacio urbano está allí donde todos los ciudadanos, con independencia de sus ingresos y circu... more El espacio urbano está allí donde todos los ciudadanos, con independencia de sus ingresos y circunstancias personales, pueden sentirse cuidados e iguales.

Public space is where all citizens, regardless of their income and personal circumstances, can fe... more Public space is where all citizens, regardless of their income and personal circumstances, can feel both equal and cared for. Urban public space has long been a subject for debate, and the COVID-19 pandemic has sharpened this discussion considerably. People confined to their homes suddenly began to appreciate the true value of public space, and its contribution to the quality of urban life. As a recent United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG) study emphasised, "public space is where all citizens, regardless of their income and personal circumstances, can feel both equal and cared for".

《가디언(The Guardian)》이 기적이라 평가했던, 즉 스헤르토헨보스가 뚜렷한 수단도 없이 어떻게 세계적인 문화 프로그램을 성공적으로 개최할 수 있었는지를 이야기한다. ... more 《가디언(The Guardian)》이 기적이라 평가했던, 즉 스헤르토헨보스가 뚜렷한 수단도 없이 어떻게 세계적인 문화 프로그램을 성공적으로 개최할 수 있었는지를 이야기한다. 이것은 창조적인 장소만들기가 어떤 방식으로 소도시의 발전에 도움이 되는지를 보여 준다. 또한 이 책은 스헤르토헨보스의 경험뿐만 아니라, 전 세계 다른 도시의 사례와 다양한 주제를 다루면서 현재 상황에서 작은 도시들이 재고해야 할 점을 문화 전략 중심으로 성찰하고, 작은 도시가 지향해야 할 점을 제시해 준다.
실용적인 정책 안내서

이 책은 장소만들기의 주요 요소들을 규정하고, 큰 과업을 성공적으로 수행해 낸 소도시의 사례를 제시하면서 소도시의 장소만들기와 장소 브랜딩 과정을 순차적으로 기술하고 있다. 특히 25년 이상 축적된 장소만들기와 도시 마케팅 지식을 기반으로 도시를 사례로 국제적으로 통용될 수 있는 구체적인 시사점을 준다는 데 의미가 있다.

Presentation to the to the “International Conference on Creative Tourism and Development” 6 Febru... more Presentation to the to the “International Conference on Creative Tourism and Development” 6 February 2020 , Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok. The paper deals with the development of creative placemaking approaches, highlighting the contribution of creative tourism.

VERSLAG DAG VOOR DE BINNENSTAD, 2019

29 maart 2019 stond in het teken van de eerste editie van de Dag voor de Binnenstad: een nieuw pr... more 29 maart 2019 stond in het teken van de eerste editie van de Dag voor de Binnenstad: een nieuw programmaonderdeel van het Platform Binnenstadsmanagement. De ontwikkeling van binnensteden stond centraal tijdens deze dag. Gedurende de dag zijn diverse ontwikkelingen in de binnenstad toegelicht, waaronder de effecten van de komst van de Omgevingswet voor de binnenstad en het spanningsveld tussen wonen in de binnenstad en groei van evenementen.
Tijdens deze dag in Eindhoven is daarnaast de eerste versie van de Binnenstadsbarometer gepresenteerd. De Binnenstadsbarometer is in samenwerking met de Technische Universiteit Eindhoven ontwikkeld. Deze barometer laat aan de hand van diverse databronnen de ontwikkeling in de binnensteden zien. De Binnenstadsbarometer wordt tijdens de Verkiezing Beste Binnenstad 2020 ingezet om de deelnemende binnensteden te selecteren.

Met een bijdraag van Greg Richards over de ontwikkeling van het ‘Jeroen Bosch Jaar’ in Den Bosch in 2016. Dit ter onderbouwing van zijn betoog om als ‘kleinere’ stad zichtbaar te zijn door gebruik te maken van cultuur.

How can small cities make an impact in a globalizing world dominated by ‘world cities’ and urban ... more How can small cities make an impact in a globalizing world dominated by ‘world cities’ and urban development strategies aimed at increasing agglomeration? This book addresses the challenges of smaller cities trying to put themselves on the map, attract resources and initiate development.

Placemaking has become an important tool for driving urban development that is sensitive to the needs of communities. This volume examines the development of creative placemaking practices that can help to link small cities to external networks, stimulate collaboration and help them make the most of the opportunities presented by the knowledge economy. The authors argue that the adoption of more strategic, holistic placemaking strategies that engage all stakeholders can be a successful alternative to copying bigger places. Drawing on a range of examples from around the world, they analyse small city development strategies and identify key success factors.

This book focuses on the case of ‘s-Hertogenbosch, a small Dutch city that used cultural programming to link itself to global networks and stimulate economic, cultural, social and creative development. It advocates the use of cultural programming strategies as a more flexible alternative to traditional top-down planning approaches and as a means of avoiding copying the big city.

Events and festivals have become increasingly important policy tools for cities and regions. They... more Events and festivals have become increasingly important policy tools for cities and regions. They are able to produce a wide range of externalities, including economic impacts, image change, social capital and cultural regeneration. All of these event-related externalities have impacts and effects on the places in which they are staged. In many cases, these event-related impacts are analysed separately, but in fact the most powerful effects of events are more holistic, able to impact not just on individual economic sectors or social groups, but on places as a whole. Over time, the use of events by cities and regions has grown more sophisticated and complex. The range of policy goals for which events are utilised has expanded, and the range and type of events staged has increased as well. Increasingly, public administrations seek to coordinate the events in their jurisdiction to create synergies between events and to maximise the benefits generated. Event policies make frequent references to the development of programmes or " portfolios " of events (Antchak, 2016). The ability of events to effect a broad range of changes in different places has added to their attractiveness as a placemaking tool, and has led to more cities developing " events units " and other forms of event-based placemaking.

How has urban and city tourism changed in the past 2-3 years? Urban and city tourism has become i... more How has urban and city tourism changed in the past 2-3 years? Urban and city tourism has become increasingly important in recent years, particularly because of the raft of small and medium sized cities that are also now trying to use tourism to develop their economies and position themselves. One major change has been the shift towards co-creation with residents and tourists to develop and promote tourism experiences. Residents are now actively co-opted to promote their cities to visitors and to develop tourism services. Tourists increasingly seek out the 'local' as a means of gathering authentic experiences and distinguishing themselves from others. Which key issue in your view, is likely to change Tourism Cities over the next 10 years? Technological change is likely to be the biggest driver, with new information systems and digital technology adding to the possibilities for consuming the city and for cities to gather and use information about their visitors. What role should IJTC play as a new journal in addressing change in practitioner and academic thinking related to Tourism Destinations IJTC should play a role as a forum for discussing the implications of the latest trends, and bringing together academic and practitioner voices to develop different perspectives. The recent meeting of the ATLAS Cities and National Capital Special Interest Group in Canterbury provided many interesting examples of new areas of debate, including the role of 'hipsters' in urban development, the emergence of the digital nomad and co-working tourism, and so on.

Handbook of Cultural Tourism, 2024

The Routledge Handbook of Cultural Tourism explores and critically evaluates the debates and co... more The Routledge Handbook of Cultural Tourism explores and critically evaluates the
debates and controversies in this field of Tourism. It brings together leading specialists from a range of disciplinary backgrounds and geographical regions, to provide state-of the-art theoretical reflection and empirical research on this significant stream of tourism and its future direction. The book is divided into seven inter-related sections.

Part I looks at the historical, philosophical and theoretical framework for cultural
tourism. This section debates tourist autonomy role play, authenticity, imaginaries,
cross-cultural issues and inter-disciplinarity. Part II analyses the role that politics takes in cultural tourism. This section also looks at ways in which cultural tourism is used as a policy instrument for economic development. Part III focuses on social patterns and trends, such as the mobilities paradigm, performativity, reflexivity and traditional hospitality, as well as considering sensitive social issues such as dark tourism.

Part IV analyses community and development, exploring adaptive forms of cultural tourism, as
well as more sustainable models for indigenous tourism development. Part V discusses
landscapes and destinations, including the transformation of space into place, issues
of authenticity in landscape, the transformation of urban and rural landscapes into
tourism products, and conservation versus development dilemmas. Part VI refers to
regeneration and planning, especially the creative turn in cultural tourism, which can be
used to avoid problems of serial reproduction, standardisation and homogenisation.
Part VII deals with the tourist and visitor experience, emphasising the desire of tourists
to be more actively and interactively engaged in cultural tourism. This significant
volume offers the reader a comprehensive synthesis of this field, conveying the latest
thinking and research.

The text is international in focus, encouraging dialogue across disciplinary boundaries
and areas of study and will be an invaluable resource for all those with an interest in
cultural tourism. This is essential reading for students, researchers and academics of
Tourism as well as those of related studies, in particular Cultural Studies, Leisure,
Geography, Sociology, Politics and Economics.

THÉORIES ET PRATIQUES DU TOURISME CULTUREL, 2023

Preface to the book THÉORIES ET PRATIQUES DU TOURISME CULTUREL by Wil Munsters (Harmattan, 2023).... more Preface to the book THÉORIES ET PRATIQUES DU TOURISME CULTUREL by Wil Munsters (Harmattan, 2023).
This book is a unique introduction to the world of cultural tourism, summarised in ten easy to understand models. Each model is accompanied by an explanation, and each is also applied to a specific context. The text covers a wide range of examples, which also go beyond the usual Anglo-Saxon approaches. Text in French and English versions.

Current Issues in Tourism, 2023

City authorities worldwide have sought to rejuvenate and diversify their tourism product offering... more City authorities worldwide have sought to rejuvenate and diversify their tourism product offerings by dispersing visitors into less familiar and frequented locales. Despite calls to understand such 'new tourism areas' (NTAs) in urban areas, few researchers have examined visitor responses to the implementation of NTA strategies, particularly outside Europe. This quantitative approach considers the profiles, attitudes and behaviours of NTA visitors in an Asian city that was undertaking dispersal efforts pre-pandemic in the context of mass inbound Chinese visitation. Distinct profiles are found for NTA visitors relative to other city arrivals in response to Hong Kong's branding propositions. It is found that NTAs appeal to repeat visitors seeking cosmopolitan experiences and may help tourist dispersal and product differentiation, though the proposition that NTA visitors are more highly educated was not supported.

Impact of European Cultural Routes on SMEs’ innovation and competitiveness, 2011

The study on the impact of European Cultural Routes on SMEs’ innovation and competitiveness was j... more The study on the impact of European Cultural Routes on SMEs’ innovation and competitiveness was jointly launched by the European Commission (EC) and the Council of Europe (Council) in September 2010. Its objectives were to provide insights into the effects produced by the transnational Cultural Routes – such as those certified by the Council of Europe – on SMEs’ performance, innovation capacity, and network and cluster development; to examine the potential of Cultural Routes for
promoting sustainable and quality tourism in Europe; and to analyse to what extent Cultural Routes networks can benefit SMEs, especially in rural areas and less-known destinations.
The main expected outcomes from the study were to:
– identify key actors currently involved in Cultural Routes;
– understand the benefits and disadvantages of their environments (especially in the context of the current economic conditions);
– estimate the potential of Cultural Routes, their needs and concerns on the way to sustainable development; and
– to establish links with different levels of authority – local, national and
European – financial and governmental institutions, tourist organisations, and other bodies that would encourage future development of the Routes.

Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 2023

Purpose-This study aimed to determine the motivations of a select group of South Africans in term... more Purpose-This study aimed to determine the motivations of a select group of South Africans in terms of their potential engagement with cultural tourism; more specifically, the study set out to show whether these motivations influence the cultural activities that the tourists want to participate in and whether their interest in specific cultural activities determines their destination choices. Furthermore, the mediating role of activities in the relationship between cultural motivations and destination choice was also assessed. Design/methodology/approach-An online panel survey collected responses from 1,530 potential cultural tourists across South Africa. Hypotheses were tested, using structural equation modelling. Findings-The results show that tourists' motivations for cultural tourism influence their likelihood of participating in specific cultural activities. Cultural tourism is shown to be influenced by more than learning and includes entertainment, relaxation, novelty and escape dimensions. There also seems to be a difference in the activities engaged in by destination type. For example, tourists likely to take part in indigenous cultural tourism activities are more likely to do so at hedonic destinations. Practical implications-This paper contributes to the understanding of cultural tourism activities, aiding destinations in attracting cultural tourists. Destinations need to develop activities that match visitor motivations, increase satisfaction and encourage visitors to return. Originality/value-The paper increases the understanding of cultural tourism in South Africa and underlines the importance of communities in providing distinctive tourism activities. The study also has an important social dimension, highlighting the role of social status in cultural tourism consumption and destination selection.

Journal of Urban Affairs, 2023

Tendencias de los mercados turísticos, 2003

En los últimos años, el turismo cultural se ha identificado como una de las principales esferas d... more En los últimos años, el turismo cultural se ha identificado como una de las principales esferas de crecimiento en el turismo mundial. Sin embargo, los estudios realizados sobre el turismo cultural no han avanzado al mismo ritmo que el crecimiento del mercado. La falta de estudios se debe, entre otros aspectos, a la diversidad de la cultura que consumen los
turistas, lo que complica la definición del turismo cultural. Dado que todas las actividades turísticas incluyen algún elemento cultural, ya sea visitar un lugar o evento cultural específico, o simplemente “absorber la atmósfera” de un destino desde la terraza de una cafetería, es fácil caer en la tentación de considerar todo el turismo como “turismo cultural”.
Éste fue esencialmente el enfoque de la OMT y la UNESCO al elaborar su definición “amplia” de turismo cultural en 1985, que incluye “todos los movimientos de las personas (…) porque satisfacen la necesidad humana de diversidad, aumentando el nivel cultural del individuo y brindando la oportunidad de acceder a nuevos conocimientos, experiencias y encuentros” (OMT, 1985).

richardstourism/blog, 2023

A comment on the recent UK Supreme Court decision to close the viewing gallery on top of the Tate... more A comment on the recent UK Supreme Court decision to close the viewing gallery on top of the Tate Modern art museum in London.

¿Cómo pueden los viajes fomentar la sensibilidad cultural? En un mundo pospandémico, los viajes y... more ¿Cómo pueden los viajes fomentar la sensibilidad cultural? En un mundo pospandémico, los viajes y el turismo han recuperado popularidad. Esta recuperación de la popularidad conlleva una presión renovada sobre los anfitriones y los lugares locales debido al aumento del número de visitantes. ¿Puede la sensibilidad cultural ser una herramienta para mitigar las tensiones entre anfitriones y visitantes? Durante los dos últimos años, el proyecto CultSense (CultSense – Sensitizing Young Travellers for Local Cultures, www.cultense.com) se ha centrado en abordar esta cuestión. En esta conferencia, una iniciativa conjunta de CultSense y el Grupo de Interés Especial ATLAS sobre Turismo Cultural, seguiremos explorando formas de tender puentes entre culturas a través de los viajes.

GOLD VI Report on Pathways to urban and territorial equality, 2022

Based on research conducted for the UCLG Committee on Culture, an extension of the analysis of th... more Based on research conducted for the UCLG Committee on Culture, an extension of the analysis of the links between culture, creativity and tourism in the city of Lisbon was made post-Covid-19. Prospering is based on the sustainability of the cultural ecosystem of a city/territory. The loss of heritage, memory, identity and knowledge that allows people to give meaning to a place, as well as to build individual and
collective identity and sense of belonging, leads to imbalances that can
accentuate inequalities within and between cities, affecting all dimensions
of sustainable development. Lisbon (Portugal) is resolving this conflict
creatively with an inclusive and rights-based approach, which can be
inspiring for cities that are starting to plan or reorienting development
strategies linked to culture and tourism. The city is implementing a
strategy focused on improving the experience of visitors and the quality
of life of inhabitants, as well as the sustainability of the city’s cultural
system, heavily hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. Measures emphasize
the role of cultural actors and sectors in empowering plural and caring
communities, boosting access and engagement, tackling inequalities and
building the capacities to shape a new future in the shared city. Among
those measures, “Lojas com História” stands out as a project that addresses the conservation and revitalization of urban spaces that significantly contribute to the cultural and economic development of Lisbon.

The original UCLG report on Culturl Policy and Tourism in a range of cities in Europe and North America can be downloaded from https://www.academia.edu/38111048/Cultural_policy_and_tourism_in_cities

Tourism Culture & Communication, 2022

The Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic represented a significant break with previous patterns of cult... more The Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic represented a significant break with previous patterns of cultural consumption, effectively halting the growth of 'mass cultural tourism' driven by cheap flights and collaborative economy accommodation. Surveys conducted by the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Group in Portugal were used to develop a detailed picture of cultural tourism consumption during the pandemic. In 2020 and early 2021 surveys were conducted at different locations in the country, generating over 500 responses. The research shows that Covid-19 had significant impacts on the profile and activities of cultural tourists in Portugal, with much more domestic tourism at most sites, and fewer visitors staying away from home. Levels of satisfaction and intention to return remained high, as did perceived authenticity. There was a significant drop in touring holidays, with visitors more likely to stay in a single location. Those tourists visiting cultural attractions during the pandemic had a positive experience, despite the challenging conditions. Levels of satisfaction increased compared with previous surveys in Portugal in 2004, but there were also fluctuations in levels of satisfaction during the pandemic period, correlated with levels of Covid-19 infections. Some indications of emerging alternative forms of cultural tourism include an increased proclivity for rural locations and inland areas, away from destinations usually associated with mass (cultural) tourism. The paper concludes by considering a number of implications for the development of cultural tourism in Portugal and other destinations in the postpandemic era.

How can travel encourage cultural sensitivity? In a post-pandemic world, travel and tourism have ... more How can travel encourage cultural sensitivity? In a post-pandemic world, travel and tourism have been regaining popularity. With this regained popularity comes a renewed pressure on local hosts and sites because of increasing visiting numbers. Can cultural sensitivity be a tool to mitigate tensions between hosts and visitors? For the last two years, the CultSense project (CultSense – Sensitizing Young Travellers for Local cultures, www.cultense.com) has focused on addressing this question. In this conference, a joint venture of CultSense and the ATLAS Special Interest Group on Cultural Tourism, we will further explore ways to bridge cultures via travel.

Cultural tourism has been seen as one of the major growth areas in global tourism in recent years... more Cultural tourism has been seen as one of the major growth areas in global tourism in recent years, and is increasingly being seen as a major area of product development by tourism destinations in search of diversification. The desire for 'quality tourism', the need to find resources to support culture and the ready availability of cultural resources makes cultural tourism an attractive option for both urban and rural areas. In spite of this, there is still little understanding of what cultural tourism is, and relatively little information about the cultural tourism market.

Greg Richards in discussion with Frederic Dimanche, Director of the Ted Rogers School of Hospital... more Greg Richards in discussion with Frederic Dimanche, Director of the Ted Rogers School of Hospitality and Tourism Management at Toronto Metropolitan University, Canada. A session organised during the Ontario Culture Days 2022 to discuss current and future trends in cultural tourism.

The growth of 'mass cultural tourism' has been stimulated by the growing numbers of tourists cons... more The growth of 'mass cultural tourism' has been stimulated by the growing numbers of tourists consuming cultural attractions, particularly in historic cities. Whereas in the past destinations had the challenge of trying to sell themselves to visitors and generate interest among a broad public, just before Covid-19 the challenge became trying to manage a growing flood of tourists in search of culture. Cities also had to change their thinking about marketing (cultural) tourism, as residents in many places began to complain about 'overtourism', or even became 'tourismphobic'. This presentation considers the implications of the growing overlap between tourism and culture in recent decades, and asks whether we need to develop a new understanding of what cultural tourism is, and analyses the growing range of cultural practices it embraces.

A Research Agenda for Creative Tourism, 2019

Full open access version of the book Original and thought-provoking, this book investigates how ... more Full open access version of the book

Original and thought-provoking, this book investigates how creative experiences, interactions, and place-specific dynamics and contexts are shaping the expanding field of creative tourism across the globe. Exploring the evolution of research in this field, the authors investigate pathways for future research that advance conceptual questions and pragmatic issues.

CHAMADA PARA SUBMISSÃO DE TRABALHOS XV Colóquio Organizações, Desenvolvimento e Sustentabilidad... more CHAMADA PARA SUBMISSÃO DE TRABALHOS

XV Colóquio Organizações, Desenvolvimento e Sustentabilidade
&
II International Conference of Creative Economy and Public Policies

Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 2023

This is an accessible version of the paper Millennials as potential creative tourists in South Af... more This is an accessible version of the paper Millennials as potential creative tourists in South Africa: A CHAID approach to market segmentation, with additional content.

Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 2023

Creative tourism has recently emerged as an important area of tourism development, particularly i... more Creative tourism has recently emerged as an important area of tourism development, particularly in the Global North. In the Global South, studies of the profile of creative tourists and their motives for partaking in creative tourism are limited. This paper investigates creative tourism demand among South African millennials, analysing what motivates their participation and developing a descriptive consumer profile. CHAID analysis was used for segmentation, revealing a group with a high participation intention and a second group with a low probability of creative tourism participation. Creative tourism intentions were linked to knowledge acquisition, skills and escape motivations, and demographic characteristics including relationship status and gender. Respondents were more likely to participate in domestic rather than international creative tourism, indicating the potential for creative tourism development in South Africa. The findings could help managers and policymakers meet the needs of creative tourists, addressing shortfalls in product development, experience design and marketing.

Rev. Anais Bras. de Est. Tur./ ABET, 2023

Portuguese O propósito deste estudo é discutir a noção dos laboratórios de inovação enquanto uma... more Portuguese

O propósito deste estudo é discutir a noção dos laboratórios de inovação enquanto uma plataforma para o desenvolvimento turístico de
cidades com interesse no turismo criativo. A revisão de literatura contemplou aspectos conceituais dos laboratórios de inovação e do turismo criativo, propondo as interrelações entre os conceitos. Como métodos, utilizou-se a técnica de revisão de narrativas, a partir de fontes
bibliográficas, documentais e entrevista. Como resultados, tem-se que autorização, financiamento, eixos de atuação, caracterização,
comunicação e objetivos são elementos importantes para a constituição de laboratórios de inovação no turismo, e que estes espaços
contribuem para o fomento da cultura e de negócios locais, bem como estimula o turismo de experiência pelo potencial criativo da
comunidade e dos visitantes. Os resultados são voltados para os atores envolvidos na atividade turística, inclusive policymakers, ao
demonstrar o potencial dos laboratórios de inovação no contexto do turismo criativo, a partir de ilustrações empíricas, em que a cooperação
e a experimentação contribuem para o desenvolvimento turístico de cidades mais inclusivas e resilientes.

English

CREATIVE TOURISM AND INNOVATION LABORATORIES FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE POST-PANDEMIC CONTEXT:
EVIDENCE AND REFLECTIONS

The purpose of this study is to discuss the notion of innovation laboratories as a platform for tourism development in cities with a focus on creative tourism. The literature review contemplates conceptual aspects of innovation laboratories and creative tourism, proposing the
interrelationships between the concepts. The narrative review technique was used as method, based on bibliographical and documental
sources as well as an interview. As results, authorization, financing, lines of action, characterization, communication, and objectives are
important elements for the constitution of innovation laboratories in tourism, and these spaces have shown contributions fostering local
culture and business. In addition, to stimulate experience tourism from the community's and visitors' creative potential. The results are to the
actors involved in tourism activity, including policymakers, by demonstrating the potential of innovation laboratories in the context of creative tourism, based on empirical illustrations, in which cooperation and experimentation contribute to the tourism development of more inclusive
and resilient cities.

Call for papers for IPPA Toronto: deadline 31st January 2023 Creativity as a policy solution i... more Call for papers for IPPA Toronto: deadline 31st January 2023

Creativity as a policy solution in Governance is the theme of this panel organized by the International Network of the UNESCO Chair in Creative Economy and Public Policies based in Brazil connected with an international network of Universities around the World. We also welcome papers focused on public policies developed under alternative economic models, such as: the Economy of Francesco (Resende and Piergallini, 2022), Green Economy, Circular Economy, Solidarity Economy, Economy of Communion (Bruni and Zamagni, 2004). Since 2004, the United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture (UNESCO) fosters an international network of Creative Cities (Emmendoerfer et al., 2018). Among UNESCO governance practices is the analysis of a series of indicators to highlight cities that meet the criteria of good creative practices and vocation in socioeconomic segments tied to creative industries. The UNESCO Chairs Programme promotes inter-university cooperation and networking to address pressing challenges and to contribute to the development of societies. Guy Peters (1998) refers to "coordination" and "horizontal government" as terms to ensure that private and public organizations working together in harmony without producing redundancy to deliver public policies. According Peters (1998) the government is less popular than in the past which leads to "a number of forces appear to be driving governments to search for better ways to coordinate their activities in order to create better, more efficient, and more "user friendly" public services". In these contexts, alternative economic models such as Creative Economic Public Policies and Pope Francis' Economy of Francesco movement to incentivize "Policies for Happiness" should be looked closely by researchers as innovation and tendency in the Public Policy field.

Biblios, 2021

Objetivo. El objetivo del artículo es analizar la producción científica sobre turismo creativo in... more Objetivo. El objetivo del artículo es analizar la producción científica sobre turismo creativo indexada en la base de datos Scopus e identificar brechas, tendencias y futuras líneas de investigación.
Métodos. Se empleó el método bibliométrico para el mapeo del estado del arte e identificación de tendencias, brechas y futuras líneas de investigación. Se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos Scopus de artículos científicos que incluyeran los términos creative tourism en el título, resumen o palabras claves. Fue empleado el software Bibexcel para el cálculo de indicadores de productividad e índice h. El sofware VOSviewer realizó el análisis de redes bibilométricas de citación, co- citación y co-ocurrencia de palabras claves. Para el análisis de contenido se empleó el criterio de número de citas.
Resultados. Se encontraron un total de 120 artículos correspondientes al periodo 2002-2020. La producción científica sobre turismo creativo es creciente y presenta un alto índice de actualidad. Greg Richards resultó el autor más prolijo y con mayor índice h, lo que lo ratifica como referente en la temática. Las revistas más productivas son Current Issues in Tourism y Annals of Tourism Research. El turismo creativo se ha estudiado desde tres líneas temáticas fundamentales turismo y creatividad, experiencia creativa y espacio creativo.
Conclusiones. Fueron presentadas las implicaciones de los resultados del estudio para académicos e investigadores y gestores turísticos. Se propusieron como oportunidades de investigación los estudios del perfil del turista creativo, el papel de las nuevas tecnologías, la co-creación de experiencias, así como, la inclusión de variables como intención de repitencia, imagen, motivación y el papel de la comunidad en el turismo creativo. Desde el punto de vista de gestión se realizaron varias recomendaciones a los gestores turísticos para el desarrollo del turismo creativo mediante experiencias exitosas de países como España, Tailandia y Portugal, identificados como referentes mediante indicadores bibliométricos.

Brazilian Creative Industries Journal, 2022

There is a growing debate about the use of creativity for sustainable development, particularly i... more There is a growing debate about the use of creativity for sustainable development, particularly in terms of increasing the creative potential of cities. However, studies based on the experiences and perspectives of leading authors in this area are limited. Greg Richards is a long-standing researcher on the application of creativity in various socioeconomic sectors, including creative tourism, creative cities, economy, and creative industries. This study, based on a semi-structured interview conducted with Greg Richards, seeks to present some reflections and ideas for ways forward, considering the scenario before, during, and after the Covid-19 pandemic and its possible effects on the new economy. Particular attention is paid to the emerge of 'glocal' creativity, especially related to the UNESCO Creative Cities.

Greg Richards in discussion with Frederic Dimanche, Director of the Ted Rogers School of Hospital... more Greg Richards in discussion with Frederic Dimanche, Director of the Ted Rogers School of Hospitality and Tourism Management at Toronto Metropolitan University, Canada. A session organised during the Ontario Culture Days 2022 to examine current and future trends in cultural tourism.

Diálogos Interdisciplinares: indústria criativa, processos culturais, diversidade e inclusão., 2021

Diálogo com a Economia Criativa, 2022

This interview presents a conversation between Greg Richards and Jorge Piqué on the development o... more This interview presents a conversation between Greg Richards and Jorge Piqué on the development of creative districts and their links to creative tourism. The discussion ranged from the genesis of creative districts and creative tourism to contemporary challenges of creative placemaking. It includes a consideration of the development of cultural tourism, and how creative tourism emerged as a separate field of analysis in the new Millennium. As places have sought to distinguish themselves in an increasingly competitive global market, they have turned to creativity as a source of inspiration. Tourists tired of standardized products and crowded cultural sites have
sought out the more localized experiences provided by creative districts and creative tourism. Creative districts have therefore become a vital tool for placemaking, providing access to the “extraordinary everyday” and generating new models of creative tourism.

Watch the video of the conversation on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMIG6YEp22c&t=68s

Cultural tourism has traditionally been viewed as a means of attracting visitors to places with c... more Cultural tourism has traditionally been viewed as a means of attracting visitors to places with culture, so that they stimulate economic growth through passive consumption. New views of the relationship between culture, people and places are emerging that emphasize the potential for tourists, visitors, residents and other place users to actively collaborate in making places to improve the quality of life. This presentation brings together examples of initiatives that harness the creative potential of mobile populations in shaping places. Discussing the importance of "placemaking," the paper references the 1983 Italo Calvino novel Mr. Palomar, where, in one scene, the title character compares the bounty on display at his local cheese shop to the Louvre. This interesting analogy reveals the everyday creativity that can be accessed by places to develop, cultural and creative experiences, and, of course, as a support for tourism development as well. Local history, knowledge, and artistry need to be foregrounded to define a sense of place-and to this end, the tourism and culture industries must work in tandem.

Tourism, Creativity and Development, 2007

ONLINE SEMINAR So, what's next? The role of creative tourism in the regeneration of communities J... more ONLINE SEMINAR
So, what's next? The role of creative tourism in the regeneration of communities
June 2, 2020, 16h00 (Portugal mainland timezone)
Event in digital format - free, but registration required

https://www.ces.uc.pt/en/agenda-noticias/agenda-de-eventos/2020/so-what-s-next

In a general sense, everyone is thinking “what’s next?” In this moment of transition, what about the future of small-scale and community-based creative tourism? How can we work collectively to move forward together?

Although the existing challenges of small-scale creative tourism continue, these days, we are noticing many references to “community-based tourism”, “regenerative tourism”, “people-centred tourism”, and “transformative tourism” – as well as “proximity tourism”. We are hopeful that creative tourism can be viable and attractive in a post-Covid-19 tourism/travel world, for both domestic and international travelers – as well as for the hosting communities.

This is the first “global conversation” webinar within the umbrella of CREATOUR International, an informal network to further knowledge exchange and capacity-building among creative tourism researchers and small-scale practitioners internationally. It aims to build closer research–practice relations through providing a platform for sharing experiences, practice-based knowledge, and insights from research; articulating and discussing issues and solutions; and learning from one another to inform the growing field of creative tourism internationally. CREATOUR International builds upon the numerous international connections made through CREATOUR’s conferences and other activities, emails, online conversations, participation in events, and the relationships formed in the course of producing publications. CREATOUR International aims to further both research and practice in the field of creative tourism, with special attention to initiatives in smaller places, and to foster and inform progressive connections between culture, tourism, and holistic local development.

Creative Tourism: Activating Cultural Resources and Engaging Creative Travellers, 2021

Creative tourism is part of a number of general trends towards more creative, relational, and loc... more Creative tourism is part of a number of general trends towards more creative, relational, and locally focused styles of travel. For example, the 'live like a local' trend encourages travellers to reject the 'role' of tourist and to integrate into everyday life and culture at the destination, reciprocated by local recognition of 'temporary residents' (Richards and Marques, 2018). This chapter reviews the development of the creative tourism concept, and considers potential future trajectories.

Lecture delivered at Wageningen University in the course Experiences & environments, organised by... more Lecture delivered at Wageningen University in the course Experiences & environments, organised by Chin-Ee Ong.

Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 2021

Creative tourism has grown and diversified in recent years, but little attention has been paid to... more Creative tourism has grown and diversified in recent years, but little attention has been paid to changing business models. We use the Business Model Canvas to compare creative tourism business models linked to the evolution of creative tourism from basic arts and crafts learning experiences to the incorporation of creative experiences in global platforms such as Airbnb and TripAdvisor. We identify a shift in focus from individual learning to destination platforms, the integration of the creative economy and tourism to models based on placemaking. These developments also imply the integration of a growing range of stakeholders into the creative tourism ecosystem and more focus on collective, place-based creativity rather than individual creative skill development. These different business models are also linked to different types of value creation, with intrinsic value for the consumers and instrumental value for the producer increasingly being joined by institutional and integrative value creation processes.

Uncover, 2021

The pandemic has forced us to re-think tourism. With travel bans in place worldwide, the idea of ... more The pandemic has forced us to re-think
tourism. With travel bans in place worldwide,
the idea of tourism as an almost natural part
of leisure is being re-assessed. There is little
doubt that post-pandemic tourism will look
different. In particular, one might expect challenges
for forms of tourism based on close
personal contact, such as creative tourism.
This paper considers the impact of Covid-19
on creative tourism and outlines how it might
develop in future. Do we want a return to
old fashioned mass tourism, or should we be
seeking to develop alternative scenarios for
the future?

Brazilian Creative Industries Journal, 2021

This paper examines the position of crafts within the creative industries and considers how this ... more This paper examines the position of crafts within the creative industries and considers how this has been affected by the growing links between the creative industries and tourism. A review of the creative industries concept indicates that crafts occupy an ambiguous position between art and tradition, which problematises their relationship with the creative industries. This is gradually changing as the creative and tourism sectors become more closely linked, and craft has become an important element of the development of creative tourism experiences. We review the role of craft in creative tourism, including case studies from Brazil, Finland, and Thailand, to examine how tourism can support the creative development of crafts. This analysis indicates that craft can be an important aspect of creative tourism development in different contexts and can provide a strong basis for placemaking initiatives.

ATLAS Reflections, 2024

Activity Report of the ATLAS Events Special Interested Group for 2023-2024.

International Corporate Communication Hub, 2024

This interview covers the role of events in shaping cities, and in particular the transformative ... more This interview covers the role of events in shaping cities, and in particular the transformative power of 'pulsar events' such as the Olympic Games and the European Capital of Culture.

International Journal of Tourism Cities, 2024

Events and urban space: a challenging relationship This paper considers the relationship betw... more Events and urban space: a challenging relationship

This paper considers the relationship between urban events and urban public space, asking whether cities have enough space for events, and whether events have enough space in cities.

Design/methodology/approach: Policy analysis surrounding events and festivals in the Netherlands is used to understand the dynamics of urban events, supported by content analysis of policy documents. A vignette of event space struggles in Amsterdam illustrates the contradictions of the event/space relationship.

Findings: The research identifies a policy shift in the Netherlands towards urban events from expansive, festivalisation strategies to defensive, NIMBYist policies. It exposes contradictions between protecting space as a living resource and the exploitation of space for regenerative purposes. Three future scenarios for urban events are outlined: conflict and competition, growth and harmony and digitalisation and virtualisation.

Originality: Provides an analysis of the recursive spatial implications of the growth of the events sector for cities and the growth of cities for events.

Preliminary results of the ATLAS Events Group research on the experience of Carnival in 2024. Inc... more Preliminary results of the ATLAS Events Group research on the experience of Carnival in 2024. Includes longitudinal analysis of the impact of Covid-19 on the event.

Tourism and Rural Development Studies, 2023

Expos, festivals and events have become increasingly important as tools of urban development in r... more Expos, festivals and events have become increasingly important as tools of urban development in recent decades. The competitive drive to put cities on the global map has led many to adopt event-based strategies, including the creation of 'eventful cities', 'festival cities' and 'event portfolios'. World Expos have taken on a particular significance as 'pulsar events' that can shape the host city through urban development, increased tourism and place branding. Each host city also uses the event in a different way, and gives it a unique flavour that tempers the eventual effects. This paper reviews the literature on World Expos and their effects, identifying themes including Place branding, Tourism flows, Resident attitudes and Architecture and urban development. It then analyses the experience of Barcelona, twofold Expo host and a 'paradigmatic' example of a city developed through mega events.

The effects of Covid-19 on events, and the generation of a massive digital shift in event experie... more The effects of Covid-19 on events, and the generation of a massive digital shift in event experiences in particular, and leisure experiences in general, have made research on the relationship between physical and digital leisure. The WLO Strategic Priorities Grant Project “Measuring Physical, Digital and Hybrid Leisure Experiences at Events” provides an initial review of this digital shift in events, and provides the basis for developing new measurement tools to assess the effects of this transition.
This research project aims to examine the potential effects of the digital shift in leisure events by addressing the following questions:
•How does the experience of digital leisure events differ from physical leisure events?
•How do outcomes such as emotional energy and social bonding differ between digital and physical event formats?
•How can digital leisure events be best designed to maximise their potential contribution to quality of life, including individual identity, social justice, civic engagement, etc.?
•What future challenges do leisure events face as a result of the digital shift?
This summary of activities during the project concentrates on the development of a scale to measure event experiences in physical, digital and hybrid settings. It includes a literature review of previous work on the experiences of events in different settings, analysis of data collected from physical, digital and hybrid events, and the development of a new scale to measure event experiences in different settings.

InBrabant, 2023

Carnival is not just one of the biggest parties in the world, but also an important tool for soci... more Carnival is not just one of the biggest parties in the world, but also an important tool for social inclusion. Celebrating Carnival together allows communities to define their identities, to reaffirm their connection to place and to each other. Carnival is also an important part of intangible heritage, with customs and traditions passed down from one generation to the next.

Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure & Events, 2022

English is increasingly the dominant language of academic scholarship. This means that much resea... more English is increasingly the dominant language of academic scholarship. This means that much research produced in other languages is overlooked, a tendency strengthened by the growing power of global publishers and university ranking systems. This initial scoping study provides an exploratory review of non-English scholarship in the field of event management, drawing on an extensive literature search in Arabic, Croatian, Czech, Dutch, Italian, Portuguese, Slovenian and Spanish. We find a considerable number of event management publications in these languages, which effectively represent a ‘missing body of knowledge’ for scholars working in English. Only about 10% of these non-English sources are covered by Scopus, for example. Our scoping study indicates that this excludes many scholars and potentially interesting areas of work from the global event management corpus. We suggest several strategies which could be employed to address these issues.

Uncover, 2022

Carnival is not just one of the biggest parties in the world, but also an important tool for soci... more Carnival is not just one of the biggest parties in the world, but also an important tool for social inclusion. Celebrating Carnival together allows communities to define their identities, to reaffirm their connection to place and to each other. But what happened during the pandemic, when public festivities were banned? This paper provides an empirical analysis of the effect of Covid-19 on the experience and celebration of Carnival.

Festivals and events have always been a key part of destination tourism strategies. In recent yea... more Festivals and events have always been a key part of destination tourism strategies. In recent years, there has been an increasing convergence of tourism, economic and placemaking strategies to utilise events as tools for improving the quality of urban life. A growing number of destinations are taking a more strategic approach to the development of their event programmes to position themselves as 'eventful cities', which not only attract visitors, but also build social capital, support cultural development, strengthen city image and provide a catalyst for urban regeneration. This presentation analyses the contribution of festival and event programmes to tourism strategies and wider urban development goals, based on case studies from Europe and Asia.

Physical leisure events support enjoyment, social cohesion and identity formation, but Covid-19 f... more Physical leisure events support enjoyment, social cohesion and identity formation, but Covid-19 forced events to go digital. This project aims to assess the effects of the digital shift, comparing the experience of offline (or physical) events, online events and hybrid events. Leisure experiences and event outcomes will be measured through surveys, observations and interviews, to generate comparative quantitative experience assessments as well as rich qualitative data on individual experiences. In collaboration with WLO and other partners, we will assess the longitudinal and geographical effects of the digital shift on leisure event experiences.

Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 2022

This paper provides an introduction to the special issue of the Journal of Policy Research in Tou... more This paper provides an introduction to the special issue of the Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events on Festival Cities and Tourism. It provides a contextualisation of the conversations surrounding the relationship between cities and their festivals during the Covid-19 pandemic. Focussing on the 'festival city' of Edinburgh, we examine how festival organisers reacted to the challenges of the pandemic, and how they strove to maintain contact with audiences and other stakeholders. We then review the different contributions to the special issue, ranging from festivalisation and suburban food festivals in Barcelona to an art festival in Dublin, the European Capital of Culture in Hungary and the festival portfolio of Hong Kong.

Expos, festivals and events have become increasingly important as tools of urban development in r... more Expos, festivals and events have become increasingly important as tools of urban development in recent decades. The competitive drive to put cities on the global map has led many to adopt eventbased strategies, including the creation of 'eventful cities', 'festival cities' and 'event portfolios'. World Expos have taken on a particular significance as 'pulsar events' that can shape the host city through urban development, increased tourism and place branding. Each host city also uses the event in a different way, and gives it a unique flavour that tempers the eventual effects. This paper reviews the literature on World Expos and their effects, identifying themes including Place branding, Tourism flows, Resident attitudes and Architecture and urban development. It then analyses the experience of Barcelona, twofold Expo host and a 'paradigmatic' example of a city developed through mega events.

The Covid-19 pandemic has hastened the shift of leisure experiences from physical to digital envi... more The Covid-19 pandemic has hastened the shift of leisure experiences from physical to digital environments. What effect does this have on our experience of leisure events? This paper examines the theory and practice of leisure experiences in events, and speculate on the likely implications of growing digitalisation of events for audiences and organisers. The work draws on research by members of the ATLAS Events Group, who have been developing the Event Experiences Scale and applying this to a range of different contexts worldwide. The initial results indicate that there are significant differences between physical and virtual event experiences, with the latter usually generating high experience scores across a range of dimensions. The perceived experience of virtual events staged during the Covid-19 pandemic was generally lower than the experience of physical events before or during the pandemic. Levels of satisfaction were also reduced for virtual events, as was the intention to return. Those celebrating events at home with friends and family had better experiences when this was combined with watching celebrations via TV or Internet. This suggests that hybrid experiences may offer a better event experience than digital media alone.

Faro 2027: Now what?, 2022

FARO 2027, E AGORA?, 2022

Tourism Management, 2020

This paper develops a measurement scale for cultural experiences across different contexts, inclu... more This paper develops a measurement scale for cultural experiences across different contexts, including attractions, events and tours, in Hong Kong. Four dimensions of experience (cognitive, conative, affective and novelty) are identified through structural equation modelling. The scale is applied to compare visitor- and context-related influences on the experience and on subsequent behavioural intentions. We find that the conative dimension of experience elicits the highest experience scores from visitors, but affective experiences are more significant in distinguishing between different experience contexts and visitor groups. The strongest experiences were attributed to event contexts, followed by tours, and finally permanent attractions. The experience is also enhanced when various sites are combined by visitors to provide a ‘destination journey’.

Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 2020

This paper provides an introduction to Special Issue on ‘Event Experiences: Measurement and Meani... more This paper provides an introduction to Special Issue on ‘Event
Experiences: Measurement and Meaning’. It reviews the research
conducted by the ATLAS Event Group over the past decade, and
highlights the interplay between qualitative and quantitative
research on events during this period. Major research themes
related to the event experience are analyzed, including the social
dimension of events, event design, visitor engagement, eventful
cities and event networks and platforms. The different quantative
and qualitative contributions to the issue are introduced and
compared.

Evolving the perspectives on the value of gastronomy for Mediterranean destination development, 2023

Gastronomy is an important element of human heritage, as evidenced by the growing number of gastr... more Gastronomy is an important element of human heritage, as evidenced by the growing number of gastronomic designations in the UNESCO Intangible Heritage List (Richards, 2023). The recognition of gastronomy as intangible heritage that needs to be conserved is important, because gastronomic cultures and traditions are increasingly under threat from globalisation, changing food production techniques and shifting consumer tastes. As intangible heritage becomes threatened, particularly in rural and peripheral regions, we need to find new means of valorizing heritage in order to ensure its survival. This is more complicated for intangible heritage than for tangible cultural assets. The national and international heritage listings related to physical culture have ensured the survival of many important buildings, monuments and cityscapes. In the late 19th century realisation of what was being lost in rural areas led to the development of the first ecomuseums, which helped to conserve important examples such as rural buildings and structures, as well as many of the craft techniques attached to them. The challenge we now face in gastronomy is how to conserve intangible gastronomic heritage, including food cultures, customs, recipes and preparation techniques, while still retaining the essential gastronomic DNA which provides the potential for future innovation.

Rapporto Sul Turismo Enogastronomico Italiano Tendenze & Scenari, 2023

Garibaldi, R. (ed.) RAPPORTO TURISMO ENOGASTRONOMICO E SOSTENIBILITÀ ANNO 2023, 2023

Report on Gastronomy Tourism in Italy (Edited by Roberta Garibaldi), 2023

Contribution to the report Gastronomy Tourism in Italy, Edited by Roberta Garibaldi. The entire t... more Contribution to the report Gastronomy Tourism in Italy, Edited by Roberta Garibaldi. The entire text has now been translated into English.

Rapporto Sul Turismo Enogastronomico Italiano Tendenze & Scenari, 2023

Intangibilisation of culture has pushed gastronomy to the fore as a development tool (Richards, 2... more Intangibilisation of culture has pushed gastronomy to the fore as a development tool (Richards, 2021). The growing desire of consumers to literally 'taste the landscape' of the places they visit means that a vast range of gastronomic experiences are being created or co-created around the world. Gastronomy has been valorized through tourism in terms of traditional food production and consumption, the promotion of local ingredients, recipes and preparation techniques, and through creative tourism. The creativity and skill involved in gastronomic production has increasingly been recognised in gastronomic labels, brands and international programmes. For example UNESCO has begun to designate gastronomic culture as Intangible Cultural Heritage, and building an extensive network of Cities of Gastronomy.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2023

This study describes the process of developing a typical dish for a slow city, using the lens of ... more This study describes the process of developing a typical dish for a slow city, using the lens of co-creation and coproduction. The slow movement argues that appreciation of local cuisine increases through events and developing slow food practices. Participant observation and interviews with actors involved in the development process revealed the symbolic components used to enhance the cultural heritage of Vizela, Portugal as a slow city. The research shows that the slow city initiative has gradually provided the basis for a gastronomic attraction to support tourist development. The development of a typical dish for the city was found to aid the recovery and revalorization of local knowledge, while the support of gastronomic culture by the local authority and community participation helped to strengthen regional identity and to develop an attractive and sustainable tourist offer. Thus, this study revealed the importance of residents in this development process as well as showed requirements that may support the rescue and cocreation of typical dishes for tourism.

Una nuova forma di viaggio esperienziale si sta consolidando dando vita a percorsi fortemente leg... more Una nuova forma di viaggio esperienziale si sta consolidando dando vita a percorsi fortemente legati alla terra.
La voglia di esplorare, scoprire e muoversi è ancora ben radicata in ognuno di noi nonostante i letargici mesi di pandemia. I viaggi con "voli a due corsie" verso mete esotiche sono immaginari prematuri e per chi ha la dipendenza da "scoperta" rimane il turismo di prossimità-non sottovalutabile in Italia-. Un esempio è proprio quello che viene definito "turismo brassicolo"-o della birra-, un fenomeno in grado di rilanciare più settori: da quello turistico a quello agricolo. Greg Richards-professore all'Università di Breda-scrive all'interno del focus "I Paesaggi della birra"-Rapporto sul Turismo Enogastronomico 2021 della dott.ssa Roberta Garibaldi-: "Non si tratta di una nicchia di mercato, bensì di un target potenzialmente interessante per le destinazioni, anche alla luce del fatto che questi turisti spesso abbinano attività a carattere culturale e non, mostrando quindi un comportamento eclettico". Richards si riferisce soprattutto all'esplosione del fenomeno avvenuto non solo negli Stati Uniti e Regno Unito-dove la birra artigianale è un'eccellenza da decenni-ma anche in Australia e America Latina. "Questo fenomeno" continua Richards "ha visto crescere rapidamente eventi e festival a tema brassicolo, itinerari tematici e attività per turisti nei birrifici» sicuramente con ampi benefici per il territorio circostante.

Rapporto sul Turismo Enogastronomico Italiano , 2021

This paper analyses the role of craft beer in developing gastroscapes that are attractive to both... more This paper analyses the role of craft beer in developing gastroscapes that are attractive to both residents and visitors. Some of these gastroscapes have emerged in a grassroots fashion, linking embedded food producers and discerning foodies, often in rural regions such as Tuscany or the Basque Country. Increasingly, however, new gastroscapes are emerging as a result of changing lifestyles and location patterns. As Savela (2016) notes, for example, Finnish food culture is rural, not urban, and yet Helsinki has managed to position itself as a gastroscape, based on imported food cultures based on growing urban diversity and globalized urban lifestyles.

International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2021

Purpose: This literature review analyses the development of research on gastronomic tourism exper... more Purpose: This literature review analyses the development of research on gastronomic tourism experiences and chart its relationship to foundational management and marketing literature as well as the tourism and hospitality field.

Design/methodology/approach: We develop a literature review of papers in specialist journals and the SCOPUS database to identify major research themes and the evolution of experience and gastronomic experience research.
Findings: Gastronomy is an increasingly important element of tourism experiences. Gastronomic experience research in tourism mirrors the evolution in management and marketing theory from rational information processing approaches to emotional and hedonistic approaches and analysis of relationality and co-creation. We sketch a development from Experience 1.0 (producer-orientated) to Experience 2.0 (co-creation) to Experience 3.0 (foodscapes) in gastronomic experiences in tourism research.
Research implications: Increasing complexity of gastronomic experiences requires a more holistic analytic approach, including more attention for relational and co-creational processes. Linking together different experience elements and experience phases requires more holistic and contextual research approaches.
Practical implications: Hospitality organizations should recognize the differentiated and complex nature of gastronomic experiences, the different touchpoints within the customer journey and their relationship to experience outcomes. The development of hybrid gastronomic experiences offers both opportunities and challenges for the future.

Originality: This quantitative and qualitative literature analysis underlines the need for a more holistic approach to gastronomic experiences, covering different experiential phases and contexts of production and consumption.

International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2020

Purpose Little is known about how tourists’ eating habits change between everyday life and on hol... more Purpose
Little is known about how tourists’ eating habits change between everyday life and on holidays. This study identifies market segments based on changes in food consumption and experiences of a sun-and-sea destination’s local food. We evaluate to what extent tourists consume local food and assess the contribution of local food experiences to the tourists’ overall experience.
Design/methodology/approach
The target population was all tourists visiting the Algarve in the Summer 2018 and included both domestic and international sun-and-sea tourists. A sample of 378 valid questionnaires was collected. Data analysis included descriptive analysis, statistical tests, and cluster analysis.
Findings
Cluster analysis identified three segments: non-foodies, selective foodies and local gastronomy foodies. Results indicate that tourists change their eating habits on holidays, eating significantly more seafood and fish and less legumes, meat, fast food and cereals and their derivatives. International and domestic sun-and-sea tourists reported that eating local food contributes significantly to their overall tourism experience.
Originality
We address three identified research gaps: a posteriori segmentation based on tourists’ food consumption behaviour; measurement of changes in eating practices between home and in a sun-and-sea destination; and assessment of the role of food experiences to overall tourism experience of tourists visiting a sun-and-sea destination.
Practical implications
Sun-and-sea destinations should promote the offer of local dishes, especially those that include locally produced fish and seafood, to improve the tourist experience, differentiate the destination and increase sustainability.

Journal ofGadtronomy and Tourism, 2015

The relationship between gastronomy and tourism has developed rapidly in recent decades. Gastron ... more The relationship between gastronomy and tourism has developed rapidly in recent decades. Gastron
omy has shifted from being a peripheral concern for destinations to being one of the major reasons
for some tourists to visit. This review article analyses the causes of this shift, both in terms of the
changing social position of gastronomy and in the context of the emerging experience economy. In
particular, three moments of experience production are seen as marking stages in the development
of the relationship between gastronomy and tourism: the first generation of gastronomic experiences
based on the production of themed experiences for consumers; the second generation of experiences
cocreated by producers and consumers; and the third generation of gastronomic experiences related
to the development of communities around gastronomy and food. In this process a shift is observed
from the taste patterns of individual “foodies” to the development of entire foodscapes.

Rapporto sul Turismo Enogastronomico Italiano 2020 | Trend e tendenze, 2020

This contribution to the annual Report on Gastronomy Tourism in Italy, edited by Roberta Garibald... more This contribution to the annual Report on Gastronomy Tourism in Italy, edited by Roberta Garibaldi, develops a new approach to sustainable gastronomy, based on a social practice approach.

Fernandes, C. and Richards, G. (2017) La Gastronomia tra Tradizione ed Innovazione L’esempio dell... more Fernandes, C. and Richards, G. (2017) La Gastronomia tra Tradizione ed Innovazione L’esempio della regione portoghese del Minho. In Garibaldi, R. (ed.) Travelling for food and wine. Opportunities for a new integrated tourism. Volume I" (ISBN 978-88-548-9942-1). pp. 21-37.

Collen, J. and Richards, G. (2003 eds) Gastronomy and Tourism. Schilde: ASG. Proceedings of the ... more Collen, J. and Richards, G. (2003 eds) Gastronomy and Tourism. Schilde: ASG.

Proceedings of the meetign of the ATLAS Tourism and Gastronomy Group held in Sondrio, Italy in November 2002.

Richards, G. (2012) Food and the tourism experience: major findings and policy orientations. In D... more Richards, G. (2012) Food and the tourism experience: major findings and policy orientations. In Dodd, D. (ed.) Food and the Tourism Experience. OECD, Paris, pp. 13-46.

Concluding chapter of Tourism and Gastronomy (Hjalager and Richards, 2002), identifying future re... more Concluding chapter of Tourism and Gastronomy (Hjalager and Richards, 2002), identifying future research issues in the field.

Tourism Recreation Research, 2015

Increasing youth travel has led to young people being labelled as 'nomads'. This paper examines t... more Increasing youth travel has led to young people being labelled as 'nomads'. This paper examines the phenomenon of youth nomadism in the tourism literature as well as examining recent empirical evidence. A review of the literature around youth nomadism identifies two major themes: analyses of the growth and development of youth travel niches, such as backpacking, volunteer tourism and educational exchange, and broader approaches linked to the rise of the mobilities paradigm. A major global survey of youth travel (34,000 respondents) indicates three major travel styles related to different forms of 'nomadism': the backpacker, the flashpacker and the global nomad. The traditional backpacker can be seen as a form of 'neotribe', gathering in self-sufficient enclaves. In contrast, the flashpacker, or 'digital nomad', utilizes existing digital and logistic infrastructure to maintain a fluid, individualized lifestyle. The global nomad, or 'location independent traveller', tries to integrate with the local community, while trying to avoid the strictures of 'system'.

The Global Nomad: Theory and Practice in Backpacker Travel, 2004

According to James Clifford (1997: 1) travel is arguably an integral part of the postmodern ‘new... more According to James Clifford (1997: 1) travel is arguably an integral part of
the postmodern ‘new world order of mobility’. Society as a whole is
becoming more restless and mobile, in contrast to the relatively rigid
patterns of modernity. One of the cultural symbols of this increasingly
mobile world is the backpacker. Backpackers are to be found in every
corner of the globe, from remote villages in the Hindu Kush to the centres of London or Paris. They carry with them not only the emblematic physical baggage that gives them their name, but their cultural baggage as well. Their path is scattered with the trappings of the backpacker culture – banana pancakes, bars with ‘video nights’ and cheap hostels (Iyer, 1988). The questions that this book sets out to examine are why do so many people become ‘global nomads’, what do they gain from their travel, and what impact do they have on the places they visit? The varied contributions to this debate analyse both the theoretical implications of the backpacker phenomenon and the practical implications that it has for tourist destinations, local communities and policy makers.

Contents

PART 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Drifting Towards the Global Nomad Greg Richards and Julie Wilson;
2. The Global Nomad: Motivations and Behaviour of Independent Travellers Worldwide Greg Richards and Julie Wilson
PART 2: BACKPACKING AS A (POST)MODERN PHENOMENON
3. Backpacking: Diversity and Change Erik Cohen ( Hebrew University of Jerusalem) ;
4. Theoretical Encounters Irena Ateljevic (Auckland University of Technology) & Steven Doorne (University of South Pacific) ;
5. The Beaten Track: Anti-Tourism as an Element of Backpacker Identity Construction Peter Welk (Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat);
6:.The Whole Point of Backpacking Jana Binder (Wolfgang Goethe-University);
7. The Conquerors and the Settlers Darya Maoz (Hebrew University of Jerusalem);
8. Backpacker Icons: Influential Literary 'Nomads' in the Formation of Backpacker Identities Julie Wilson & Greg Richards
PART 3: IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF THE GLOBAL NOMAD
9. Backpacking in Scotland Clare Speed and Tony Harrison (Sheffield Hallam University);
10. Profiling the International Backpacker Market in Australia Lee Slaughter (University of Queensland);
11. Backpackers: Nomads Join the Mainstream? Malcolm Cooper (Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University) , Kieran O'Mahony (Urangan State High School, Australia) & Patricia Erfurt (University of New England, Australia)
12. Destination-Based Product Selections by International Backpackers in Australia Denise Kain & Brian King (Victoria University);
13. Setting out on the road less travelled: A study of backpacker travel in New Zealand Ken Newlands (UNITEC Institute of Technology);
14. Backpacker Transport Choice Paul Vance (University of Hertfordshire).
CONCLUSIONS 15: Widening Perspectives in Backpacker Research Greg Richards & Julie Wilson

WYSE News, 2023

Based on the WYSE Travel Confederation research programme New Horizons, we examine two questions ... more Based on the WYSE Travel Confederation research programme New Horizons, we examine two questions related to youth travel: • What types of accommodation did young travellers use? • What activities did young travellers undertake?

WYSE News, 2023

The Brexit vote in 2016 to leave the European Union eventually led to the UK formally departing o... more The Brexit vote in 2016 to leave the European Union eventually led to the UK formally departing on 31 January 2020. Since then, there has been much speculation on the consequences of Brexit for many areas of economic and social life. This paper for WYSE Travel Confederation reviews the available evidence on the impact of Brexit on the youth travel market.

WYSE News, 2023

Youth travel has long been considered a significant segment of international travel, both in term... more Youth travel has long been considered a significant segment of international travel, both in terms of the number of trips taken and the volume of spending. Research undertaken by WYSE Travel Confederation has consistently confirmed this over the years. Recent longitudinal data from Spain and Israel also confirm the general stability of youth traveller percentages in inbound tourism. This indicates that global youth travel will continue to grow in line with the increase in internatioanl travel, and that an increasing proportion of international youth travellers will come from emerging economies.

En el último decenio, el turismo de jóvenes ha experimentado un rápido desarrollo. A medida que m... more En el último decenio, el turismo de jóvenes ha experimentado un rápido
desarrollo. A medida que madura la industria, existen más estudios
disponibles para ayudar a identificar las motivaciones, necesidades y
comportamientos de los viajeros jóvenes y de la industria orientada a
los mismos. Del estudio realizado por la WYSE Travel Confederation y la
OMT se desprende claramente que el turismo de jóvenes ha evolucionado
enormemente desde sus comienzos, ya que se ha convertido en un
sector turístico especializado.
El valor social, cultural y económico de los viajes educativos, de jóvenes
y de estudiantes está cada vez reconocido por los empleadores,
instituciones educativas, organizaciones oficiales de turismo y gobiernos
en todo el mundo. Más que cualquier otro segmento del mercado, los
estudiantes y viajeros jóvenes están impulsando la innovación y allanando
el camino para el turismo responsable, al asumir la responsabilidad de
los efectos de sus ambiciones turísticas en el cambio climático. Estos
efectos múltiples y distintivos del turismo de jóvenes tienen mucha más
relevancia para el programa turístico mundial, y los gobiernos de todo el
mundo participan de una manera cada vez más activa en la elaboración
de políticas y productos y campañas de márketing.
Sin embargo, se puede hacer mucho más. La WYSE Travel Confederation
y la OMT están convencidas de que los gobiernos, las organizaciones
oficiales de turismo y los dirigentes empresariales tienen ante sí una
gran oportunidad de reforzar su compromiso con el turismo de jóvenes,
lo cual beneficiará en términos económicos y sociales a sus políticas y
estrategias de turismo a largo plazo.
En el presente informe examinamos los aspectos económicos, sociales
y culturales del turismo de jóvenes. Comenzamos analizando por qué el
turismo de jóvenes es importante para el futuro del turismo. Estudiamos
los beneficios económicos, sociales y culturales, y proponemos un
plan a las partes interesadas para desarrollar el turismo de jóvenes,
inclusive las organizaciones oficiales de turismo y los gobiernos. El
informe concluye con una selección de estudios de caso inspiradores
que ilustran la fuerza del turismo joven.

WYSE News, 2023

The rise of digital nomadism in the post-pandemic period is stimulating the growth of regulation ... more The rise of digital nomadism in the post-pandemic period is stimulating the growth of regulation and marketing in prospective host countries. This paper reviews the development of the digital nomad market and destination responses in terms of visa provision.

Wise News, 2023

This paper reviews the development of the global digital nomad market since the Covid-19 pandemic... more This paper reviews the development of the global digital nomad market since the Covid-19 pandemic, paying particular attention to the growth of digital nomad visas, now available in 50 countries around the world.

Croatian Regional Development Journal, 2021

This conceptual paper re-evaluates the concept of niches in tourism markets. As many regions are ... more This conceptual paper re-evaluates the concept of niches in tourism markets. As many regions are now attempting to address niche markets in tourism as a development strategy, understanding of the dynamics of niche markets is crucial. Current approaches are often limited to seeing niche markets as simple subsectors of larger consumer markets. We argue for a broader view of market niches as forms of social rituals involving both consumers and producers with a mutual focus of attention. Based on the work of Randall Collins we examine how interaction rituals are produced and maintained, and how these are also reflected in niche markets, such as backpacking. We illustrate the how backpacking produces a mutual focus of attention and boundaries to outsiders, helping to sustain the niche over the longer term. This analysis has implications for producers hoping to tap into niche markets, as they too need to become part of the niche community.

WYSE Covid-19 Travel Business Impact Monitor, 2021

Countries are making progress in vaccinating their residents against COVID-19, but travel restric... more Countries are making progress in vaccinating their residents against COVID-19, but travel restrictions remain for much of the world. The travel and tourism industry is eager to get back to business and service the pent-up consumer demand to travel again. When will the industry get back to meaningful levels of business? This paper reviews recent research by WYSE Travel Confederation on this question.

REVISTA ANAIS BRASILEIROS DE ESTUDOS TURÍSTICOS, 2021

This paper analyses the effects of the first seven months of the Covid-19 pandemic on youth trave... more This paper analyses the effects of the first seven months of the Covid-19 pandemic on youth travel. Surveys of youth travel businesses between March and September 2020 showed youth tourism businesses were severely impacted, with a 26% drop in business volume in Quarter 1 of 2020 falling to-70% by May 2020. Business prospects for the year 2020 were dire and more than 80% of businesses expected their business prospects to get worse over the coming year. The effects of the pandemic were felt in all world regions and across almost all industry sectors. Youth travel businesses adopted a range of tactical and strategic measures in response to the crisis, including changing terms and conditions, increased marketing, creating partnerships and shifting business online. As youth travel depends on social interaction there are major challenges for the industry in future, but also a number of potential opportunities, such as the growth in domestic travel and the rise of digital nomads.

O DESAFIO DA COVID-19 PARA AS VIAGENS DOS JOVENS
Resumo Este documento analisa os efeitos dos primeiros sete meses da pandemia de Covid-19 sobre as viagens dos jovens. Pesquisas com empresas de viagens juvenis entre março e setembro de 2020 mostraram que as empresas de turismo juvenil foram severamente afetadas, com uma queda de 26% no volume de negócios no primeiro trimestre de 2020 caindo para-70% até maio de 2020. As perspectivas de negócios para o ano 2020 foram terríveis e mais de 80% das empresas esperavam que suas perspectivas de negócios piorassem durante o próximo ano. Os efeitos da pandemia foram sentidos em todas as regiões do mundo e em quase todos os setores industriais. As empresas de viagens juvenis adotaram uma série de medidas táticas e estratégicas em resposta à crise, incluindo a mudança dos termos e condições, aumento do marketing, criação de parcerias e mudança de negócios on-line. Como as viagens dos jovens dependem da interação social, há grandes desafios para a indústria no futuro, mas também uma série de oportunidades potenciais, tais como o crescimento das viagens domésticas e a ascensão dos nômades digitais. Palavras-chave: Coronavírus / Covid-19; Crise; Impactos nos negócios; Viagens de jovens; Nômades digitais.

EL RETO DE COVID-19 PARA LOS VIAJES DE LOS JÓVENES Resumen Este documento analiza los efectos de los primeros siete meses de la pandemia de Covid-19 en los viajes de los jóvenes. Las encuestas realizadas a las empresas de viajes para jóvenes entre marzo y septiembre de 2020 mostraron que las empresas de turismo juvenil se vieron gravemente afectadas, con una caída del 26% en el volumen de negocio en el primer trimestre de 2020, que se redujo hasta el-70% en mayo de 2020. Las perspectivas de negocio para el año 2020 eran nefastas y más del 80% de las empresas esperaban que sus perspectivas de negocio empeoraran durante el próximo año. Los efectos de la pandemia se hicieron sentir en todas las regiones del mundo y en casi todos los sectores de la industria. Las empresas de viajes para jóvenes adoptaron una serie de medidas tácticas y estratégicas en respuesta a la crisis, entre las que se incluyen la modificación de las condiciones, el aumento de la comercialización, la creación de asociaciones y el cambio del negocio en línea. Dado que los viajes de los jóvenes dependen de la interacción social, el sector se enfrenta a grandes retos en el futuro, pero también a una serie de oportunidades potenciales, como el crecimiento de los viajes nacionales y el aumento de los nómadas digitales.

WYSE COVID-19 Travel Business Impact Survey, 2020

In September, the COVID-19 Travel Business Impact Survey asked youth travel and tourism businesse... more In September, the COVID-19 Travel Business Impact Survey asked youth travel and tourism businesses about their contribution to the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). While the potential for young travellers to become early-adopters and ambassadors of responsible, sustainable travel behaviours is often recognised, findings from various WYSE Travel Confederation research projects over the last two decades suggest that more concerted and diligent efforts to monitor, quantify and improve the youth travel industry’s contributions to the Sustainable Development Goals are needed. Findings from the current survey suggest that while many respondents make some contribution to the SDGs, the contributions are unevenly distributed across world regions and travel sectors.

WYSE Travel Confederation COVID-19 Travel Business Impact Survey, October , 2020

WYSE Travel Business Impact Monitor, 2020

With few signs of meaningful improvement for travel and tourism businesses, efforts have turned t... more With few signs of meaningful improvement for travel and tourism businesses, efforts have turned to the development of new products and markets as the global COVID-19 crisis continues. In September, 37% of respondents to WYSE Travel Confederation’s COVID-19 Travel Business Impact Survey reported developing new products for both domestic travellers and digital nomads in September. Digital nomads in particular are being welcomed by some destinations with some governments facilitating this welcome with special visa schemes. This article takes a look at product development for two particular marketplaces: domestic travellers and digital nomads.

ICEF Monitor, 2020

Here are the highlights: • Travel researchers are noting explosive growth in the digital nomad se... more Here are the highlights: • Travel researchers are noting explosive growth in the digital nomad segment: independent, remote workers who combine travel with flexible work commitments • A growing proportion of travel operators are introducing new services targeted to this segment, and we can anticipate there are opportunities for educators here as well Digital nomads are online workers that are "location independent". They can, and do, work from anywhere. They lead "asset-light" lives and are invested in experiences rather than things. This makes them a growing and important segment for the travel industry, and travel operators and governments alike are adapting their service offerings and visa programmes to attract growing numbers of mobile workers.

WYSE Travel Confederation COVID-19 Travel Business Impact Survey, August (no. 2), 2020

After a bit of optimism in June about demand for travel and tourism services for the remainder of... more After a bit of optimism in June about demand for travel and tourism services for the remainder of the year, youth travel businesses adjusted their expectations slightly in July, saying they expected, on average, a 71% drop in demand for 2020 over 2019. This expectation remained steady in August. This article, based on the August edition of WYSE Travel Confederation’s COVID-19 Travel Business Impact Survey[1], takes a look at when youth travel businesses in different world regions are expecting economic recovery to begin. The development of a vaccine seems to be more important for businesses prospects in certain world regions.

WYSE Travel Confederation COVID-19 Travel Business Impact Survey, 2020

Internships, language immersion courses, study abroad semesters and many other travel-based educa... more Internships, language immersion courses, study abroad semesters and many other travel-based educational and cultural exchange programmes have adapted for virtual environments due to COVID-19. The August edition of WYSE Travel Confederation’s COVID-19 Travel Business Impact Survey takes a look at the extent to which these sectors of the youth travel industry have gone digital this year and what the digital shift for youth travel programmes might look like for 2021.

WYSE Travel Confederation COVID-19 Travel Business Impact Survey, 2020

Some providers of accommodation, tours, activities & attractions and youth travel programmes are ... more Some providers of accommodation, tours, activities & attractions and youth travel programmes are back in operation with social distancing measures implemented and others are still anticipating the effects of distancing on their business. The July edition of WYSE Travel Confederation's COVID-19 Travel Business Impact Survey takes a look at how distancing measures are impacting capacity and revenue for hostels and other providers of youth travel accommodation in different destinations of the youth travel marketplace. Impact of social distancing In addition to the considerable decline in international arrivals, operators have the challenge of implementing social distancing within their properties and programming. For hostels and other providers of youth travel accommodation, the expected effect of social distancing, on average, is a reduction of 52% in capacity, translating into a 66% drop in revenue. The effects of social distancing are likely to hit youth travel accommodation providers hardest in the world region of Oceania because of the large number of hostels with dorm-style accommodation there.

WYSE COVID-19 Travel Business Impact Series July 2020, 2020

Uncover, 2023

What will the future of leisure look like? Based on technological capabilities, are we going to ... more What will the future of leisure look like? Based on
technological capabilities, are we going to have
more and more processes performed by robots?
A bed-making machine for hotels? Or will the
desperate need for workers also open our
eyes to the fact that there is a large untapped
potential and therefore a more inclusive labour
market in which everyone participates becomes
a reality? In order to become carbon neutral,
will we see more cities banning large events
or will this sector succeed in becoming fully
circular or perhaps even regenerative, creating
space to host more events to save our world.
Will competition for space put pressure on
leisure facilities or will increasing density in
cities intensify the need for a 15-minute city?
The point is not so much to predict all this but to
recognise the circumstances and developments
under which this may happen. Which direction
is desirable? How should we deal with such
developments? What alternatives exist? And
how to design our leisure infrastructure from
that context?

Uncover, 2023

Leisure has an important relationship to time, space, and place. In leisure studies we are used t... more Leisure has an important relationship to time, space, and place. In leisure studies we are used to thinking about time as the basic resource for leisure. We need leisure time in order to be able to enjoy leisure, and so the struggle for leisure time has been an important focus of leisure research. But in addition to time, leisure also requires space. This paper considers the challenges of making places for leisure, particularly as the competition for space increases. it considers how placemaking strategies may develop in the future, also to include shaping digital leisure spaces.

Uncover, 2020

Interview with Greg Richards, Professor of Placemaking and Events, Breda University of Applied Sc... more Interview with Greg Richards, Professor of Placemaking and Events, Breda University of Applied Sciences and Professor Leisure Studies, Tilburg University about the effects of Covid-19 on the leisure sector. Translated from the original Dutch article by Peter Horsten and Simon de Wijs (2020)

The leisure sector (sports, events, cultural organizations) has been hit hard by the Covid-19 crisis. In the past, the sector has shown flexibility and adaptability in other crises. To what extent do you expect these sectors to be sufficiently resilient now? Previous crises were mainly economic in nature. The problem is that this crisis is also affecting our health and we don't know exactly how the situation will develop. Everyone is waiting for a new normality to emerge. In the meantime, the sector is adapting to the necessity of the moment. And that is initially no different from previous responses, such as looking at new business models and doing more with less. But they do not know how long it will take. It is not like in a recession when you know things will recover after a few years. Nevertheless, are there lessons from the past that we can take with us? Somewhat. The need for flexibility and the need to try to retain customers have shown to be important in the past. But it is precisely the contact with customers that is under pressure in the current crisis. Fortunately, you already see creative solutions to adapt the service to the new situation, such as transforming the Nieuwemarkt in Amsterdam into an open air leisure area or the range of numerous online experiences. Fortunately, most entrepreneurs in the leisure sector are good at adapting. At least in the sense of practical things such as keeping your distance and taking safety measures. People are used to dealing with rules. Yet this situation is different. You can make all kinds of physical changes in the short term, but you don't know how the psychology of the client will develop in the future. Are we going back to the old habits or are people going to structurally change their consumption patterns? If there is no new outbreak, people will probably get over it pretty quickly. For example, in terrorist attacks, few or no tourists visit the site where a bomb exploded for three months, but then it quickly picks up again. The chances are slim that an attack will take place in the same place a second time, also in view of the increased security measures. However, in the current situation you always run the risk of a second outbreak. Everyone is potentially a vital danger, even your own family. There are no guarantees. In the beginning, you saw the impulse to keep foreigners out to keep ourselves safe. However, that lasted a short time. The problem is that it is very unpredictable. From a different perspective. Leisure actually says it all, the time to spend freely. But we have to deal with more rules and restrictions. What does this do to the conceptualization of leisure? Should we introduce a greater diversity in types of leisure? Or perhaps a completely new perspective on the optimal leisure experience will emerge? Those are interesting questions indeed. It was the first time in a long time that large-scale leisure time outdoors simply did not exist for a while. You were not allowed to go outside, travel, do physical activities with friends. A unique situation. What you see then is that people start to miss their leisure time and find substitutes via all kinds of (digital) channels and make up excuses to be allowed to go outside, such as borrowing the neighbour's dog. Suddenly, the leisure time experience is completely different. It is difficult to say whether a new standard for the optimal leisure experience will arise. That will also be differentiated. There will be people who want to stay away from the city and seek out nature and the countryside more. The elderly and people with health problems, for example, will try to stay away from others. While young people who have been at home for two months now want to party and go to the beach.

Uncover, 2020

De vrijetijdsector (sport, evenementen, culturele organisaties) zijn door de Covid-19 crisis har... more De vrijetijdsector (sport, evenementen, culturele organisaties) zijn door de Covid-19 crisis hard geraakt. In het verleden heeft de sector bij andere crisissen aangetoond in staat te zijn tot aanpassing. In hoeverre verwacht jij dat deze sectoren nu ook veer-krachtig zijn? Eerdere crisissen waren vooral economisch van aard. Het probleem is dat deze crisis ook onze gezondheid treft en we niet precies weten hoe de situatie zich gaat ontwikkelen. Iedereen zit te wachten op een nieuwe normaliteit die gaat ontstaan. Ondertussen adapteert de sector zich wel aan de noodzaak van dit moment. En dat is in eerste instantie niet anders dan eerdere reacties, zoals bijvoorbeeld kijken naar nieuwe businessmodellen en meer doen met minder. Maar men weet niet hoelang het gaat duren. Het is niet zoals in een recessie dat je min of meer weet dat het na een periode van een paar jaar weer enigszins hersteld. Zijn er desondanks lessen uit het verleden die we mee kunnen nemen? Enigszins. De noodzaak voor flexibiliteit en het gegeven dat je moet proberen om klanten te binden hebben in het verleden getoond belangrijk te zijn. Maar juist het contact met klanten staat in de huidige crisis onder druk. Je ziet gelukkig al wel creatieve oplossingen om de dienstverlening aan te passen aan de nieuwe situatie, zoals de Nieuwemarkt in Amsterdam omtoveren in een groot leisure-oord of het aanbod van tal van online belevingen. De meeste ondernemers in de vrijetijdsector zijn gelukkig goed in aanpassen. Tenminste in de zin van de praktische dingen zoals afstand houden en veiligheidsmaat-regelen nemen. Men is gewend om met regels om te gaan. Toch is deze situatie anders. Op korte termijn kun je allerlei fysieke veranderingen aanbrengen, maar je weet niet hoe de psychologie van de klant zich in de toekomst gaat ontwikkelen. Gaan we terug naar de oude gewoontes of gaan mensen hun consumptiepatronen structureel veranderen? Als er geen nieuwe uitbraak komt dan zullen mensen er waarschijnlijk vrij snel overheen stappen. Bij terroristische aanslagen bijvoorbeeld, komen drie maanden lang weinig of geen toeristen naar de plek waar een bom ontploft is, maar daarna komt het snel terug op gang. De kansen zijn klein dat een volgende aanslag op dezelfde plek plaatsvindt, ook gezien de verhoogde veiligheidsmaatregelen. Echter in de huidige situatie heb je altijd het gevaar dat er een tweede uitbraak komt. Iedereen is in potentie een essentieel gevaar, zelfs je eigen familie. Er zijn geen garanties. In het begin zag je de impuls om buitenlanders buiten te houden voor de veiligheid. Dat duurde echter kort. Het probleem is dat het heel onvoorspeelbaar is. Vanuit een ander perspectief. Vrijetijd zegt het feitelijk al, de tijd om vrij te besteden. Maar we krijgen te maken met meer regels en restricties. Wat doet dit met de conceptualisering van vrijetijd? Moeten we een grotere diversiteit in soorten vrijetijd aanbrengen? Of ontstaat er misschien een volledig nieuw perspectief op de optimale vrijetijdservaring? Dat zijn inderdaad interessante vragen. Het was voor het eerst sinds lange tijd dat op grote schaal vrijetijd buitenshuis gewoonweg even niet bestond. Je mocht niet naar buiten, niet reizen, geen fysieke activiteiten met vrien-den ondernemen. Een unieke situatie. Wat je dan ziet is dat mensen de vrijetijd beginnen te missen en via allerlei (digitale) kanalen sub-stituten vinden en smoesjes verzinnen om toch even naar buiten te mogen, zoals de hond van de buren lenen. Ineens is de vrijteijdsbeleving totaal anders. Of er dan een nieuwe norm voor de optimale vrijetijdsbeleving ontstaat is moeilijk te zeggen. Dat zal ook gedifferentieerd zijn. Er zullen mensen zijn die blijvend weg willen van de stad en meer de natuur en het buitengebied opzoe-ken. Ouderen en mensen met bijvoorbeeld gezondheidsklachten zullen proberen uit de buurt van anderen te blijven. Terwijl jongeren die twee maanden thuis hebben gezeten nu graag willen feesten en naar het strand willen. Bijna nooit spreken we in de wetenschap over goede of slechte vormen van vrijetijd. Maar je wordt nu toch enigzins politiek gedwongen tot stellingname omdat bepaald vrijteijdsgedrag risico's met zich meebrengt. Heb jij als wetenschapper een visie op stellingname in goede en slechte vrijetijd? Met al die regels lijkt het alsof we enigzins in de tijd teruggaan wat betreft vrijheden. Zoals we kenden vanuit het dogma van de kerk of de sterk gescheiden gedragscodes van de verzuilde samenleving. Om te beginnen zou ik liever spreken over verantwoorde en minder-verantwoorde vormen van vrijetijd. Vrijetijd ontplooien op meer afstand en meer in de familiekring is in de huidige situatie meer verantwoord dan feesten organiseren met honderden mensen bij elkaar. Wat jullie schetsen ten aanzien van de tijdsgeest is een heel Nederlands perspectief. Nederlanders willen heel graag individualistisch hun eigen keuzes maken en geld uitgeven. Als je naar andere landen kijkt is die vraag minder aan de orde. In Azie zie je dat bepaalde landen (zoals Singapore, Hongkong, Macau) heel goed voorbereid waren. Ze deden ervaring op met SARS en konden bepaalde restricties eenvoudig implementeren, aangezien mensen daar gewend zijn om te doen wat de regering zegt. Het virus heeft daar veel minder impact gehad door de acceptatie van collectief gedrag. Dat is een interessant fenomeen. Hier willen mensen vaak onbeperkte individuele vrijheid hebben ongeacht de kosten voor het collectief. En dan heb je ook direct het gevaar dat de samenhang tussen generaties begint af te brokkelen. Jongeren bijvoorbeeld worden nauwelijks getroffen, die willen gewoon naar Ibiza en feesten. De isolatie wordt vanuit het individualisme in Nederland geheel anders beleefd dan in andere landen. Ook binnen Europa. Ik zit nu in Portugal en ook hier is de isolatie minder problematisch geweest. Toerisme is vanuit dit oogpunt wel een uitdaging. Toerisme is 12% van de economie van Portugal, waardoor de komst van toeristen economisch zeer wenselijk is. Portugal kan roepen dat ze nu schoon en veilig zijn, maar blijft dat zo als er zometeen Nederlanders, Engelsen en Duitsers komen? Het is moeilijk als we het over vrijetijd en vakantie hebben om collectief te denken. Vakantie is voor ons vrij-heid. 'Ik kan doen wat ik wil'. Dat zag je ook in het begin van de crisis in Spanje toen Engelse toeristen door de politie gesommeerd werden binnen te blijven, maar desondanks met grote groepen op straat bier dronken en feest vier-den, want "wij zijn niet besmet". In Nederland wordt grotendeels het advies gevolgd van het Outbreak Management Team, waar vooral virologen de scepter zwaaiden. Er is gesuggereerd dat het team uitgebreid zou moeten worden om naast de economie en de gezondheidsrisico's meerdere perspectieven toe te voegen om tot bredere beslissingsmodellen te komen. Welke aspecten zou jij als vrijetijdsexpert willen toevoegen? Dat zit dan met name richting psychologische factoren. Gedragsoriënterende perspectieven zijn weinig aan de orde geweest. In het begin is het ook redelijk makkelijk. Er worden regels opgesteld omtrent binnen blijven en afstand houden. Daar zijn overheden heel goed in. Maar op den duur moet er een nieuw normaal ontstaan waarbij je meer moet vertrouwen op het gedrag van individuen en groepen. Dan is het bijvoorbeeld noodzakelijk om zicht te hebben op hoe mensen zich onder normale Greg Richards En toen was er even geen vrijetijd buitenshuis Interview met Professor Leisure Studies Greg Richards over de invloed van Covid-19 Peter Horsten Simon de Wijs & Hier willen mensen vaak onbeperkte individuele vrijheid hebben ongeacht de kosten voor het collectief. Juist het contact met klanten staat in de huidige crisis onder druk. De huidige situatie komt goed uit voor beleidsmakers die overtoerisme willen terugdringen. omstandigheden in hun vrijetijd gedragen. Er is veel onderzoek gedaan over het gebruik van de ruimte. Een klassiek gegeven is dat in een natuurgebied de parkeerplaats vol met auto's staat en dat vrijwel iedereen te vinden is in een straal van 500m. Normaal gesproken is dat geen probleem. Zelfs handig, omdat je faciliteiten dichtbij de parkeerplaats neerzet. En de mensen die weg van de massa willen, weten dat ze iets verder moeten lopen om drukte te vermijden. Maar met de nieuwe realiteit heb je een oplossing nodig waarin je dergelijk gedrag verandert en niet iedereen rondom de parkeerplaats geclusterd wil zien. Er zijn talrijke situaties die heel voorspelbaar zijn waarbij vrijetijdsexperts advies zouden kunnen geven. De afgelopen decennia heeft het begrip creatieve stad het denken over de inrich-ting van de steden sterk beïnvloed. Er aandacht voor het aantrekken van creatieven en het behouden van talenten. Door volop ontmoetingsplekken te creëren, diversi-teit en dwarsverbanden tussen groepen te stimuleren, en door een 24-7 bruisend programma met legio (culturele en sportieve) evenementen te ontwikkelen. Past dit denken in termen van een levendige stad nog bij de nieuwe werkelijkheid? 5

Uncover, 2020

Uncover is een uitgave van het domein Leisure & Events van Breda University of Applied Sciences. ... more Uncover is een uitgave van het domein Leisure & Events van Breda University of Applied Sciences. Redactie Peter Horsten en Simon de Wijs Contactgegevens Peter Horsten horsten.p@buas.nl Simon de Wijs wijs.s@buas.nl Uncover Uncover staat voor samen ontdekken. Dit magazine biedt Breda University of Applied Sciences een platform om onderzoek en projecten te delen met haar netwerk. Middels deze Uncover proberen we rondom kennisdeling en kennisontwikkeling expliciet ons voltallige netwerk te bereiken en samen te bren-gen: ondernemers, overheid, onderwijs, onderzoek en maatschappelijk organisaties.

Due to the increase in the number of elderly and people seeking medical care, the hotel market wi... more Due to the increase in the number of elderly and people seeking medical care, the hotel market with a blend of care and leisure experiences is expected to grow in the future (Han, 2013; Karuppan & Karuppan, 2010; Laesser, 2011). The role of care hotels as an intersection between the care and the tourism sectors makes a vacation in a care hotel an interesting social practice to study. In this contribution a social practices approach (Spaargaren, 1997) is applied to investigate how demand and supply interact during a care hotel vacation. Semi-structured interviews are used to identify successful and less successful interactions or practices between senior guests and personnel in five Dutch care hotels. These interactions are related to materials (care and leisure facilities), competences (skills and empathy of the personnel) and meanings (motivations and aspirations of guests) in the care hotel practice (see Shove et al., 2012). The results show that a social practice approach combined with a qualitative research method may be more suited to analysing the complex encounters between guests and personnel during care hotel vacations than more traditional theories from service or experience quality studies. Simultaneously, this study makes clear that we need to develop alternative qualitative (and/or quantitative) research methods to study more privacy-related or intimate practices or rituals as in the case of care hotels.

This paper examines major trends in leisure in an attempt to trace some possible future developm... more This paper examines major trends in leisure in an attempt to trace some possible future developments in the consumption and production of leisure in general, and tourism in particular. The first part of the analysis concentrates on the time dimension, examining the changing relationship between work and leisure time in the developed world. This is followed by an analysis of the social consequences of the ‘growth’ of leisure, particularly in terms of the growing imbalance in the distribution of work and leisure time. The future implications of this imbalance are then considered, particularly in terms of its potential influence on tourism consumption.

The Value of Leisure. Special issue of Uncover Magazine, August 2017.

Pour sa dernière édition avant la trêve estivale, "Vox pop" consacre un numéro complet aux congés... more Pour sa dernière édition avant la trêve estivale, "Vox pop" consacre un numéro complet aux congés payés, avec un reportage en France où une nouvelle tendance voit le jour : les vacances illimitées. Les salariés posent autant de jours qu'ils le souhaitent à condition de remplir leurs objectifs : avancée sociale ou fausse bonne idée ? La controverse : un tour d'Europe des vacances en images et en comparaison de données. L'enquête : depuis 2003, en Europe, tous les salariés bénéficient de quatre semaines de vacances. Mais si les Pays-Bas restent bloqués au minimum, d'autres pays comme la France et le Royaume-Uni frôlent les six semaines de congés payés. Vox pop a enquêté dans l'Hexagone, où une nouvelle tendance voit le jour : les vacances illimitées. Les salariés posent autant de jours qu'ils le souhaitent à condition de remplir leurs objectifs. Avancée sociale ou fausse bonne idée ? L'interview : Greg Richard, anthropologue et professeur de sciences sociales néerlandais, spécialisé dans l'étude des loisirs. vacances, congés payés, conditions de travail, Union Européenne, société

Happiness is central to our lives as individuals and as social beings; we want to be happy, and w... more Happiness is central to our lives as individuals and as social beings; we want to be happy, and we want those around us to be happy too. But where does happiness come from? What makes us happy, and perhaps more importantly, how can we become happier? The role of this introductory paper is draw on some of the academic research relating to leisure and happiness, and consider how some scholars have attempted to answer these questions.

Time & Society, Jan 1, 1998

This article presents a cross-comparative analysis of the role of holidays as an element of socia... more This article presents a cross-comparative analysis of the role of holidays as an element of social rights. Beginning with an examination of the creation of holiday rights in the Nether¬lands, comparisons are made with other European countries and countries such as America and Japan where attitudes to work, leisure time and holidays produce very different patterns of tourism consumption.

Journal of Business Research, Jan 1, 1999

The growing frequency of vacation travel in the developed world has ensured that tourism is seen ... more The growing frequency of vacation travel in the developed world has ensured that tourism is seen as an essential element of the quality of life. A cross-comparative analysis of tourism consumption indicates substantial differences in tourism consumption and the structural position of vacations as a social right between nations. Higher levels of vacation entitlement and consumption in Europe can be linked to corporatist or social democratic welfare regimes that recognize tourism consumption as a social right. In the United States and Japan, however, more liberal welfare regimes are linked to lower vacation entitlements and greater inequalities in distribution of income and/or leisure time. The resulting differences in vacation time availability are reflected in time-intensive tourism consumption patterns in Europe, and money-intensive consumption patterns in the United States and Japan. With increasing liberalization, however, there are signs that these international differences are beginning to narrow.

This paper examines the concept of liquid modernity in the context of leisure production and cons... more This paper examines the concept of liquid modernity in the context of leisure production and consumption, responding to Tony Blackshaw's book Leisure.

A study of the development of leisure clusters, analysing the theoretical background to cluster f... more A study of the development of leisure clusters, analysing the theoretical background to cluster formation and contrasting traditional cluster theory (Marshall, Porter) with the concept of leisure clusters. Because leisure clusters are focussed on consumption rathe than production, they involve a new spatial logic and also require innovative management strategies. This report analysis case studies of leisure clusters in the Ruhr region, Disneyland Paris and Zoetermeer City of Leisure and Hilversum Media Cluster in the Netherlands.

Uncover, 2024

The 8th edition of Uncover Magazine is out now! This edition is all about Internationalisation. F... more The 8th edition of Uncover Magazine is out now! This edition is all about Internationalisation. For Breda University of Applied Sciences and Academy for Leisure & Events it is clear that internationalisation has been in the very fibres from the beginning and that the added value of intercultural classroom settings is something to be nurtured sustainably.

This new Uncover showcases successful international projects, points out the value of international networks as catalysts facilitating exchange and dialogue, and contains personal stories of students, lecturers, support staff and researchers who use their own narratives to make sense of the value of being and moving within an international context.

The positive experiences and learning effects from intercultural encounters are too valuable to exclude anyone and you can read in Uncover this can be achieved both abroad as at home on campus.

There is also a special focus on the World Leisure Organisation and their World Leisure Centres of Expertise, already looking ahead to next year, when the 18th World Leisure Congress will take place in Breda.

You can find the complete magazine digitally via: https://issuu.com/bredauniversityas/docs/buas_magazine_uncover_internationalisation-2024

ATLAS Reflections, 2024

This paper reviews trends in tourism and leisure in the 30 years since the founding of the Associ... more This paper reviews trends in tourism and leisure in the 30 years since the founding of the Association for Tourism and Leisure Education and Research (ATLAS) in 1991.

Tilburg University Reposity, 2023

Links to open access full text books by Greg Richards, including: Rethinking Cultural Tourism Sm... more Links to open access full text books by Greg Richards, including:

Rethinking Cultural Tourism
Small Cities with Big Dreams: Creative Placemaking and Branding Strategies
Reinventing the Local in Tourism: Producing, Consuming and Negotiating Place
Event Design: Social perspectives and practices
Exploring the Social Impacts of Events. Routledge
Eventful Cities: Cultural Management and Urban Revitalisation
Cultural Tourism Research Methods
Tourism, Creativity and Development
The Global Nomad: Theory and Practice in Backpacker Travel

The Good Tourism Blog, 2023

Greg Richards thinks more of us should lift our gaze from our narrow academic, business, and loca... more Greg Richards thinks more of us should lift our gaze from our narrow academic, business, and local concerns. We should scan the horizons of what we (think we) know, and try harder to understand the primordial instinct we have to travel and the human incentives that drive the tourism industry.
Professor Richards is the subject of the first in a series of Tourism’s Horizon Interviews. For this “Good Tourism” Insight, Jim Butcher summarises highlights of his in-depth interview with Prof Richards. [The full transcripts of the Tourism’s Horizon Interviews are available on Substack.]

Handbook of Tourism and Quality-of-Life Research II: Enhancing the Lives of Tourists, Residents of Host Communities and Service Providers, 2023

Quality of Life (QoL) is an important aspect of place, and an attractive element of places for to... more Quality of Life (QoL) is an important aspect of place, and an attractive element of places for tourists. This chapter examines the changing relationship between culture, creativity and tourism, charting the rise of new models of tourism that drive more attention to QoL issues. These include the changing nature of mobilities, the broadening scope of cultural consumption, new technologies and the increased co-creation of experiences between residents and tourists. These changes suggest the need for a broader placemaking approach to the relationship between culture, creativity and tourism, which is important to capture the more intangible and soft elements of place. The use of creative tourism as a placemaking strategy is examined, along with the emergence of 'urban scenes' that drive creative consumption. Empirical evidence for the growing relationship between culture, creativity, place and QoL is derived from surveys of European culture, heritage and tourism.

The big question on everybody's lips at the moment is 'what will happen in the post-Pandemic era?... more The big question on everybody's lips at the moment is 'what will happen in the post-Pandemic era?' Answering this question is far from easy, because we are at a unique moment in history. One way to gather a picture of potential ways forward is to ask the experts. A recent session at the TIAC conference brought together experts from different sectors of the tourism industry to give their thoughts on this issue.

A presentation to the TOURBANISM conference on urbanism, architecture and Tourism in Barcelona, F... more A presentation to the TOURBANISM conference on urbanism, architecture and Tourism in Barcelona, February 2012 PanelDiscusion.mpg_ffqt.mp4

Medical tourism as covered in this report essentially involves travel for the purposes of medical... more Medical tourism as covered in this report essentially involves travel for the purposes of medical operations and health services. There are a number of closely related areas, such as health tourism, wellness tourism, spa tourism and fertility tourism. All of these sectors are growing strongly as a result of both demand and supply factors. Not only has global medical tourism increased dramatically in recent years, but this growth looks set to continue as more countries enter the market, and increasingly health conscious consumers and aging populations look for the lowest prices and/or the highest quality care.

The first part of this report therefore sets out to understand what is meant by the phrase 'medical tourism'. Subsequent sections of the report examine the dynamics, structure and value of the medical tourism market and seek to identify the destinations and origin countries where the major markets lie. In total, over 50 countries are included in this first attempt to analyse the global medical tourism market.

Annals of Tourism Research, 2020

In spite of renewed attention for practices in tourism studies, the analysis of practices is ofte... more In spite of renewed attention for practices in tourism studies, the analysis of practices is often isolated from theories of practice. This theoretical paper identifies the main strands of practice theory and their relevance and application to tourism research, and develops a new approach to applying practice theory in the study of tourism participation. We propose a conceptual model of tourism practices based on the work of Collins (2004), which emphasises the role of rituals in generating emotional responses. This integrated approach can focus on individuals interacting in groups, as well as explaining why people join and leave specific practices. Charting the shifting of individuals between practices could help to illuminate the dynamics and complexity of tourism systems.

Tourism facing a pandemic: from crisis to recovery, 2020

This collection of papers has been written in April 2020 by an international team of scholars tea... more This collection of papers has been written in April 2020 by an international team of scholars teaching at the Master Course in Planning and Management of Tourism Systems of the University of Bergamo, while the Covid-19 emergency was spreading in all parts of the World and especially in the territory of Bergamo. The main aim of the work is to face the topic of Tourism in the case of exogenous shocks, like the Covid-19 pandemic, reflecting on their impacts on territories, communities and heritage both during and after the crisis.

Annals of Tourism Research, 2020

Tourism Geographies, 2019

Corriere Fiorentino, 2019

ATLAS is participating in the Next Tourism Generation Alliance (NTG) project, which aims to under... more ATLAS is participating in the Next Tourism Generation Alliance (NTG) project, which aims to understand the skills development needs of the tourism sector, particularly in relation to 'soft skills' and links to social sustainability criteria in tourism. The development of the experience economy and the demand for more engaging and creative tourism and leisure experiences has shifted attention from the 'hard' or more technical skills that were central in the service industries, towards the social, empathetic and emotional skills required to support successful experience development. In some ways this can be seen as a recognition of the importance of skills that have long been undervalued by the industry, even though the problems that this has caused have long been recognized. A 2005 report by CEDEFOP noted that tourism employees were much in demand in other sectors because of their transversal and soft skills, leading to a drain of talented employees (Strietska-Ilinanand Tessaring, 2005). In many recent publications related to occupational skills and competences, soft skills have been highlighted as a source of competitive advantage and a support for employability (OECD, 2015). However, this faces the industry and academia with a number of new challenges. One of the first is how to define and measure soft skills, particularly in order to identify apparent 'skills gaps'. As Cinque (2016) has noted, " There are various ways of naming soft skills, also called social skills, transversal competences, social competences, generic competences, even basic and life skills. Some authors identify soft skills with EI (Emotional Intelligence) ". In the NTG project employer and employee soft skills are defined as behavioural and practical attitudinal competences in interpersonal communication; cross-cultural understanding; gender equality; customer service orientation. Soft skills also include managing personal relationships, understanding the feelings of others, cooperating with others, showing a positive

Tourism Today, 2016

The once clear dichotomy between tourists and locals is becoming more vague as a wider range of t... more The once clear dichotomy between tourists and locals is becoming more vague as a wider range of travel and tourism practices emerge. This paper examines the role of people as 'tourists' in their own city as part of a social reproduction of tourism as a lifestyle or as a consumption strategy. Borrowing from the 'tourist in their own city' concept developed in 1997 by Van Driel and Blokker, it considers the extent to which the viewpoints of residents and other 'tourists' vary and coincide. Arguably our experience as tourists arguably gives us new viewpoints on our own city, and also to new views of the tourist as 'temporary citizens', or of locals 'tourist suppliers in their own city'. Using data collected from both 'tourists' and 'locals' in Barcelona, this analysis considers how the growing integration of everyday life and tourism is producing growing numbers of 'tourists in their own city'.

Pre-publication version of Richards, G. (2017) Sharing the new localities of tourism. In D. Dredg... more Pre-publication version of Richards, G. (2017) Sharing the new localities of tourism. In D. Dredge and S.Gyimóthy (eds) Collaborative Economy and Tourism: Perspectives, Politics, Policies and Prospects. Springer. Pp 169-184. For final text, see the book.

Abstract

Geographers have long pondered the role of tourism in producing and shaping space. The description of resort geographies popular in the 1980s and 1990s has gradually given way to the current vogue for place-making and place marketing, re-centering geography in the tourism field. More recently, however, the rise of the sharing economy and 'relational tourism' has caused researchers to look beyond the construction and consumption of place and to delve into the co-creation of localities between tourists and residents. These shorter and longer-term 'locals' increasingly find each other without the intervention of the traditional tourism industry, giving rise to whole new fields of economic, cultural and social exchange. The growth of companies such as Couchsurfing, Airbnb and Uber not only represents a challenge to traditional views of tourism, but is also reshaping the localities inhabited by tourists. This analysis examines the consequences of the new localities of tourism and they ways in which this might affect the future of tourism itself.

El turismo como práctica social ha cambiado radicalmente, pasando de un sistema de producción For... more El turismo como práctica social ha cambiado radicalmente, pasando de un sistema de producción Fordista, esencialmente vertical, a un nexo mucho más disperso de producción y consumo de experiencias. El deseo de vivir como un lugareño en combinación con el deseo de los lugareños de convertirse en productores de experiencias turísticas ha estimulado una nueva tendencia a «vivir como un lugareño», que es satisfecha por una variedad de productos y experiencias ofrecidos de abajo hacia arriba. Los significados vinculados a la práctica del turismo también han cambiado a medida que más personas se han convertido en turistas y muchos de nosotros nos hemos involucrado en el suministro de turismo.

Tourism as a social practice has undergone radical change, moving away from a vertical Fordist production system towards a much more disperse nexus comprising the production and consumption of experiences. A combination of the desire of tourists to live like locals and the desire of locals to become producers of tourist experiences has driven a new trend for ‘living like a local’. This demand is met by a variety of products and experiences offered from the top down. The meanings associated with the practice of tourism have also changed as more people have become tourists and many of us have become involved in the tourism industry.

The Geographical Journal, 1985

Quaternary raised shorelines in Mallorca have been cited as evidence of complex eustatic sea-leve... more Quaternary raised shorelines in Mallorca have been cited as evidence of complex eustatic sea-level changes. Investigation of the molluscan fauna of the shorelines allowed the height at which they formed to be identified very accurately, showing that comparatively little relative sea-level change has occurred. No unambiguous Tyrrhenian beaches were found higher than 2.5 m above present sea level. The faunal evidence suggests the presence of a single Tyrrhenian shoreline which has been deformed by subsequent tectonic activity.

Geology, 1991

... This would imply an initial U content in the cardiums (Cerastoderma) of about 3 ppm, much gre... more ... This would imply an initial U content in the cardiums (Cerastoderma) of about 3 ppm, much greater than the values commonly found (eg, Kaufman et al., 1971). ... They could be assigned to Ostrea stentina Payr (JC Rosso and P. Amaud, personal commun.). ...

Nature, 1982

The Chott el Djerid is a large, salt-covered depression in southern Tunisia (Fig. 1). The late ni... more The Chott el Djerid is a large, salt-covered depression in southern Tunisia (Fig. 1). The late nineteenth century idea that the basin had been invaded by the sea1,2 has been superseded by the view that any Quaternary flooding of the Chott must have resulted from climatic changes, as the fossils found in its sediments are not exclusively marine and there is no indication of the fluctuations in sea level or of the crustal movements that would be required to fill and then empty the basin2,3. We report here evidence for a marine connection 35,000–25,000 years ago and show that it implies subsequent uplift by some 80 metres in an area long regarded as either stable2 or prone to subsidence throughout the Quaternary.

A bibliography of the publications of the ATLAS Events Group between 2013 and 2024. This includes... more A bibliography of the publications of the ATLAS Events Group between 2013 and 2024. This includes books, journal articles and special issues.

Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 2016

The increasingly multifaceted nature of event impacts makes them even more attractive as a potent... more The increasingly multifaceted nature of event impacts makes them even more attractive as a potential solution to a range of urban and regional problems. As a result, competition to stage major cultural and sporting events is intensifying, and the cost of bidding is also rising. Given that such bidding processes only produce one winner, this means that a growing number of disappointed cities have to justify the costs of bidding for major events. In this context, we analyse the bidding process for the European Capital of Culture in the Netherlands (2018) and its impacts on local social structures. In particular the article focuses on the less tangible, non-economic effects of bidding for events, establishing a framework based on network formation, public support for the bidding process and social cohesion. The conclusions point to the key role of sociality and networking for events, which should therefore be developed throughout the bidding process for successful impacts, whether the event is won or not.

ATLAS Reflections, 2023

A report on the activities, publications and events of the Events Group of the Association for To... more A report on the activities, publications and events of the Events Group of the Association for Tourism and Leisure Education and Research (ATLAS). Includes links to recent publications.

ATLAS Reflections, 2022

A report on the activities and publications of the ATLAS Events Group in 2022.

Recent years have brought crisis and uncertainty to the festival and event sector. In 2022, while... more Recent years have brought crisis and uncertainty to the festival and event sector. In 2022, while some countries have reason to hope that the worst of the pandemic is over, others have less reason to be confident. Meanwhile, with the outbreak of the war in Ukraine and consequent refugee crisis, political tensions are high and international political relations extremely tense. In this context, it seems crucial that discussions about festivals & events go beyond the academic. In what we hope is a 'post-pandemic' scenario, finding ways to re-energise festival and event activities in ways that are economically resilient, societally relevant and environmentally sustainable is now a central challenge for practitioners, policy-makers and academics alike. In a time of great political uncertainty, advancing understandings of how festivals and events constitute important social practices that have the potential to foster socio-cultural inclusion, build communal solidarity, enhance wellbeing and encourage a spirit of hopefulness is more relevant than ever.

ATLAS Reflections 2021, 2021

A review of the past thirty years of events research from the perspective of the ATLAS Events Gro... more A review of the past thirty years of events research from the perspective of the ATLAS Events Group, including the work of the ATLAS Event Experiences Project.

ATLAS Events Group, 2021

In 2021 discussion about the state of event management research was stimulated by a paper by Emmy... more In 2021 discussion about the state of event management research was stimulated by a paper by Emmy Yeung and Rhodri Thomas on the 'Long Tail of Event Management Research'. Using data from SCOPUS, they demonstrated that the field of event management research is dominated by a handful of scholars and institutions globally, predominantly from English-speaking countries. This observation stimulated the development of the Event Management Languages Project, which aims to examine the literature produced in languages other than English. One of the challenges for researchers working in English as a second language is the lack of leading academic journals in other languages. Even so, an initial analysis by Richards (2021) uncovered many papers in other languages, which also reflect the cultural richness of the events field.

In 2021, just as in 2020, the ATLAS Events Group will be staging its events online. Like communit... more In 2021, just as in 2020, the ATLAS Events Group will be staging its events online. Like communities around the world, our group will need to adjust to the new reality of online and hybrid events. What effects will these developments have for events in the future, and what impact will these have on the communities that shape and are shaped by events? In previous research programmes ATLAS has considered the development of event networks, and the role of events in society. That role changed radically with the pandemic, as live events were cancelled and social contacts increasingly had to be made online. How will the shift to digital events and the absence of 'normal' social gatherings affect communities in future? Will new models of events emerge, or will people be eager to get back to 'normal events'? We will be considering a wide range of topics on the future of events and communities for this track, including for example: • The future of community events • Events as community networks • Social cohesion, social capital and events • Online communities and virtual events • Hybrid events (online/offline mixing and new developments) • The future development of traditional events • New event spaces • Events and the future of cities and regions Abstracts of between 350-500 words (with title no longer than 12 words) should be submitted to ATLAS. All abstracts will be subject to double-blind review by members of the scientific committee. Acceptance of a submission will be based on: theoretical and empirical significance; methodological soundness and logical clarity. The official language of the conference is English. Authors should indicate that they are submitting to the Event Communities Special Track on the ABSTRACT SUBMISSION FORM. Accepted abstracts will be allocated a slot within the conference track, and presenters must register for the ATLAS conference. For specific questions about the track or the ATLAS Events Group, please contact Greg Richards. For more details about the conference, abstract submission and other practical information, please see the conference website: http://www.atlas-euro.org/Default.aspx?TabID=333

Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events , 2020

Special issue on the measurement of event experiences, highlighting both qualitative and quantita... more Special issue on the measurement of event experiences, highlighting both qualitative and quantitative approaches, produced by the ATLAS Events Group. Access to all articles is free until the end of 2020, courtesy of the journal.

Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events , 2019

This paper applies the Event Experiences Scale (EES) to seven cultural events in different countr... more This paper applies the Event Experiences Scale (EES) to seven cultural events in different countries with the aim of identifying generic dimensions of event experience. Exploratory factor analysis indicated the presence of four experience dimensions: cognitive engagement, affective engagement, physical engagement and novelty. These broadly reflect the four dimensions found in the original EES study [de Geus, S., Richards, G., & Toepoel, V. (2016). Conceptualisation and operationalisation of event and festival experiences: Creation of an event experience scale. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 16(3), 274–296]. In the cultural events analysed here, the cognitive dimension is strongest, followed by affective engagement, novelty and finally physical engagement. The experience dimensions are shown to vary significantly between visitor groups (particularly in terms of age) and by event location or context. Analysis of social media use shows that experiences also vary significantly through the stages of the ‘event journey’, with affective engagement being particularly prominent during and after the event.

Report of the ATLAS Event SIG meeting at the ATLAS Annual Conference in Girona, September 2019.

Report of the ATLAS Events Group 2019, presented at the ATLAS Annual Conference in Girona, Septem... more Report of the ATLAS Events Group 2019, presented at the ATLAS Annual Conference in Girona, September 2019.

This paper focuses on group size impact on participant experience at festivals. This research uti... more This paper focuses on group size impact on participant experience at festivals. This research utilized the Multi-Phased Theory and the Event Experience Scale to determine if there were any significant difference in how participants of different group sizes engage during the Anticipation and Participation Phase of a festival. Data was collected at a Cinco de Mayo festival in Tulsa, Oklahoma and was analyzed using statistics of central tendencies and a Kruskal-Wallis Test. It was determined that during the Anticipation Phase, there were no statistically significant differences between groups. However, during the Participation Phase there were statistically significant differences between different group sizes.

This research builds on earlier work on the Event Experience Scale (EES, de Geus et al., 2016)) as well as research on the multi-phasic nature of event experiences (Geurtsen, M. (2014). The Multi-Phase Nature of Event and Festival Experiences. Tilburg: Tilburg University.).

Call for Papaers for the Special Track of the ATLAS Annual Conference, Girona, September 2019 on ... more Call for Papaers for the Special Track of the ATLAS Annual Conference, Girona, September 2019 on Transformation through Innovation and Creativity in Events

The theme of the meeting was the role of events as platforms for supporting and developing networ... more The theme of the meeting was the role of events as platforms for supporting and developing networks and communities. Events are increasingly being used by places as a means to attract attention, form networks and build communities. This is of importance not just in terms of developing social cohesion in the contemporary network society, but also for the value creation activities of enterprises and the place promotion campaigns of public authorities. A presentation by Greg Richards during the track also outlined the ‘city as platform’ concept, within which events are become ng important catalysts for the development of city platforms and networks.
The papers presented in the track dealt with a number of key themes, including the relationship between networks and identity, the role of event networks in community building, the social effects of event platforms, cities as platforms for events, industry-based event platforms and the relationship between online and offline networks.

The experience of events has become a more widespread focus of research in recent years. Experien... more The experience of events has become a more widespread focus of research in recent years. Experiences are arguably at the heart of events, with Berridge (2012: 274) arguing that event management ‘is largely about delivery of experiences’ and Getz and Page (2016: 8) stating that ‘the essence of a planned event is that of an experience that has been designed’. In spite of the centrality of experiences, they have usually been studied implicitly rather than explicitly, and there has been a relative lack of comparative research on the experiences of visitors to different types of events or event settings.

For this special issue of the Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events we would like to invite papers that explicitly explore the way in which visitors experience events, through the collection of quantitative or qualitative data, or a combination of the two.

The work of the ATLAS Events Group continues to expand, particularly in terms of data collection ... more The work of the ATLAS Events Group continues to expand, particularly in terms of data collection and analysis on event experiences. Event experiences and experience design have been a key theme of the group since 2013, when a meeting on this theme was held in Portugal. Since then members of the group have been involved in collecting data from events in many different countries around the world. This work has supported a number of publications, a number of which have been collected in the volume Experiencias turísticas de festivales y eventos edited by Greg Richards and Agustín Ruíz Lanuza, published in 2017. The 2017 meeting of the ATLAS Events Group was held in conjunction with the ATLAS Annual Conference in Viana do Castelo. A total of 30 delegates attended the meeting sessions, and 19 papers were presented. There was lively discussion about research approaches to event experiences, and in particular how to use and combine quantitative and qualitative data sources. This event attracted wide range of papers related to event experiences, and also considerable discussion on the further development of the Event Experiences Scale. The Event Experience Scale at different locations has not only provided very interesting comparative material, and has also stimulated a search for more flexible and shorter version of the scale. Work has also been done with a reduced scale at events and attractions in Hong Kong, which has emphasised the distinctive nature of experiences at attractions and events. The application of the EES to Carnival was also continued in 2018, with surveys being distributed in Brazil, Portugal and the Netherlands (see separate report below). Recent surveys have been carried out at other events in the Netherlands, including a major Jazz Festival. A further meeting of the group will be staged in conjunction with the ATLAS Annual Conference in Copenhagen in September 2019. This meeting will be on the theme " Event platforms, networks and communities: making time and space to link people ". This has also proved a popular theme, with an even larger number of abstract submissions than in the previous year. There are plans to produce a publication from the meeting, which will be discussed in Copenhagen.

Experiences are central to leisure consumption, and events and festivals are rapidly becoming one... more Experiences are central to leisure consumption, and events and festivals are rapidly becoming one of the most widespread forms of experience production. Event managers and designers work hard to ensure that the consumer will enjoy the event experience, and as a result have more fun, spend more money and come back in the future. The major challenge facing the events industry, however, is understanding exactly what the visitor experiences at an event, and what elements of the experience trigger them to visit the event in the first place and to have a memorable visit. To understand the way in which event experience work, it is important to have a tool that can measure the experience of different visitors at different events. This can enable us to analyse the effect of individual visitor characteristics on the experience, as well as the event setting (event type, location), as well as giving the possibility of exploring the experience at different stages in the visitor journey. This paper describes the development and application of the Event Experience Scale (EES) to compare the 'experience footprint' of different types of events, including arts Festivals, Jazz Festivals and Carnival in Brazil.

A survey of the experience of visitors to the John Coltrane Jazz Festival was conducted by Vern B... more A survey of the experience of visitors to the John Coltrane Jazz Festival was conducted by Vern Biaett and his colleagues in 2016. Data for this survey was collected and compiled by faculty and students at High Point University as part of a worldwide research project hosted by the School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, The Netherlands. The survey instrument provided was employed without changes. A copy of the study guidelines and survey instrument are included at the end of this report. The purpose of the international study is to determine if a quantitative scale can be created to study the behavior of attendees at festivals and events.

Presentation to the ATLAS Latin America Conference in Recife, Brazil, June 5th 2017

Presentation to the CREATOUR conference in Curia, June 1st 2017.

ATLAS Reflections, 2024

A report on the activities of the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Research Group for 2024

This document provides a summary of publications produced by the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Research ... more This document provides a summary of publications produced by the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Research Group from 1991 to date. For more details about the group and the research programmes it has developed, please go to: https://www.richardstourism.com/atlas-cultural-tourism-project

Call for papers for the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Group meeting at the ATLAS Annual Conference in Co... more Call for papers for the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Group meeting at the ATLAS Annual Conference in Cork, September 2022.

ATLAS Reflections 2021, 2022

In a year marked by Covid-19, the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Research Group (ACTRG) faced challenges ... more In a year marked by Covid-19, the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Research Group (ACTRG) faced challenges in collecting data for the long-running survey of cultural attractions and events. As tourism and culture were two of the sectors most severely impacted by the Pandemic, cultural tourism all but disappeared in 2020. Museums around the world closed and took their collections online as a way of reaching out to audiences in lockdown.

International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage, 2021

On the 30 th anniversary of the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Project we will be re-visiting some of the... more On the 30 th anniversary of the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Project we will be re-visiting some of the central themes of the ATLAS research over the years. When the project was launched, cultural tourism was a relatively new segment of global tourism, but it rapidly developed from a niche market into a mass tourism product, driven by low cost flights and collaborative economy accommodation. In 2021 we will be looking at how the cultural tourism market has changed, and reviewing some key trends from recent editions of the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Research Project, for which surveys were undertaken in Prague and other locations in 2020 and 2021. Those involved in past and present editions of the ATLAS research project are welcome to present their thoughts on the development of cultural tourism, and other presenters are also invited to give their views. The themes covered in this track will include: • Cultural tourism development trends • Cultural tourism and regional development • Collaboration and networks in cultural tourism • New forms of cultural tourism • New cultural tourism spaces • Cultural tourism and the community • Evolving cultures of tourism Abstracts of between 350-500 words (with title no longer than 12 words) should be submitted to ATLAS. All abstracts will be subject to double-blind review by members of the scientific committee. Acceptance of a submission will be based on: theoretical and empirical significance; methodological soundness and logical clarity. The official language of the conference is English. Authors should indicate that they are submitting to the Cultural tourism Special Track on the ABSTRACT SUBMISSION FORM. Accepted abstracts will be allocated a slot within the conference track, and presenters must register for the ATLAS conference. For specific questions about the track or the ATLAS Events Group, please contact Greg Richards. For more details about the conference, abstract submission and other practical information, please see the conference website: http://www.atlas-euro.org/Default.aspx?TabID=333

ATLAS Reflections, 2020

The ATLAS Cultural Tourism Group has been operating since 1991, and the main activity of the grou... more The ATLAS Cultural Tourism Group has been operating since 1991, and the main activity of the group has been the development of the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Research Project. This project largely centres on surveys of visitors to cultural sites and events, and over the almost 30-year life span of the project we have collected more than 50,000 visitor surveys from sites on five continents. In 2020 the main activities of the group have focussed on the development of a new wave of cultural tourism surveys. A revised version of the basic version of the cultural tourism questionnaire was developed, which kept many of the features of the previous version but added a few new elements. These included revised questions on information sources, experience outcomes and perceived authenticity. As in previous rounds of the research, the questionnaire has been designed in a modular format, which makes it easier for participants to add their own questions at different points in the questionnaire. In contrast to previous research rounds the questionnaire will also be available in paper and digital format. A version of the survey is available on Qualtrics, so that visitors can be offered a digital version of the survey on a mobile device for face-to-face interviews or offered a survey link to complete post visit. This also provides a potential solution to the problem of interviewing visitors during the Covid-19 pandemic, because visitors can also be sent a link via email, removing the need for personal interviews. This enables research to be conducted using the mailing lists of cultural sites and events, so that even when sites are not open to the public the views of those who have visited in the past can be gathered. As in previous years the surveys are available in different language versions. We currently have English, French and Portuguese versions in both paper and digital format. We also have different versions of these questionnaires available for interviews on site or using a mailing list. As in the past, all participating institutions will be able to use their own data for research and publication purposes. Participants can also make use of data from other sites to enable comparative research. The conditions for the use of the data are set out in a data agreement that is signed by all participants. At the time of writing we have participating institutions from Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Ghana, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Portugal, Serbia and the UK. The largest number of participating institutions come from Portugal, where national research director Carlos Fernandes from Viana do Castelo is planning to attain national coverage with the surveys. This year will provide a particularly challenging environment for data collection, but it should also give some very illuminating results in relation to the effects of the pandemic on cultural tourism. Tourism to cultural sites and events has been hit not only by travel restrictions, but also by closures of cultural institutions, or restrictions on visitor numbers for those that have reopened. We are interested in gauging the extent to which restrictions and safety measures have an impact on the experience of cultural tourism, and it will be interesting to see how the survey results change over the coming months and years.

This is the European English language version of the ATLAS cultural tourism survey for 2020. The ... more This is the European English language version of the ATLAS cultural tourism survey for 2020. The survey is currently being translated into other languages by project members. Instructions for use of the survey are available on the project website (www.tram-research.com/atlas). For further information, please contact Greg Richards (g.w.richards@uvt.nl).

Report of the Cultural Tourism vResearch Group preseneted at the ATLAS Annual Conference in Girona.

This is the latest update to the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Bibliography, which is a work in progress... more This is the latest update to the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Bibliography, which is a work in progress rather than a comprehensive listing of cultural tourism research sources. All suggestions for additional references gratefully received. In line with the multilingual nature of ATLAS, we are happy to receive suggested references in languages other than English, preferably with an English language translation of the title. The latest revision includes references from the UNWTO report Tourism and Culture Synergies (2018).

The ATLAS Cultural Tourism Group has been conducting research and organising special interest mee... more The ATLAS Cultural Tourism Group has been conducting research and organising special interest meetings on the relationship between culture and tourism since 1991, and therefore is the longest-standing ATLAS research group. In 2018 the major activity of the group focussed on a special interest group meeting on " Participatory culture and new challenges for tourism: Responses to the challenges of mass cultural tourism " held in Barcelona. The meeting was hosted by the Innovation and Dissemination Department (IDITUR) at Ostelea School of Tourism and Hospitality in Barcelona. A total of 29 papers were presented by the 35 participants, who were drawn from 13 different countries. The meeting aimed to address some of the pressing issues arising from the emergence of 'mass cultural tourism', particularly in cities with high concentrations of tangible heritage, such as Barcelona. Many papers concentrated on new cultural forms, media and spaces being occupied by tourism. One key emerging theme is the role of new media in the production and consumption of cultural tourism. Papers at the meeting included the use of web mapping technologies, Location-Aware Mobile Apps and social media to map and analyse cultural tourism and inform visitors. Many papers also dealt with the important issue of visitor and resident engagement, because the implication of these stakeholders is vital in shaping new forms of cultural tourism and shifting cultural tourism consumption away from crowded central locations. Modes of engagement were examined in papers dealing with the production of souvenirs, the co-creation of cultural experiences with visitors (for example through creative tourism) and new times and spaces for cultural tourism. The latter included the extension of the Gaudí Route in Barcelona to Casa Vicens in the neighbourhood of Gràcia, the Palo Alto Market in Poble Nou and La Boqueria Market on the busy Ramblas. Cultural events were also considered by a number of papers, and these have long been a means of extending and diversifying the cultural tourism product. Examples examined in the papers presented included the European Capital of Culture, Literary festivals and performances by Catalan 'devils' groups. Informal events, such as the development of 'Party Tourism' (a major challenge in popular cities such as Barcelona) and the resulting challenges of the night-time economy were also considered. The presentations and the discussions surrounding them raised many different issues to be explored in the future work of the group. In view of the focus on the problems of cities such as Barcelona in dealing with 'overtourism', it is not surprising that many of these deal with the relationships between residents, tourists and culture, and how to improve and manage the experience of culture in cities. Future activities of the group will include a publication from the Barcelona meeting, and a further meeting tentatively scheduled for the Spring of 2019 in Budapest. This may take the form of another joint meeting with the Cities Special Interest Group, following on from the successful meeting organised in Barcelona in 2013 (which resulted in the ATLAS publication Reinventing the Local in Tourism: Producing, Consuming, and Negotiating Place). In terms of future research Melanie and Greg will be considering ways of linking the cultural tourism research to the Event Experiences Project, given the growing interest in different aspects of the cultural tourism experience. Developing comparative measures is important in understanding how different types of visitors and different forms of experience delivery and

This report reviews recent activity by the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Project and the recent meeting ... more This report reviews recent activity by the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Project and the recent meeting held in Barcelona on “Participatory culture and new challenges for tourism: Responses to the challenges of mass cultural tourism”. A total of 29 papers were presented by the 35 participants, who were drawn from 13 different countries. The meeting aimed to address some of the pressing issues arising from the emergence of 'mass cultural tourism', particularly in cities with high concentrations of tangible heritage, such as Barcelona. The meeting was held at an opportune moment, just following the publication of a new UNWTO Report on Tourism and Culture Synergies and the release of a new definition of cultural tourism by the UNWTO: " Cultural tourism is a type of tourism activity in which the visitor's essential motivation is to learn, discover, experience and consume the tangible and intangible cultural attractions/products in a tourism destination. These attractions/products relate to a set of distinctive material, intellectual, spiritual and emotional features of a society that encompasses arts and architecture, historical and cultural heritage, culinary heritage, literature, music, creative industries and the living cultures with their lifestyles, value systems, beliefs and traditions. " This new definition underlines the considerable changes that have affected the relationship between tourism and culture in recent decades. Not least the incorporation of various elements of popular and everyday culture into the tourism consumption system, which makes it increasingly hard to isolate culture and tourism. It was not surprising that the papers presented therefore differed from those in many previous meetings, particularly in terms of new cultural forms, media and spaces being occupied by tourism. One key emerging theme is the role of new media in the production and consumption of cultural tourism. Papers at the meeting included the use of web mapping technologies, Location-Aware Mobile Apps and social media to map and analyse cultural tourism and inform visitors. Many papers also dealt with the important issue of visitor and resident engagement, because the implication of these stakeholders is vital in shaping new forms of cultural tourism and shifting cultural tourism consumption away from crowded central locations. Modes of engagement were examined in papers dealing with the production of souvenirs, the co-creation of cultural experiences with visitors (for example through creative tourism) and new times and spaces for cultural tourism. The latter included the extension of the Gaudí Route in Barcelona to Casa Vicens in the neighbourhood of Gràcia, the Palo Alto Market in Poble Nou and La Boqueria Market on the busy Ramblas. Events were also considered by a number of papers, and these have long been a means of extending and diversifying the cultural tourism product.

This bibliography is a work in progress rather than a comprehensive listing of cultural tourism r... more This bibliography is a work in progress rather than a comprehensive listing of cultural tourism research sources. All suggestions for additional references gratefully received. In line with the multilingual nature of ATLAS, we are happy to receive suggested references in languages other than English, preferably with an English language translation of the title. The latest revision includes references from the UNWTO report Tourism and Culture Synergies (2018).

Report of the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Group, 2017. Published in ATLAS Reflections.

Multi-country analysis of cultural tourism data collected by the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Project f... more Multi-country analysis of cultural tourism data collected by the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Project for the period 2008-2013.

An overview of the data collected for the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Project worldwide in 2007. Inclu... more An overview of the data collected for the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Project worldwide in 2007. Includes data from Mexico, Greece, Latvia, Italy, Austria, Romania, Portugal and Vietnam.

The standard version of the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Survey, used by members of the ATLAS Cultural ... more The standard version of the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Survey, used by members of the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Project in different versions since 1991. For more details on the survey see http://www.tram-research.com/atlas/presentation.htm

Cultural tourism has been identified as one of the most important areas of global tourism demand.... more Cultural tourism has been identified as one of the most important areas of global tourism demand. The importance of this market has created a need for information on the characteristics, behaviour and motivations of cultural tourists. Over the past 20 years, the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Research Programme has monitored this through visitor surveys and studies of cultural tourism policies and suppliers. Successive surveys have illustrated how rapidly this market is developing.

The ATLAS CTRP website contains resources and information for all cultural tourism researchers: www.tram-research.com/atlas

Final report from Stavanger European Capital of Culture 2008

On Culture: Mapping Valletta 2018 The book studies the use of space – public, private and communa... more On Culture: Mapping Valletta 2018
The book studies the use of space – public, private and communal – for cultural activity and expression is of primary importance to any city that aspires to engage its citizens in processes of civic and artistic creativity. Valletta’s title as European Capital of Culture 2018 encourages a critical reflection on this issue, examining the various cultural practices undertaken by the local communities and raising questions on how these activities are mediated and negotiated through a city’s space and cultural infrastructure.

Prof. Vicki Ann Cremona, the Editor of this book, stated that the book forms part of the University of Malta’s contribution to the European Capital of Culture title. She described the book as “a series of multidisciplinary studies focusing on the public sphere. On the one hand, it discusses the social aspect and looks at democratisation, public involvement, participation, and accessibility. On the other hand, it examines governance with regard to Local Councils and infrastructures such as libraries and theatres.”

Call for papers for the Tourism and Gastronomy meeting in Girona, February 2021

Call for papers for the ATLAS Gastronomy Group Special Track at the ATLAS Annual Conference in Li... more Call for papers for the ATLAS Gastronomy Group Special Track at the ATLAS Annual Conference in Lisbon, Portugal, October 20-23 2015.

Spain and Portugal, neighbours in the Iberian Peninsula, arguably represent polar opposites in te... more Spain and Portugal, neighbours in the Iberian Peninsula, arguably represent polar opposites in terms of their approaches to innovation and tradition in gastronomy. This paper analyses the approaches in these two neighbouring countries, and examines the relationship between gastronomy as heritage and gastronomy as innovation. In particular it asks whether the more conservative approach to national gastronomy in Portugal may partly be seen as a reaction to threatened changes to gastronomic habits from EU legislation (Richards and Hjalager, 2002).The legislation to define and protect elements of national gastronomy emerged at a time when it seemed that EU controls might limit or eradicate the production of certain traditional foods – a situation also faced in other countries (Ren, 2010). In Spain, as Ravenscroft and van Westering (2002) have argued, the more flexible combination of intellectual property protection and regionalisation led to more creative approaches to gastronomy.

The CREATOUR Recipe Book, 2020

Índice 4 Preface 5 About CREATOUR Basic principles 9 What is creative tourism? A retrospective vi... more Índice
4 Preface
5 About CREATOUR
Basic principles
9 What is creative tourism? A retrospective view
13 How to Boost Creativity / Be Creative
15 Why creative tourism cannot be disconnected from culture?
18 Pillars of Creative Tourism
20 Tourism in Small Cities and Rural Areas
The CREATOUR Experience
24 CREATOUR: a theoretical-practical approach
26 Our work with the pilots
Improving your experience
32 What you need to know beforehand
34 Marketing Creative Tourism Experiences
37 What we’ve learned in fieldwork
Glossary
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SAGE Handbook of New Urban Studies , 2017

"Destinations across the world are beginning to replace or supplement culture-led development str... more "Destinations across the world are beginning to replace or supplement culture-led development strategies with creative development. This book critically analyzes the impact and effectiveness of creative strategies in tourism development and charts the emergence of 'creative tourism'. Why has 'creativity' become such an important aspect of development strategies and of tourism development in particular? Why is this happening now, apparently simultaneously, in so many destinations across the globe? What is the difference between cultural tourism and creative tourism? These are among the important questions this book answers.It critically examines the developing relationship between tourism and creativity, the articulation of the 'creative turn' in tourism, and the impact this has on theoretical perspectives and practical approaches to tourism development. A wide range of examples from Europe, North America, Asia, Australia and Africa explore the interface between tourism and creativity including:creative spaces and places such as cultural and creative clusters and ethnic precincts; the role of the creative industries and entrepreneurs in the creation of experiences; creativity and rural areas; the 'creative class' and tourism; lifestyle, creativity and tourism and marketing creative tourism destinations. The relationship between individual and collective forms of creativity and the widely differing forms of modern tourism are also discussed. In the concluding section of the book the contribution of creativity to tourism and to development strategies in general is assessed, and areas for future research are outlined.The diverse multidisciplinary contributions link theory and practice, and demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of creativity as a tourism development strategy and marketing tool. It is the first exploration of the relationship between tourism and creativity and its consequences for tourism development in different parts of the world."

Call for papers for a book to be edited by Kurt Luger, Greg Richards, and Matthias Ripp. Publish... more Call for papers for a book to be edited by Kurt Luger, Greg Richards, and Matthias Ripp. Publishing House: StudienVerlag Innsbruck-Wien-Bozen.

Forthcoming from Edward Elgar Publishing, A Research Agenda for Creative Tourism (N. Duxbury and ... more Forthcoming from Edward Elgar Publishing, A Research Agenda for Creative Tourism (N. Duxbury and G. Richards, ads.). Details on EEP website ...

Events are becoming more complex as their range of functions grows, as meeting places, creative s... more Events are becoming more complex as their range of functions grows, as meeting places, creative spaces, economic catalysts, social drivers, community builders, image makers, business forums and network nodes. Effective design can produce more successful business models that can help to sustain cultural and sporting activities even in difficult economic times. This process requires creative imagination, and a design methodology or in other words ‘imagineering’. This book brings together a wide range of international experts in the fields of events, design and imagineering to examine the event design process. It explores the entire event experience from conception and production to consumption and co-creation. By doing so it offers insight into effective strategies for coping with the shift in value creation away from transactional economic value towards social and relational value which benefit a range of stakeholders from the community to policy makers. Mega-events, small community events, business events and festivals in eight different countries are examined providing an international view of social issues in event design. A wide selection of current research perspectives is employed, integrating both theoretical and applied contributions. The multidisciplinary nature of the material means that it will appeal to a broad academic audience, such as art and design, cultural studies, tourism, events studies, sociology and hospitality.

SAGE Handbook of New Urban Studies, 2017

The last two decades have been an exciting and richly productive period for debate and academic r... more The last two decades have been an exciting and richly productive period for debate and academic research on the city. The SAGE Handbook of New Urban Studies offers comprehensive coverage of this modern re-thinking of urban theory, both gathering together the best of what has been achieved so far, and signalling the way to future theoretical insights and empirically grounded research. Featuring many of the top international names in the field, the handbook is divided into nine key sections:

SECTION 1: THE GLOBALIZED CITY
SECTION 2: URBAN ENTREPRENEURIALISM, BRANDING, GOVERNANCE
SECTION 3: MARGINALITY, RISK AND RESILIENCE
SECTION 4: SUBURBS AND SUBURBANIZATION: STRATIFICATION, SPRAWL, SUSTAINABILITY
SECTION 5: DISTINCTIVE AND VISIBLE CITIES
SECTION 6: CREATIVE CITIES
SECTION 7: URBANIZATION, URBANITY AND URBAN LIFESTYLES
SECTION 8: NEW DIRECTIONS IN URBAN THEORY
SECTION 9: URBAN FUTURES

This is a central resource for researchers and students of Sociology, Cultural Geography, and Urban Studies.

From the review by Katherine Nesse (2018):

As a course text, it is appropriate for advanced students
already well acquainted with urban theory and in courses
where the readings can be paired with readings from other
sources to give the issues more context. It is a welcome addition
to the urban studies curriculum and appropriate reading
for advanced undergraduates and graduate students who
want to think deeply about wicked problems. The depth of
the readings and the number of them make it unlikely that a
class would discuss the entire book in one term. However, it
is an essential addition to a library’s urban studies collection.
It expands the conversation about cities, draws in new ideas
and perspectives, and is a valuable reference for elaborating
new directions in urban studies.

The 500th anniversary of one of the historic creative districts of the world, Bairro Alto, in Lis... more The 500th anniversary of one of the historic creative districts of the world, Bairro Alto, in Lisbon (Portugal) served as a catalyst for the publication of this interactive e-book. In a journey that starts in the heart of the Bairro, several authors and artists take us on a journey to different creative districts around the globe. Creative Districts around the world is a snapshot of the dynamic changes taking place in very different cities, such as London, New York, Johannesburg or Melaka.

Cultural attractions and European tourism

WYSE News, 2023

The rise of digital nomadism in the post-pandemic period is stimulating the growth of regulation... more The rise of digital nomadism in the post-pandemic period is stimulating the growth of regulation and marketing in prospective host countries. This paper reviews the development of the digital nomad market and destination responses in terms of visa provision.

WYSE News, 2023

Experience is a central concept in hospitality, tourism, leisure and events, both for academic re... more Experience is a central concept in hospitality, tourism, leisure and events, both for academic researchers and industry professionals. Emotions are a core element of experiences. Virtual reality technology has various applications within the hospitality, tourism, leisure and events sectors and is considered a substitute for many real experiences, therefore it is crucial to analyse to what extent the emotions evoked by a virtual reality experience are similar to the one’s evoked by a real-life experience. The present study will make this comparison between a theme park dark ride attraction and its virtual reality version. 185 participants were randomly allocated to these versions of the ride and, immediately after the lived experience, answered a questionnaire regarding experience impact, emotions and presence. Data has just been collected and will be analysed soon. The experience reconstruction method will be used to analyse participants emotional valence and arousal during the different moments of the ride.

Journal of Sport & Tourism, 2002

Abstract This paper examines the use of a cultural event to generate new sources of income and em... more Abstract This paper examines the use of a cultural event to generate new sources of income and employment and to improve the image of the city of Rotterdam. As part of its event-led regeneration strategy, the city bid for and was awarded the title of&#x27;Cultural Capital of ...

Asia Pacific World, 2010

... centers, which have a range of different aspects of the city to promote, and a range of diffe... more ... centers, which have a range of different aspects of the city to promote, and a range of differenttarget audiences. ... are capable of building a shared 'city-vision' and are characterised by a consistent approach across all marketing agencies with a mandate to profile and brand ...

Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, 2010

The Sibiu 2007 European Cultural Capital was monitorized in order to highlight the follow up. Pre... more The Sibiu 2007 European Cultural Capital was monitorized in order to highlight the follow up. Preliminary findings concerning the impact on tourism are prezented based on field research carryed out for the City Hall of Sibiu. In spite of a lower tourist circulation the encrease of daylly spending of tourists have compensate partially the impact of the economic crises comparing with other cities of Romania.

Cultural attractions and European tourism, 2001

This paper aims to provide insights into the significance of both 'global' and 'local... more This paper aims to provide insights into the significance of both 'global' and 'local' factors in the shaping and mediating of urban heritage tourism development, which is one element of the broader category of 'cultural tourism'. 'Representations of heritage', or 'attractions of culture', in 3 European cities are used as case studies: the Dutch Textile Museum in Tilburg, Netherlands; the Basque Archaeological Ethnography and Historical Museum in Bilbao, Spain; and the National Space Science Centre development in Leicester, UK. Issues behind the potential for disparity in the development of cultural (heritage) attractions are addressed. It is concluded that both global and local factors are significant in the development of cultural tourism attractions in Tilburg, Bilbao, and Leicester.

Design and Imagineering are essential aspects of events, which involve the shaping of time and sp... more Design and Imagineering are essential aspects of events, which involve the shaping of time and space by a series of different stakeholders to achieve specific social, cultural or economic goals. Effective event design is important in bringing together the people and resources necessary to make the event successful. Events have become an important relational practice in the contemporary network society, as new social relations need to be formed so that people can find and interact with each other in increasingly dispersed and diverse networks. The Imagineering of events therefore has an important social dimension, which involves the development of sets of practices which facilitate interaction and exchange between social groups and individuals. These practices can be related to what Collins (2004) calls Interaction Ritual Chains, which link people together around a system of shared practices in order to generate ‘emotional energy’. In Collins’ view, a successful interaction ritual needs to create certain conditions that heighten the opportunities to generate emotional energy, which in turn becomes the driver for participation. These conditions include a shared focus of attention, a bounded (symbolic) space and shared co-presence. The aim of this paper is to examine how the incorporation of these elements into the design of events helps to create the conditions for a successful event. Examples of events are examined to identify the extent to which they comply with Collins’ model of interaction rituals, and how these may help to generate emotional energy and therefore successful social interaction. The events examined are the Festas de Gracia in Barcelona and the Jeroen Bosch 500 celebrations in the Netherlands.

Tourism and the Environment, 2000

We are pleased to announce the 20 selected entities that will develop and implement creative tour... more We are pleased to announce the 20 selected entities that will develop and implement creative tourism initiatives or projects, in cooperation with researchers, within the CREATOUR project (please see table attached). The open call for pilots was addressed to all kinds of organizations and public and private entities, third sector entities, and cultural/creative professionals located in the Norte, Centro, Alentejo, and Algarve regions, who were willing to plan and implement creative tourism projects in small cities and rural areas in Portugal, and to be part of the CREATOUR project between 2017 and 2019. Of the 138 applications received, the top five in each region were selected according to the following selection criteria: i) cultural value of the activities proposed; ii) the creative nature of the activities proposed; iii) capacity of tourism attractiveness; iv) impact of the project in terms of community development; v) diversity of focus of the proposals; and vi) capacity and commitment to work with the research team during the project. Each of the selected pilots will be provided a support of 2000€ for their participation in this research project. A second call for additional projects will be launched in September 2017. The project's overall objective is to develop and pilot an integrated approach and research agenda for creative tourism in Portuguese small cities and rural areas, developing strong links within and amongst regions. Building on a twofold approach, CREATOUR intertwines theory and experimentation, combining multidisciplinary theoretical and methodological frameworks, cultural mapping, and benchmarking exercises with the development of an array of creative tourism pilots. CREATOUR aims to produce policy recommendations and strategies, particularly focusing on networking and clustering as key options for continued development. The project will advance knowledge of the creative/cultural and tourism sectors in small cities and rural areas of Portugal; catalyze the development of a network of 40 creative tourism offers; design professional development and co-learning events through regional and national IdeaLabs; evaluate the development, reception, and impacts of the creative tourism pilots; organize three annual international conferences; and develop advanced training courses and a range of publications directed to researchers, practitioners, and policy-makers.

In search of the authentic, the contemporary tourist crowds into small spaces of intense cultural... more In search of the authentic, the contemporary tourist crowds into small spaces of intense cultural value. For the tourism industry itself this is a problem, as evidenced by the ‘vicious circle’ model of cultural tourism developed on the Venice case by Paolo Russo (2002). The effects of this negative spiral have become so evident in Venice that it now serves as a negative role model on how not to develop tourism. The case of Barcelona offers some interesting lessons for Venice in terms of dealing with mass cultural tourism.
Barcelona is an interesting case because of its phenomenal growth in recent decades. Having developed cultural ‘icons’ such as Picasso, Gaudi and Miro into ‘must see’ attractions for millions of tourists, cracks began to occur as the number of tourist overnights rose from 3.7 million in 1990 to over 17 million in 2014. The growth of tourism has had a positive economic impact, with expenditure of over 20 million euros a day in the city (Barcelona Treball, 2013). This is the reason why the sector has strong political and also popular support, with over 90% of citizens seeing tourism as beneficial for the city (Richards, 2015).
However, for over a decade, critical notes have been sounded over the economic growth machine connected to tourism. A wide range of negative effects, such as overcrowding, noise, litter, inappropriate behaviour and gentrification have been identified (Ajuntament de Barcelona, 2005). There is a division of opinions on the growth of tourism, largely split between those with a direct economic interest in tourism and civic organisations and intellectuals on the other. This debate has intensified in the last five years thanks to a significant change in the tourism model in the direction of the ‘sharing economy’. The growing supply of tourist apartments and Airbnb accommodation has created a new model of ‘tourism without development’ (Russo and Richards, 2016), which is also increasingly difficult to regulate and control. The problem is that having reached the limits of expansion via traditional models of tourism production and consumption, Barcelona is experiencing a new wave of expansion based on the consumption of ‘normal life’, everyday spaces and mundane experiences. The penetration of new intermediaries such as Airbnb supports a new definition of attractiveness that inverts the ‘normal’ tourism semiotic, with the tourists invited to be ‘at home’ when away. Tourism has changed from a relatively separate social sphere into one that is increasingly integrated into the everyday life of the destination. Tourists not only seek the high cultural authenticity of major cultural sites, they also want to experience ‘living like a local’.
In the face of these new challenges, the city has taken increasingly stringent measures to try and reassert social and regulatory control of tourism. These include new civic codes relating to behaviour in public spaces, pricing mechanisms at ‘honeypot’ attractions, marketing campaigns to spread tourism into different areas of the city and most recent a moratorium on all new tourist accommodation.
This presentation examines the sustainability of tourism in Barcelona and identifies potential lessons for Venice.

The city always combines a wide range of facilities and users. But with people competing for spac... more The city always combines a wide range of facilities and users. But with people competing for spaces and facilities, how do different groups establish legitimacy? Usual the residents, or 'citizens' are seen as having some priority, as they are the 'normal' users of the space. Particularly as a collective, as a group of citizens, they are seen as having more 'right' to the city than the causal consumer. As Harvey (2008) argues 'ideals of urban identity, citizenship and belonging—already threatened by the spreading malaise of a neoliberal ethic—become much harder to sustain' when collective space can be claimed by capital. In such critiques the consumer role of the tourist and the colonisation of 'local' spaces by tourists are seen as part of the commodification of the city. However, in the current age of mobility, in which everyone who can afford it is potentially a tourist in somebody else's city, the separation between tourists and locals is no longer so simple. Rather than a clear dichotomy of tourists and locals, we are faced with a continuum of different types of mobility from the sedentary lifetime resident to the city break jetsetter. In this new landscape we are all residents, however briefly, and we are all tourists, however long we dwell in a place. This paper examines some of the developing perspectives on the role of the tourist in their 'own' city. The roots of the tourist in own city concept can be traced to the rise of mass tourist culture itself. The social reproduction of tourism as a lifestyle or as a consumption strategy became something that gradually penetrated everyday life. Having experienced a Mediterranean lifestyle, it was natural for the inhabitants of northern Europe to want to bring some elements home with them. Drinking on a terrace or having croissants or cappuccino became signs of 'holiday' at home. But the first concrete exposition of the 'tourist in own city' concept seems to have come in a strip cartoon published in 1997 (Van Driel and Blokker, 1997). In the cartoon, entitled A Tourist in His Own City an unemployed Amsterdammer decides to discover his native city, " with the inquisitiveness of a tourist, but with the knowledge and experience of a long-term resident ". He dons a safari outfit, and begins 'work' as a local tourist. The device employed by the protagonist of A Tourist in His Own City is to find new viewpoints from which he can gaze on the city. As cities almost everywhere are rapidly developing, and often expanding upwards as well as outwards, there is arguably a growing supply of such experiences for local tourists. But the real explosion in 'autotourism' has been prompted by the growth of tourism and mobility itself. Our experience as tourists gives us new viewpoints on our own city that are derived from our experience of other places. We search for specific types of places and experiences that have become familiar to us through our own travels. We also employ our learning about places to make us feel 'at home' there, even when we might be far from our actual place of residence. This type of tourist experience led Mansfeldt (2014) to develop Baerenholdt's theme of in-betweenness, which he sees as a distinctive form of tourist experience that is developing as a broader continuum of mobilities comes to characterise the touristscape.

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Forme dell’inclusività: Pratiche spazi progetti Il concetto di inclusività si sviluppa in relazio... more Forme dell’inclusività: Pratiche spazi progetti Il concetto di inclusività si sviluppa in relazione alle trasformazioni delle società moderne, alla globalizzazione, all’apertura e alla mobilità dei sistemi sociali, assumendo la compresenza degli opposti e la perdita di molti limiti disciplinari. Questo volume raccoglie contributi di autori che traguardano il tema dell’inclusività spaziale provenendo da esperienze e interessi distanti, ma con il comune obiettivo di indagare una nuova stagione, quella attuale, nella quale una serie di soluzioni parziali tracciano segmenti forti contrassegnati spesso da acutissime connessioni deboli.

Exploring Creative Tourism, Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice , 2012

This special issue of the Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice considers many different fa... more This special issue of the Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice considers many different facets of the creative tourism phenomenon, and examines the ways in which it has been developed in a range of places, ranging from the frozen north of Canada to the searing heat of Mali. The papers that compose this special issue identify trends and challenges in creative tourism development and, despite the emergent critical thoughts on the subject, they tend to emphasise the positive aspects.

Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice, Volume 4, 2012

Creating synergies between Cultural Policy and Tourism - Executive Summary , 2019

CREATING SYNERGIES BETWEEN CULTURAL POLICY AND TOURISM FOR PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY CITIZENS, 2018

In this report, we map out some of the basic issues that have emerged from previous analyses of t... more In this report, we map out some of the basic issues that have emerged from previous analyses of the relationship between cultural policies and tourism. In particular we highlight how both cultural policies and tourism are changing in response to wider driving factors, and how this is bringing culture and tourism, and permanent and temporary citizens, closer together.
Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Lisbon, Montréal and Rome are analysed in detail, and there are several references to the case of Barcelona.

ATLAS Milestones, 2021

The Association for Tourism and Leisure Research and Education (ATLAS) is celebrating its 30th bi... more The Association for Tourism and Leisure Research and Education (ATLAS) is celebrating its 30th birthday in 2021. This summary details the major milestones of ATLAS and its activities in the fields of tourism and leisure research and education. More details are available on the ATLAS website (www.atlas-euro.org).